, 


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ANTHROPOLOGY 


REPORT 


OF   THE 


UNITED  STATES  COMMISSION 


TO    THE 


COLUMBIAN  HISTORICAL  EXPOSITION 


1892-93. 


WITH    SPECIAL    PAPERS. 


WASHINGTON: 

GOVERNMENT    PRINTING    OFFICE. 
1895. 


E\\<\ 


MESSAGE 

FROM    THE 


PRESIDENT  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES, 


TRANSMITTING 


The  report,  with  accompanying  papers,  of  the  Commission  of  the  United 
States  for  the  Columbian  Historical  Exposition  at  Madrid  in  1892 
and  1893. 


DECEMBER  11,  1894. — Referred  to  the  Committee  on  Foreign  Affairs  and  ordered 

to  be  printed. 


To  the  CONGRESS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES: 

1  transmit  herewith  a  communication  from  the  Secretary  of  State, 
inclosing  the  report,  with  accompanying  papers,  of  the  Commission  of 
the  United  States  for  the  Columbian  Historical  Exposition  in  Madrid 
in  1892  and  1893,  constituted  in  virtue  of  the  act  of  Congress  approved 
May  13, 1892. 

GROVER  CLEVELAND. 
EXECUTIVE  MANSION, 

Washington,  December  10,  1894. 


To  the  PRESIDENT  : 

I  submit  herewith,  with  a  view  to  its  transmission  to  Congress,  a 
communication  from  Prof.  G.  Brown  Goode,  inclosing  the  report,  with 
accompanying  papers,  of  the  Commission  of  the  United  States  for  the 
Columbian  Historical  Exposition,  held  in  Madrid  in  1892  and  1893,  con 
stituted  in  virtue  of  the  act  of  Congress  approved  May  13,  1892. 
Respectfully  submitted. 

EDWIN  F.  UHL, 

Acting  Secretary. 
DEPARTMENT  OF  STATE, 

Washington,  December  7,  1894. 

3 


4  COLUMBIAN  HISTORICAL  EXPOSITION  AT  MADRID. 

COMMISSION  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES  OF  AMERICA 
FOR  THE  COLUMBIAN  HISTORICAL  EXPOSITION  IN  MADRID, 

Washington,  December  5,  1894. 

SIR  :  I  have  the  honor  to  submit  the  report  of  the  Commission  of  the 
United  States  of  America  for  the  Columbian  Historical  Exposition  in 
Madrid  during  the  months  of  November  and  December,  1892,  and 
January,  1893. 

The  time  which  has  elapsed  since  the  conclusion  of  the  Exposition 
has  been  necessarily  occupied  in  the  completion  of  the  special  reports. 
This  work  has  not  been  so  rapidly  forwarded  as  it  would  have  been 
had  not  the  time  of  most  of  the  persons  engaged  upon  these  reports 
been  absorbed  for  a  considerable  period  by  duties  in  connection  with 
the  World's  Columbian  Exposition  in  Chicago. 
Very  respectfully, 

G.  BROWN  GOODE, 
Acting  Commissioner-  General. 
The  SECRETARY  OF  STATE. 


CONTENTS. 


Page. 

History  of  the  participation  of  the  United  States  in  the  Columbian  Historical 
Exposition  at  Madrid,  by  the  Commissioner  General,  Rear-Admiral 

Stephen  B.  Luce,  United  States  Navy 7-17 

Report  upon  the  Collections  Exhibited  at  the  Columbian  Historical  Exposition, 

by  Commissioner  Dr.  Daniel  G.  Brinton 18-89 

Catalogue  and  description  of  objects  exhibited 91-142 

Catalogue  of  the  Display  from  the   Department  of  Prehistoric  Anthro 
pology,  United  States  National  Museum,  by  Thomas  Wilson,  Curator.         93 
Catalogue  of  the  Ethnological  Collection  of  the  United  States  National 
Museum  and  the  Smithsonian  Institution,  by  Walter  Hough,  Assistant 

Curator  of  the  Department  of  Ethnology 143-191 

Exhibit  of  the  United  States  Indian  Industrial  School,  for  the  education 

of  adult  Indians,  Carlisle,  Pa 192 

Model  of  the  U.  S.  ship  of  war  Columbia,  exhibited  by  the  United  States 

Navy  Department 192 

Exhibit  of  the  United  States  Army  Medical  Museum 193 

Archaeological  Objects  Exhibited  by  the  Department  of  Archaeology  and 

Palajontology  of  the  University  of  Pennsylvania,  Philadelphia,  Pa.  195-203 
Collection  of  primitive  Indian  skulls,  exhibited  by  the  Academy  of  Natural 

Sciences  of  Philadelphia i 205-207 

Publications  of  the  Numismatic  and  Antiquarian  Society  of  Philadelphia.  209-210 

Exhibit  of  the  United  States  Mint 211 

Exhibit  of  the  United  States  Bureau  of  Engraving  and  Printing 212 

Exhibit  of  the  Post-Office  Department 213 

Report  of  William  E.  Curtis,  Assistant  to  the  Commissioner  General,  in  charge 
of  the  Historical  Section,  Exhibit  of  the  United  States  at  the  Colum 
bian  Historical  Exposition,  Madrid,  Spain,  1892 215-274 

Catalogue  of  the  Collection  of  Pictures  Representing  Various  Places  Iden 
tified  with  the  Life  of  Columbus,  exhibited  by  the  Latin-American 

Department  of  the  Columbian  Universal  Exposition,  at  Chicago 275-278 

Catalogue  of  the  Hemenway  Collection  in  the  Columbian  Historical  Exposi 
tion  at  Madrid,  by  Dr.  J.  Walter  Fewkes 279-327 

Ancient  Mexican  Feather  Work  in  the  Columbian  Historical  Exposition  at 
Madrid,  by  Zelia  Nuttall,  Delegate  of  the  Peabody  Museum  of  Amer 
ican  Archaeology  and  Ethnology,  Cambridge,  Mass 329-337 

Ancient  Central  and  South  American  Pottery,  in  the  Columbian  Historical 

Exposition  at  Madrid,  in  1892,  by  Dr.  Walter  Hough 339-365 

Chipped  Stone  Implements,  in  the  Columbian  Historical  Exposition  at  Madrid, 

in  January,  1893,  by  H.  C.  Mercer 367-397 

5 


HISTORY  OF   THE   PARTICIPATION  OF  THE   UNITED 

STATES  IN  THE  COLUMBIAN  HISTORICAL 

EXPOSITION  AT  MADRID. 


By  the  Commissioner  General,  Rear- Admiral  STEPHEN  B.  LUCE,  United  States  Navy. 


WASHINGTON,  D.  0.,  May  2, 1893. 

SIR  :  The  Columbian  Historical  Exposition  at  Madrid  having-  closed, 
and  the  Commissioners  having  completed  the  duty  assigned  to  them, 
the  Commissioner  General  begs  leave  to  submit  the  following  report: 

By  virtue  of  an  act  of  Congress  approved  May  13, 1892,  the  President 
appointed  a  Commission  to  represent  the  United  States  at  the  Commem 
orative  Celebration,  in  Spain,  of  the  Fourth  Centenary  of  the  Discovery 
of  America.  The  text  of  the  act  runs  as  follows : 

Be  it  enacted,  etc..  That  for  the  expense  of  representation  of  the  United  States  at 
the  Columbian  Historical  Exposition  to  be  held  in  Madrid  in  eighteen  hundred  and 
ninety-two  in  commemoration  of  the  four  hundredth  anniversary  of  the  discovery 
of  America,  fifteen  thousand  dollars,  or  so  much  thereof  as  may  be  necessary,  to  be 
expended  under  the  direction  and  in  the  discretion  of  the  Secretary  of  State ;  and 
the  President  is  hereby  authorized  to  appoint  a  Commissioner  General  and  two  assis 
tant  Commissioners,  who  may,  in  his  discretion,  be  selected  from  the  active  or  retired 
list  of  the  Army  or  Navy,  and  shall  serve  without  other  compensation  than  that  to 
which  they  are  now  entitled  by  law,  to  represent  the  United  States  at  said  Exposi 
tion;  that  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  such  Commissioners  to  select  from  the  archives  of 
the  United  States,  from  the  National  Museum,  and  from  the  various  Executive 
Departments  of  the  Government  such  pictures,  books,  papers,  documents,  and  other 
articles  as  may  relate  to  the  discovery  and  early  settlement  of  America  and  the 
aboriginal  inhabitants  thereof;  and  they  shall  be  authorized  to  secure  the  loan  of 
similar  articles  from  other  museums  and  private  collections,  and  arrange,  classify, 
and  install  them  as  the  exhibit  of  the  United  States  at  the  said  exposition ;  that  the 
President  is  authorized  to  cause  the  detail  of  officers  from  the  active  or  retired  list 
of  the  Army  and  Navy,  to  serve  without  compensation  other  than  that  to  which  they 
are  now  entitled  by  law,  as  assistants  to  said  Commissioners;  and  the  said  Commis 
sioners  shall  be  authorized  to  employ  such  clerical  and  other  assistance  as  may  be 
necessary,  subject  to  the  approval  of  the  Secretary  of  State. 

This  act  was  supplemented  by  the  act  approved  August  5,  1892, 
which  appropriated  the  additional  sum  of  $10,000  for  the  expenses  of 
the  Commission. 

Under  the  provisions  of  the  former  act  the  following  members  were 
appointed:  S.  B.  Luce,  rear-admiral,  United  States  ^Navy  (retired), 

7 


8  COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID. 

Commissioner  General;  James C.  Welling,  LL.  D.,  president  of  Colum 
bian  University,  and  George  Brown  Goode,  LL.  D.,  assistant  secretary 
of  the  Smithsonian  Institution,  Commissioners;  Lieut.  John  C.  Colwell, 
United  States  Navy,  special  disbursing  officer;  Mr.  William  E.  Curtis, 
and  Prof.  Thomas  Wilson,  assistants;  Mr.  Stewart  Culin.  secretary, 
and  Mr.  Walter  Hough,  assistant. 

Dr.  Welling  was,  unfortunately,  obliged  to  resign  at  a  very  early 
period,  by  which  the  Commission  was  deprived  of  all  the  advantages 
of  his  ripe  scholarship  and  sound  judgment;  and  Dr.  Goode,  soon 
after  reaching  Madrid,  found  himself  compelled,  through  physical 
disability,  to  return  to  the  United  States.  The  loss  thus  sustained 
by  the  Commission  of  two  gentlemen  so  eminent  in  their  respective 
domains,  was  severely  felt,  the  more  so  from  the  fact  that,  for  the 
time  being,  it  was  irreparable.  Later  on,  Prof.  Thomas  Wilson,  by 
reason  of  family  affliction,  returned  to  the  United  States,  which  reduced 
the  actual  working  force  to  but  two  members,  Messrs.  Culin  and 
Hough.  Fortunately,  there  was  at  this  juncture  an  important  acces 
sion  to  the  party  in  the  person  of  Dr.  Daniel  G.  Brinton,  whose  wide 
reputation  and  high  standing  in  the  world  of  science  renders  any  spe 
cial  notice  here  unnecessary.  Dr.  Brinton  was  commissioned  by  the 
President  as  successor  to  Dr.  Welling.  Lieut.  J.  C.  Colwell,  United 
States  Navy,  was  detached  February  2,  1893. 

The  Spanish  Government,  in  pursuance  of  a  royal  decree  under  date 
of  January  9,  1891,  provided  for  a  series  of  international  celebrations, 
prominent  among  which  were  the  two  joint  historical  expositions  held 
in  Madrid — one  the  Exposition  Hi storico- Americana,  the  other  the  Ex 
position  Historico-Europea.  This  report  deals  with  the  former  only. 

The  Historic  American  Exposition  was  intended  to  illustrate  the 
state  of  civilization  of  the  New  World  in  the  precolumbian,  Columbian, 
and  postcoluinbian  periods;  while  in  the  Historic  European  Exposition 
was  exhibited  the  evidences  of  the  civilization  of  Europe,  or,  more  par 
ticularly,  that  of  the  Iberian  Peninsula,  at  the  time  when  the  New 
World  Y&S  discovered  and  colonized.  It  was  expected  that,  by  the  aid 
of  these  exhibitions,  students  and  visitors  generally  would  be  enabled 
to  understand  the  state  of  artistic  and  industrial  civilization  in  Europe 
and  in  America  during  this  important  epoch,  and  to  realize  the  influence 
which  the  one  may  have  exercised  upon  the  other. 

The  period  which  the  distinguished  scholars  in  charge  of  the  His 
toric  European  Exposition  desired  especially  to  illustrate  was  that 
during  which  American  history  was  most  closely  identified  with  that 
of  Europe.  This,  it  was  assumed,  extends  from  1492,  when  the  Spanish 
caravels  first  reached  the  Antilles,  to  1620,  when  the  Mayflower,  set 
ting  forth  from  a  Dutch  seaport,  brought  the  English  Puritans  to  what 
is  now  known  as  New  England. 

"  The  Columbian  Epoch,"  extending  from  the  end  of  the  fifteenth 
century  through  the  first  third  of  the  seventeenth,  includes  most  of 


COLUMBIAN   HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID. 

the  principal  initial  efforts  for  the  exploration  and  colonization  of  the 
new  continent  by  Europeans.  By  bringing  together,  in  a  retrospective 
exhibition,  what  remains  to  illustrate  the  arts  and  industries  of  Europe 
at  this  time,  it  was  the  aim  of  the  Spanish  authorities,  to  quote  their 
own  language,  "to  teach  the  people  of  to-day  what  were  the  elements 
of  civilization  with  which,  on  the  side  of  the  arts,  Europe  was  then 
equipped  for  the  task  of  educating  a  daughter,  courageous  and 
untamed,  but  vigorous  and  beautiful,  who  had  risen  from  the  bosom  of 
the  seas,  and  who,  in  the  course  of  a  very  few  centuries,  was  to  be 
transformed  from  a  daughter  into  a  sister — a  sister  proud  in  aspira 
tion  and  in  power." 

This  great  and  laudable  design,  it  may  be  briefly  stated  here,  was 
well  carried  out,  and  the  success  of  the  enterprise  fully  justified  the 
hopes  of  the  projectors. 

The  exhibits  of  the  Historic  American  Exposition  were  divided  into 
three  great  series.  The  first  included  American  prehistoric  remains, 
the  earliest  indications  of  the  existence  of  man  in  caves,  neolithic 
monuments,  lacustrine  dwellings,  and  the  arms  and  utensils  of  this 
primitive  age.  The  second  illustrated  the  characteristics  of  the  Amer 
ican  aborigines  just  prior  to  the  discovery.  The  third  represented 
the  period  of  discovery,  of  conquest,  and  of  European  influence  up 
to  the  middle  of  the  seventeenth  century. 

There  were  other  " functions'7  in  connection  with  the  Columbian 
anniversary,  such  as  the  meeting  of  the  Congress  of  Americanists, 
which  was  held  at  Huelva  in  commemoration  of  the  four  hundredth 
anniversary  of  the  departure  of  the  caravels  of  Columbus  from  the 
port  of  Palos;  and,  on  the  llth  of  October,  there  was  unveiled  near 
the  ancient  monastery  of  La  Kabida,  in  the  presence  of  the  Queen 
and  her  court,  and  a  vast  assemblage,  a  monument  erected  to  com 
memorate  the  discovery  of  America;  while  congresses  representing 
various  scientific  and  mercantile  interests  were  held  at  various  times 
and  places. 

The  management  of  the  commemorative  celebration  was,  according 
to  the  decree  already  referred  to,  entrusted  to  a  royal  commission,  the 
President  of  which  was  the  Prime  Minister  of  Spain,  His  Excellency 
Don  Antonio  Canovas  del  Castillo.  Subcommissions  were  organized 
in  each  of  the  Spanish-American  Republics,  and  special  commissions 
were  appointed  by  the  governors  of  the  Spanish  provinces  and  the 
governor-general  of  the  Antilles  and  the  Philippine  Islands. 

By  the  terms  of  the  royal  decree  the  Exposition  was  to  have  been 
opened  on  the  12th  of  September,  1892,  and  closed  on  the  31st  of 
December  following.  But,  from  one  cause  and  another,  the  rooms  were 
not  thrown  open  to  the  public  until  the  30th  of  October. 

On  the  llth  of  November  the  Exposition  was  formally  inaugurated 
by  Her  Majesty  the  Queen  Eegent,  Maria  Christina  of  Spain,  assisted 
by  their  Majesties  the  King  and  Queen  of  Portugal. 


10  COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION   AT    MADRID. 

The  Historic  American  portion  was  closed  on  the  31st  of  January. 

The  following  countries,  named  in  alphabetical  order,  furnished  ex- 
hibits :  Argentina,  Bolivia,  Colombia,  Costa  Eica,  Denmark,  Ecuador, 
Germany,  Guatemala,  Mexico,  Nicaragua,  Norway,  Peru,  Portugal, 
Spain  and  her  colonies,  Sweden,  United  States,  and  Uruguay.  The 
total  number  of  objects  presented  reached  nearly  two  hundred  thousand. 

The  Exposition  was  held  in  the  new  and  handsome  building  known 
as  "ElPalacio  de  la  Biblioteca  y  Museos  Nacionales,"  its  imposing 
facade  looking  upon  El  Paseo  de  Eecoletos.  The  eastern  entrance,  the 
one  which,  for  its  greater  convenience,  was  habitually  used  by  the 
United  States  Commissioners,  is  on  the  Calle  de  Serrano.  Entering 
from  thence  the  vestibule,  the  rooms  assigned  to  the  United  States 
exhibit  were  on  the  left,  as  will  be  seen  by  reference  to  the  accompany 
ing  plan.  There  were  six  rooms  in  all,  the  largest  being  37.60  meters 
long  by  14.30  meters  wide  and  proportionately  high.  The  total  area  of 
the  allotted  space  was  14,500  square  feet.  The  first  room  of  the  series 
was-  intended  as  a  reception  room  (PI.  I).  It  was  hung  with  tapes 
tries,  kindly  supplied  for  the  occasion  from  the  royal  palace;  furnished 
with  figures  and  pictures  from  the  United  States  National  Museum 
illustrative  of  Indian  life;  and  was  tastefully  draped  with  the  national 
colors  of  Spain  and  Portugal,  Italy,  Austria,  and  the  United  States. 
Passing  through  this  the  visitor  came  at  once  into  the  principal  room 
occupied  by  the  exhibit  of  the  National  Museum.  Immediately  on  the 
right  were  the  two  rooms  designated  in  the  catalogue  as  the  "  Icono- 
grafia  Colombina,"  consisting  of  a  fine  collection,  made  through  energy 
and  enterprise  of  Mr.  William  E.  Curtis,  chief  of  the  Bureau  of  Latin- 
American  Republics,  of  every  available  portrait  of  Columbus  and  pic 
tures  relating  to  his  life  and  voyages.  Originals  were  procured  wherever 
possible,  and,  in  default  of  such,  well  executed  reproductions.  These 
rooms  were  artistically  decorated,  and,  from  the  rarity  and  unity  of  the 
collection,  attracted  no  little  attention. 

Returning  to  the  main  srlon,  indicated  on  the  plan  as  No.  2,  the 
eye  was  at  once  arrested  by  the  fine  proportions  of  the  room  as  well 
as  by  the  variety  and  extent  of  the  exhibit.  (Pis.  II  and  III.) 

The  excellence  of  the  general  arrangement  was  due  to  the  large 
experience  and  practical,  as  well  as  theoretical,  knowledge  of  Dr. 
George  Brown  Goode.  The  system  of  installation  observed  in  the 
National  Museum,  Washington,  was  adopted  throughout,  and  proved 
very  effective.  The  principal  object  of  interest  found  here  was  the 
fine  ethnological  collection  from  the  United  States  National  Museum, 
illustrative  of  the  life  of  the  American  aborigines,  and  largely  explan 
atory  of  the  prehistoric  objects.  It  consisted  of  manikins  and  photo 
graphs  of  the  Indians,  pictures  of  scenery,  models  of  houses,  weapons 
and  equipments  of  war  and  the  chase,  such  as  bows,  arrows,  quivers, 
armor,  daggers,  clubs,  spears,  fishing  lines,  hooks,  etc.  There  were 
also  objects  connected  with  the  preparation  and  serving  of  food  and 


Columbian  Historical  Exposition  at  Madrid. 


PLAN. 


err  a  no.      ^ 


P  &  s  e  o     d  s       Recoleloa 

PLAN  OF  THE  LIBRARY  AND  NATIONAL  MUSEUM,  MADRID,  SPAIN. 

Showing  the  location  of  the  American  exhibits. 


Columbian  Historical  Exposition  at  Madrid.— Luce. 


PLATE  I. 


Columbian  Historical  Exposition  at  Madrid.  — Luce 


PLATE  II. 


Columbian  HistoiTcal  Exposition  at  Madrid. — Luce, 


PLATE  HI. 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID.  11 

drink,  cradles,  and  household  furniture.     Canoes,  suowshoes,  sledges, 
etc.,  showed  the  means  of  transportation. 

The  aboriginal  arts  claimed  a  large  share  of  attention.  Weaving 
was  illustrated  by  looms  and  spinning  apparatus  and  finished  textiles, 
and  the  methods  of  operation  were  explained  by  diagrams  and  photo 
graphs.  Baskets  in  process  of  manufacture,  and  similar  articles  of 
industry,  leading  up  to  the  finely  ornamented  hats  and  wallets,  made 
a  good  display. 

The  tools  and  apparatus  connected  with  the  arts  of  the  tanner,  pot 
ter,  miller,  shoemaker,  basket  maker,  arrow  maker,  carver,  jeweler,  etc. 
and,  in  many  cases,  the  finished  products  were  shown  after  the  most 
approved  museum  methods. 

There  was  a  series  of  pipes  finely  carved  from  stone  and  bone,  and  a 
number  of  snuff  mortars,  snuff  tubs,  etc.,  connected  with  the  use  of 
narcotics,  filling  one  case. 

Higher  up  in  the  scale  of  ideas  were  the  pictured  blankets,  engraved 
bones,  and  scratched  sheets  of  birch  bark,  showing  the  stage  of  writ 
ing  or  the  system  of  recording  events  common  among  the  American 
aborigines. 

Primitive  money  and  means  of  exchange  were  shown  by  shell  money, 
bits  of  copper,  pelts  of  birds,  etc.,  forming  the  native  medium  of  cir 
culation. 

There  were  many  musical  instruments,  consisting  of  rattles,  flutes, 
whistles,  reed  instruments,  and  drums,  from  various  tribes.  Quite  a 
large  number  of  objects  of  clothing  and  of  personal  adornment,  the 
products  of  many  diverse  trades,  revealed  the  aesthetic  side  of  the 
Indian  character. 

Eeligion  and  superstition  and  closely-connected  ceremonies  were 
explained  by  many  different  fetiches,  charms,  amulets,  masks,  figures, 
picture  of  t*he  rain-making  ceremony,  dances,  etc. 

One  case  of  "  mound-builder"  pottery,  from  the  area  east  of  the  Mis 
sissippi,  was  very  interesting  from  the  representation  of  human  and 
animal  forms  and  the  style  of  decoration.  Two  jars  in  form  of  human 
heads,  among  the  most  remarkable  specimens  ever  taken  from  the 
mounds,  attracted  much  attention.  Another  case  of  ancient  and  mod 
ern  Pueblo  pottery  gave  a  good  idea  of  the  forms  and  decoration  of 
this  class  of  ware. 

Four  cases  of  stone  implements,  rejected  in  process  of  manufacture, 
taken  from  seven  ancient  quarries  in  the  United  States,  claimed  a  great 
deal  of  attention  and  provoked  no  little  discussion  among  the  visitors. 
They  were  collected  and  arranged  by  Mr.  W.  H.  Holmes  for  the  Bureau 
of  Ethnology,  and  were  well  illustrated  by  photographs,  plans  of  sec 
tions  of  the  quarries,  and  monographs  on  the  subject. 

The  Bureau  of  Ethnology  also  exhibited  their  great  map  showing  the 
distribution  of  the  Indian  linguistic  stocks,  upon  which  Major  Powell 
and  his  assistants  have  been  working  assiduously  for  a  number  of 


12  COLUMBIAN   HISTORICAL   EXPOSITION   AT    MADRID. 

years.  This  Bureau  exhibited  a  large  number  of  photographic  trans 
parencies  of  scenery,  Indian  villages,  their  inhabitants,  etc.,  which 
adorned  the  windows  of  the  halls  and  were  greatly  admired. 

Another  group  of  objects  well  deserving  of  mention  seemed  to  give 
evidence  of  the  existence  of  man  in  the  paleolithic  or  chipped-stone 
period,  such  as  petrified  human  vertebra  found  in  the  quaternary  strata 
of  Florida.  A  section  of  a  prehistoric  rock  "  shelter"  in  Pennsylvania 
revealed  the  remains  of  the  two  cultures,  neolithic  and  paleolithic. 

There  was  also  a  very  fine  collection  of  jade  implements. 

The  Carlisle  Indian  School  sent  photographs  of  pupils  on  matricula 
tion  and  on  completing  their  course ;  specimens  of  art  and  industrial 
work,  etc.,  of  the  Indian  scholars.  This  exhibit  proved  of  general 
interest. 

The  Geological  Survey  sent  maps,  pictures,  and  relief  models  of  the 
United  States  and  various  portions  of  the  country,  which,  in  connection 
with  the  prepared  animals  from  the  National  Museum,  were  intended  to 
give  a  just  conception  of  the  environment  of  the  aborigines. 

A  nearly  complete  library  of  the  writings  of  authors  upon  the  Amer 
ican  Indians,  maps  and  historical  works  relating  to  the  discovery, 
formed  an  important  feature  of  the  United  States  exhibit,  which  was 
again  and  again  remarked  by  visitors  to  be  a  comprehensive  presenta 
tion  of  the  precolumbian,  Columbian,  and  postcolumbian  civilization  of 
our  country. 

The  different  bureaus  of  the  United  States  Government  sent  maps, 
charts,  publications,  and  statistical  works. 

Several  historical  and  patriotic  societies  were  represented. 

A  large  number  of  private  exhibitors  also  added  their  portion  toward 
the  perfecting  of  this  very  creditable  display.  A  full  list  of  all  exhib 
itors  in  the  United  States  exhibit  will  be  found  appended. 

Eoom  No.  5,  situated  in  the  southeast  angle  of  the  building  (see 
plan),  was  devoted  to  the  exhibits  from  the  department  of  archaeology 
and  paleontology  of  the  University  of  Pennsylvania,  Philadelphia. 
Here  were  to  be  found  cases  containing  arms  and  implements,  mostly 
of  flint  stone,  such  as  hatchets,  arrowheads,  the  points  of  lances,  and 
similar  objects  found  at  various  points  on  the  shores  of  the  Delaware 
Eiver.  There  were  also  stone  pipes,  shells  beautifully  wrought,  etc., 
found  in  mounds  in  the  State  of  Ohio.  A  collection  of  forty- four  crania, 
sent  by  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences,  Philadelphia,  represented 
thirty-five  extinct  tribes.  It  forms  part  of  the  remarkable  collection 
made  by  Dr.  S.  G.  Morton,  of  Philadelphia,  of  human  crania;  and  which 
was  used  by  that  gentleman  in  the  composition  of  his  great  work  enti 
tled  Crania  Americana. 

In  this  room  was  to  be  found  a  very  valuable  collection  of  medals 
and  coins  exhibited  by  the  United  States  National  Museum,  and  a 
similar  collection  contributed  by  the  Numismatic  and  Antiquarian 
Society  of  Philadelphia;  paper  money  of  the  British  Colonies  in  North 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT   MADRID.  13 

America,  from  1756  to  1776;  Treasury  notes,  paper  money,  and  United 
States  bonds,  from  the  United  States  Bureau  of  Printing  and  Engrav 
ing,  and  a  complete  set  of  postage  stamps  and  stamped  envelopesr 
kindly  furnished  by  the  Postmaster-General. 

Of  all  the  contributions  by  private  individuals,  that  of  Mrs.  Mary 
Hemenway,  of  Boston,  was  the  most  considerable. 

The  Hemenway  expedition  owes  its  existence  and  support  solely  to 
Mrs.  Hemenway,  whose  interest  in  the  Celebration  of  the  Fourth  Cen 
tenary  of  the  Discovery  of  America  impelled  her  to  send  a  specialist, 
Dr.  J.  Walter  Fewkes,  to  convey  to  Madrid  some  of  the  most  valuable 
objects  in  her  collections.  Dr.  Fewkes  remained  with  the  Hemenway 
exhibit  during  the  entire  period  of  the  Historic  American  Exposition, 
was  recognized  as  a  member  of  the  United  States  Commission,  and 
took  part  in  the  deliberations  of  the  delegates  when  called  together  by 
the  delegate-general. 

The  Hemenway  exhibit  was  designed  to  illustrate  the  precolumbian 
and  contemporaneous  life  of  a  single  tribe  of  North  American  Indians. 
For  this  purpose  an  Arizona  village  tribe,  called  the  Mokis,  was  chosen. 
The  exhibit  contained  about  3,000  objects,  besides  many  books  and 
photographs,  all  of  which  relate  to  the  Tusayan  Indians.  In  order  to 
develop  the  plan  of  a  monographic  exhibit,  this  collection  may  be 
divided  into  two  parts :  the  one  embracing  objects  referring  to  archaeo 
logical,  the  other  to  ethnological  sides  of  life.  These  were  so  arranged 
as  to  demonstrate  that  these  two  aspects  are  very  similar,  and  that 
the  ancient  and  modern  life  of  the  Mokis  is  practically  identical.  The 
object  of  this  method  of  installation  was,  in  other  words,  to  show  that 
these  Indians  are  in  very  much  the  same  condition  to-day  that  they 
were  at  the  time  of  the  discovery  of  Arizona. 

The  exhibit  of  ancient  pottery,  in  which  was  included  some  of  the 
most  instructive  specimens  from  the  Keam  collection,  represented  in 
series  the  different  kinds  of  ceramics,  passing  by  gradations  from  the 
rough  and  coiled  ware  into  the  black,  the  black  and  white,  variegated 
polychrome,  orange  and  red.  The  decorated  jars  and  food  basins, 
some  of  the  finest  texture,  showed  the  types  of  symbolism  for  which 
these  Indians  had  a  widespread  reputation.  The  collection  of  stone 
implements  and  fetiches  contained  in  a  single  case  represented  grind 
ing  stones,  mortars,  stone  shovels,  ornaments,  pipes,  fetiches,  and  simi 
lar  objects.  A  special  case  was  devoted  to  the  various  stone  hammers, 
mauls,  and  similar  objects  found  in  ancient  Tusayan  ruins.  A  large 
exhibit  of  modern  pottery  from  the  present  pueblos  was  placed  in  jux 
taposition  to  the  finer  and  more  artistic  ware  to  show  the  resemblance. 

The  Hemenway  exhibit  also  contained  a  number  of  ethnological  objects. 
The  large  collection  of  dolls,  with  various  symbolisms,  naturally  attracted 
attention,  being  a  novelty  in  European  museums.  The  ceremonial 
objects — dress,  paraphernalia,  masks,  and  decorated  head  tablets, 
offerings  to  gods,  photographs  of  shrines,  and  a  few  Tusayan  musical 


14  COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION   AT    MADRID. 

instruments — gave  an  idea  of  this  side  of  the  subject.  Phonographic 
cylinders,  on  which  music  of  the  pueblos  had  been  recorded  and  sacred 
songs  written  on  the  European  scale,  were  shown,  and  the  publications 
of  the  Hernenway  expedition  and  important  collection  of  copies  of 
ancient  papers  bearing  on  the  documentary  history  of  Ariz6na  and 
New  Mexico  filled  one  case  in  the  room. 

The  Hemenway  expedition  exhibited,  for  the  first  time  in  a  museum 
or  exposition,  sacred  pictures  made  of  sand,  called  dry  painting.  An 
Indian  charm  altar  with  medicine  bowl  and  corn,  corresponding  to  the 
six  cardinal  points,  were  likewise  shown  and  justly  attracted  attention. 

Photographs  of  sacred  dances  and  ceremonials,  reaching  over  a  hun 
dred  in  number,  were  also  exhibited.  The  collection  of  ornamented 
tiles  and  small  mortuary  objects  filled  two  large  cases.  The  ancient 
ladles,  with  handles  ornamented  with  symbolic  decorations,  were  among 
the  most  curious  in  the  collection.  The  mural  adornments  of  the  rooms, 
also  exhibited  by  the  expedition,  were  objects  made  by  the  Tusayan 
villagers.  Baskets  or  plaques,  made  of  twigs  and  arranged  in  the  form 
of  stars  and  arches  over  the  windows,  occupied  a  prominent  place  on 
the  walls.  Many  large  Navajo  blankets  were  exhibited.  The  symbolic 
figures  on  the  walls  were  copied  from  decorated  objects  made  by  the 
Indians  and  represented  various  gods  of  their  mythology.  All  objects 
exhibited  were  provided  with  printed  labels,  and  a  special  catalogue 
was  prepared  for  visitors. 

The  Peabody  Museum  exhibited,  in  the  room  of  the  Hemenway 
expedition,  a  single  case  of  books  and  pamphlets,  all  their  own  publi 
cations,  on  American  ethnology  and  archeology;  and  two  upright 
screens  hung  with  photographs  of  excavations  made  in  various  scien 
tific  studies.  The  collection  of  photographs  from  the  ruins  of  Labnah 
and  Copan,  made  by  members  of  the  Peabody  Museum,  Honduras 
expedition,  was  especially  worthy  of  mention. 

This  brief  enumeration  of  a  few  of  the  objects  exhibited  is  designed 
merely  to  indicate  the  general  character  of  the  several  installations. 
The  catalogue  printed  by  the  Commission,  and  which  forms  part  of 
this  report,  will  be  found  to  contain  full  particulars.  There  were  alto 
gether  some  eighty  exhibitors,  as  will  be  seen  by  the  list  hereunto 
annexed. 

Articles  60  to  67,  inclusive,  of  General  Regulations  for  the  Historic 
American  Exposition  of  Madrid  provided  for  an  international  jury, 
which  jury  was,  according  to  certain  rules,  divided  into  subjuries.  Each 
subjury  was  required  to  "  examine  and  grade  the  objects  belonging  to 
the  class  assigned  to  it;  and  subsequently  to  deliver  to  the  president 
of  the  jury  a  report  regarding  the  merits  of  the  objects,  and  of  the 
collective  importance  or  scientific  or  artistic  interest,  together  with  a 
detailed  statement  of  the  various  gradinigs." 

Article  66  runs  as  follows:  " The  awards  will  consist  of  diplomas 
bearing  the  following  characters:  Grand  Premium  of  Honor;  Gold 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION   AT    MADRID.  15 

Medal  5  Silver  Medal  5  Honorable  Mention.  The  diplomas  will  be 
accompanied  by  a  medal  commemorative  of  the  Exposition,  which  will 
be  the  same  for  each  premium.'7 

Under  the  provisions  of  these  articles  there  were  seventy- seven 
awards  to  the  United  States,  the  grand  premium  of  honor  naturally 
going  to  the  United  States  Government. 

A  full  list  of  the  awards  is  hereunto  annexed. 

Article  7,  of  the  royal  decree,  designated  the  monastery  of  Santa 
Maria  de  la  Rabida,  at  Huelva,  near  Palos  de  Moguer,  as  the  place  of 
the  meeting  of  the  Congress  of  Americanists;  and  by  Article  17,  of 
the  same  instrument,  the  celebrations  (las  fiestas)  were  to  begin  at 
Huelva  on  the  3d  of  August  and  be  continued  from  time  to  time  until 
November  3.  One  of  the  most  interesting,  and  the  spectacle  most 
worthy  to  be  remembered,  of  all  these  fiestas  was  the  ceremony  attend 
ing  the  unveiling  of  the  monument  which  had  been  erected  near  La 
Rabida  to  commemorate  the  Fourth  Centenary  of  the  Discovery  of 
America.  This  ceremony  took  place  on  the  llth  of  October.  All  the 
delegates  in  chief,  with  but  few  exception s,  attended  these  various 
fiestas,  by  invitation  of  the  Spanish  Government.  One  of  the  excep 
tions  was  that  of  the  delegate-in-chief  of  the  United  States.  The 
reason  of  this  exception  was  obvious.  The  majority  of  the  delegates- 
in-chief  held  diplomatic  relations  with  the  Spanish  Government,  either 
as  ministers  plenipotentiary  or  as  charges  d'  affaires.  It  was  in  their 
diplomatic  character  that  they  were  expected  to  take  part,  and -did  take 
part  in  the  various  festivities.  The  delegate-in-chief  of  the  United  States 
having  no  diplomatic  character  was  not  expected  to  take  part,  and  did 
not  take  part — no  official  part  at  least — in  several  of  the  most  interesting 
ceremonies.  Thus  it  happened  that  on  certain  occasions  he  was  placed, 
in  respect  to  his  colleagues  of  the  Exposition,  in  a  situation  the  reverse 
of  enviable.  In  any  future  representation  which  this  Government  may 
send  to  a  country  where  the  rules  of  etiquette  are  inflexible,  it  would 
be  well  to  insure  that  the  United  States  delegates  are  placed  upon  a 
footing  of  official  equality  with  those  of  other  countries. 

It  only  remains  to  tender  the  cordial  acknowledgments  of  the  Com 
mission  to  each  and  every  expositor,  both  public  and  private,  who,  by 
their  aid  and  sympathy,  contributed  to  the  success  of  the  United  States 
exhibit  at  the  Columbian  Historical  Exposition  in  Madrid. 
Very  respectfully  submitted, 

S.  B.  LUCE, 
Rear -Admiral,  V .  8.  Navy  (Retired),  Commissioner- General. 

Hon.  W.  Q.  GRESHAM, 

Secretary  of  State,  Washington,  D.  C. 


16 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION   AT   MADRID. 


LIST  OF  EXHIBITORS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES  OF  AMERICA. 


United  States  National  Museum,  Wash 
ington,  D.  C. 

Smithsonian  Institution,  Washington, 
D.C. 

United  States  Mint. 

Society  of  tne  Sons  of  the  American  Rev 
olution. 

Plymouth  Pilgrims  Society,  Massachu 
setts. 

United  States  Navy  Department. 

Bureau  of  Ethnology  of  the  United 
States. 

Department  of  Public  Instruction  of  the 
United  States. 

Census  Office  of  the  United  States. 

United  States  Coast  and  Geodetic  Survey. 

Army  Medical  Museum,  Washington, 
D.C. 

United  States  Fish  Commission. 

United  States  Geological  Survey. 

United  States  Meteorological  Survey. 

United  States  Post-Office  Department. 

Department  of  Agriculture. 

Forestry  Division,  Department  of  Agri 
culture. 

Mrs.  Hazen,  widow  of  General  Hazen. 

Dr.  G.  Brown  Goode. 

S.  Brownlow  Gray,  Bermuda. 

School  for  Indian  adults  (industrial), 
Carlisle,  Pa. 

F.  S.  Perkins. 

Byron  E.  Dodge,  Michigan. 

C.  M.  Crounse,  New  York. 

Dr.  Hilborn  T.  Cresson. 

Dr.  John  E.  Younglove. 

Prof.  Thomas  Wilson. 

Mrs.  Mary  Hemenway,  Boston,  Mass. 

Historical  American  Association,  Wash 
ington. 

American  Folk-Lore  Society. 

Anthropological  Society,  Washington. 

Virginia  Historical  Society,  Richmond. 

Department  of  Archaeology  and  Palaeon 
tology  of  the  University  of  Pennsyl 
vania. 

Numismatic  and  Antiquarian  Society  of 
Philadelphia. 

Academy  of  Natural  Sciences,  Philadel 
phia. 

Museum  of  Comparative  Zoology,  Cam 
bridge. 

Peabody  Museum  of  Archaeology  and 
Ethnology,  Cambridge,  Mass. 


Mrs.  Zelia  Nuttall. 

Dr.  T.  H.  Bean,  Washington. 

Walter  C.  Clephane,  Washington. 

Col.  Gates  J.  Thruston,  Nashville,  Tenn. 

Stewart  Culin,  Philadelphia. 

Rev.  Stephen  G.  Peet,  Avon,  111. 

Dr.  James  C.  Welling,  Washington,  D.C. 

John  G.  Bourke,  captain  Seventh  Regi 
ment,  U.  S.  A. 

Dr.  Henry  Carrington  Bolton,  New  York. 

Dr.  C.  Hart  Merriam,  Washington,  D.  C. 

J.  C.  Pilling,  Geological  Survey. 

Prof.  Otis  T.  Mason,  United  States  Na 
tional  Museum. 

Walter  Hough,  United  States  National 
Museum. 

W.  H.  Holmes,  Bureau  of  Ethnology. 

James  Terry. 

Dr.  Joseph  Jones,  New  Orleans,  La. 

Rev.  J.  Owen  Dorsey,  Bureau  of  Eth 
nology. 

Dr.  Cyrus  Thomas,  Bureau  of  Ethnology. 

Prof.  Edward  S.  Morse,  Salem,  Mass. 

James  Mooney,  Bureau  of  Ethnology. 

H.  W.  Henshaw,  Bureau  of  Ethnology. 

Col.  F.  A.  Seely,  Patent  Office  of  the 
United  States. 

Mrs.  M.  E.  Stevenson,  Bureau  of  Ethnol 
ogy- 
James  Stevenson. 

Lieut.  A.  P.  Niblack,  U.  S.  N. 

Warren  K.  Moorehead,  Xenia,  Ohio. 

Joseph  Sabin,  New  York. 

Houghton,  Mifflin  &  Co.,  New  York. 

Harper  Brothers,  New  York. 

Charles  B.  Reynolds,  New  York. 

Col.  H.  M.  Flagler,  U.  S.  Army. 

Alexander  Brown,  Norwood,  Virginia. 

William  E.  Curtis,  chief  of  Latin- Amer 
ican  Department,  World's  Columbian 
Exposition,  Chicago,  111. 

Dr.  Franz  Boas,  Worcester,  Mass. 

Eben  Norton  Horseford. 

Frederick  Starr. 

Ellen  Russel  Emerson. 

H.  C.  Mercer. 

Dr.  R.  H.  Lamborn. 

Dr.  Cyrus  Adler. 

Dr.  W.  J.  Hoffman. 

H.  H.  Bancroft. 

Edwin  E.  Ho  well. 

Charles  Scribner's  Sons,  publishers,  New 
York. 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID. 


17 


LIST  OF  MEDALS  (DIPLOMAS)  AWARDED  TO  THE  UNITED  STATES 

EXHIBITORS. 

Grand  Diploma  of  Honor  to  the  Government  of  the  United  States. 
GOLD  MEDAL,  DIPLOMA. 


United  States  National  Museum. 

Smithsonian  Institution. 

Bureau  of  Ethnology  of  the  United  States, 
Washington,  D.  C. 

Mrs.  Mary  Hemenway,  of  Boston,  Mass. 

Department  of  Archaeology  and  Paleon 
tology  of  the  University  of  Pennsyl 
vania. 


Dr.  George  Brown  Goode. 
Mr.  William  E.  Curtis. 
Dr.  J.  Walter  Fewkes. 
Geological  Survey  of  the  United  States. 
United  States  Mint. 

Industrial  school  for  adult  Indians,  Car 
lisle,  Pa. 
Rear-Admiral  S.  B.  Luce. 


SILVER  MEDAL,  DIPLOMA. 


United  States  Navy  Department. 

Military  Medical  Museum. 

Prof.  Thomas  Wilson. 

Numismatic  and  Antiquarian  Society, 
Philadelphia,  Pa. 

Department  of  Public  Instruction  of  the 
United  States. 

Academy  of  Natural  Sciences,  Phila 
delphia,  Pa. 

Peabody  Museum  of  Archeology. 

Mrs.  Zelia  Nuttall. 


Mr.  Stewart  Culm. 

Prof.  Otis  T.  Mason. 

Mr.  Walter  Hough. 

Mr.  W.  H.  Holmes. 

Mr.  H.  C.  Mercer. 

Mr.  James  W.  Ellsworth. 

United  States  Fish  Commission. 

United  States  Census  Office. 

Mrs.  M.  E.  Stevenson. 

Mrs.  M.  M.  Hazen. 


BRONZE  MEDAL,  DIPLOMA. 


Society   of   the   Sons   of   the    American 

Revolution. 

Postal  Department  of  the  United  States. 
Meteorological    Survey    of    the    United 

States. 
Coast  and  Geodetic  Survey  of  the  United 

States. 

Warren  K.  Moorehead. 
Dr.  James  C.  Welling. 

HONORABLE 

Mr.  Brownlow  Gray. 
Pilgrim  Society  (Plymouth). 
F.  8.  Perkins. 
Byron  S.  Dodge. 
C.  N.  Crouuse. 
Dr.  Hilborn  T.  Cresson. 
Dr.  T.  H.  Bean. 
Walter  C.  Clephane. 
Col.  Gates  F.  Thruston. 
Rev.  Stephen  G.  Peet. 
Capt.  John  G.  Bourke. 
Dr.  Henry  Carrington  Bolton. 
J.  C.  Pilling. 
James  Terry. 
Dr.  Joseph  Jones. 
Rev.  J.  Owen  Dorsey. 
Dr.  Cyrus  Thomas. 
Prof.  Edward  S.  Morse. 
(Total,  80.) 


Dr.  Cyrus  Adler. 

Department  of  Agriculture. 

Forestry  Division  of  the  Department  of 

Agriculture. 
Dr.  John  E.  Youn glove. 
Dr.  W.  J.  Hoffman. 
H.  H.  Bancroft. 
Edwin  E.  Howell. 

MENTION. 

James  Mooney. 

H.  W.  Henshaw. 

Col.  F.  A.  Seely. 

James  Stevenson. 

Dr.  C.  Hart  Merriam. 

Lieut.  A.  P.  Niblack,  U.  S.  N. 

Joseph  Sabin. 

Houghton,  Mifflin  &  Co. 

Charles  Scribner's  Sons. 

Charles  B.  Reynolds. 

Col.  H.  M.  Flagler,  U.  S.  A. 

Alexander  Brown. 

Dr.  Franz  Boas. 

Eben  Norton  Horsford. 

Dr.  Frederick  Starr. 

Ellen  Russel  Emerson. 

Dr.  R.  H.  Lamborn. 

Harper  Brothers. 


REPORT 


UPON  THE 


COLLECTIONS  EXHIBITED  AT  THE  COLUMBIAN  HISTORICAL  EXPOSITION. 


BY 


DANIEL  G,  BRINTON,  M,  D,,  LL,  I),,  D,  SC,, 

COMMISSIONER    OF     THE     UNITED     STATES     OF    AMERICA. 


19 


CONTENTS. 


Page. 

Introductory 23 

Tlie  Mexican  Department 24 

The  Department  of  Guatemala 32 

The  Department  of  Nicaragua 35 

The  Department  of  Costa  Rica 37 

The  Department  of  the  Island  of  Cuba 43 

The  Department  of  the  Dominican  Republic 43 

The  Department  of  the  Republic  of  Colombia 44 

The  Department  of  Ecuador 49 

The  Department  of  Peru 50 

The  Department  of  Bolivia 51 

The  Department  of  Uruguay 52 

The  Department  of  the  Argentine  Republic 55 

The  Department  of  Spain 57 

a.  The  National  Museum  of  Archaeology 57 

&.  The  Royal  Academy  of  History 63 

The  Department  of  Portugal 70 

The  Department  of  the  Empire  of  Germany 71 

The  Department  of  Denmark 73 

The  Department  of  Norway  and  Sweden 74 

The  Department  of  the  United  States  of  America 75 

The  Departments  of  European  History 75 

21 


REPORT  UPON  THE  COLLECTIONS  EXHIBITED  AT  THE 
COLUMBIAN  HISTORICAL  EXHIBITION  AT  MADRID. 


INTRODUCTORY. 


The  Exposicion  Historico-  American  a  at  Madrid  was  planned  by  the 
Government  of  that  country  to  display  the  character  of  the  civilization 
of  Europe  in  the  centuries  immediately  succeeding  the  discovery  of 
America;  and  also  to  represent  the  condition  of  culture  which  was 
found  on  the  continent  of  America  by  the  first  explorers. 

The  first  of  these  was  exhibited  by  a  large  collection  of  objects  from 
various  countries  of  Europe,  especially  from  Spain  itself,  these  objects 
being  of  a  class  which  would  show  the  progress  of  the  arts  and 
sciences  in  the  century  following  1492,  and  in  a  general  manner  the 
genius  of  that  civilization  which  was  introduced  into  the  New  World 
in  that  period.  It  included  many  thousand  specimens  of  secular  and 
ecclesiastical  articles  drawn  from  the  rich  stores  of  the  museums  and 
public  and  private  collections  of  Europe. 

Leaving  for  the  present  this  portion  of  the  Exposition,  I  will  describe 
more  especially  that  section  of  it  which  illustrated  the  culture  of  the 
native  tribes  of  America  at  the  time  they  first  came  in  contact  with 
the  European  invaders,  and  from  that  date  until  about  the  year  1750. 

This  portion  of  the  Exposition  was  arranged  originally  on  a  geo 
graphical  plan,  the  objects  forwarded  by  each  government  in  America 
being  separately  arranged;  but  in  some  instances,  numerous  specimens 
from  various  localities  which  had  come  into  the  possession  of  some 
museum  were  displayed  together.  This  fact  required  that  the  study 
of  any  one  culture  in  the  American  continent  should  be  conducted  by 
visiting  several  departments  of  the  museum.  Indeed,  a  certain  number 
of  objects  distinctively  American  were  exhibited  on  the  upper  floor, 
which  was  theoretically  reserved  for  European  displays  exclusively. 
This  was  the  case  with  some  of  those  rare  and  valuable  manuscripts, 
the  composition  of  native  American  scribes,  which  have  been  preserved 
by  accident  to  our  own  times. 

The  arrangement  under  each  country  was  left  entirely  in  the  hands 
of  the  representatives  of  that  country,  and  consequently  there  was  no 
uniform  system  observed  m  the  display  of  the  objects.  Moreover,  in 
some  instances,  the  collection  forwarded  by  a  given  country  consisted 

23 


24  COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID. 

of  several  minor  collections — the  property  of  different  individuals  or 
different  institutions — which  were  necessarily  kept  apart.  This  also 
interfered  with  the  systematic  display,  such  as  would  be  desirable  for 
scientific  purposes.  It  may  be  noted  further  that  in  many  instances, 
indeed  in  most,  there  was  no  relation  expressed  between  the  objects 
displayed  and  the  tribes  or  nations  which  occupied  the  localities  from 
which  the  objects  were  derived  within  the  historic  period. 

It  will  be  a  prominent  purpose  with  me  in  this  report  to  point  out 
this  connection  wherever  practicable.  As  to  the  ethnologists,  the  most 
if  not  the  only  value  of  the  study  of  such  works,  is  to  illustrate  the  cul 
ture  and  development  in  art  of  a  given  tribe  or  nation,  or,  in  default  of 
that,  to  show  that  the  tribe  dwelling  in  a  given  locality  within  historic 
times  were  not  the  authors  of  a  series  of  works  found  Avithin  their  area, 
and  that  these,  therefore,  are  witnesses  to  a  migration  apart  from  the 
history  of  the  country  as  it  is  known  to  us.  The  absence  of  such  iden 
tification  is  always  to  be  regretted. 

This  observation,  however,  does  not  reflect  in  any  way  on  the  board 
of  directors  of  the  Exposition,  inasmuch  as  it  was  not  in  their  power 
to  secure  information  of  this  kind  after  the  materials  had  been  sent  to 
the  museum.  Much  of  it,  moreover,  had  been  collected  by  persons  who 
gave  little  or  no  attention  to  close  identification  of  locality,  and  much 
of  it  also  had  been  transmitted  from  earlier  generations,  before  arche 
ology  had  reached  the  dignity  of  a  science,  and  its  rules  were  not  yet 
formulated. 

THE  MEXICAN  DEPARTMENT. 

A  large  portion  of  the  Mexican  exhibit  related  to  the  researches  of 
Sefior  Plancarte,  derived  from  his  excavations  in  the  State  of  Michoa- 
can.  These  were  made  with  much  care,  and  the  results  clearly  cata 
logued  and  displayed.  The  catalogue,  which  has  been  referred  to,  gives 
minute  descriptions  where  the  various  objects  were  found,  and  also 
assigns  them  to  their  probable  original  makers. 

The  most  ancient  of  these  relics  are  attributed  by  the  finder  to  cer 
tain  prehistoric  peoples  whose  names  are  unknown  and  of  whose  work 
we  have  only  a  few  specimens,  three  of  which  are  shown  and  described 
in  the  catalogue  as  belonging  to  " prehistoric  races." 

One  of  these  is  a  rough  stone,  somewhat  circular  in  form,  rudely 
worked  and  with  an  elliptical  cavity  in  the  center;  the  second  repre 
sents  a  human  head  roughly  outlined,  the  eyes  shown  by  mere  cavities 
and  the  nose  by  a  protuberance ;  these  were  found  together  near 
Jacona,  along  with  an  obsidian  lance  head,  the  surface  of  which  indi 
cated  marks  of  extreme  age.  The  human  head  was  of  a  basaltic  lava 
with  a  circumference  of  a  little  less  than  half  a  meter.  The  evidence 
would  not  seem  to  be  conclusive  that  these  objects  are  to  be  attributed 
to  a  race  foreign  to  that  known  by  history  to  have  inhabited  that  local 
ity,  although  the  fact  that  no  signs  of  pottery  were  found  along  with 
them  is  negative  evidence  of  some  weight. 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION   AT    MADRID.  25 

It  is  well  known  that  the  greater  part  of  the  area  of  Michoacan  was 
inhabited  at  the  time  of  the  conquest  by  a  nation  of  natives  called 
Tarascos.  They  were  in  a  condition  of  civilization  nearly  if  not  quite 
equal  to  that  of  their  neighbors,  the  Nahuas  or  Aztecs,  constructing 
temples  and  houses  of  stone  and  brick,  and  making  use  of  a  calendar 
in  all  respects  allied  to  that  employed  by  these. 

The  study  of  the  antiquities  of  Michoacan  has  been  profitably  con 
ducted  of  late  years  by  Dr.  Nicolas  Leon,  who  has  published  in  refer 
ence  to  them  a  number  of  valuable  essays,  and  has  made  a  collection  of 
numerous  books  and  objects  throwing  light  upon  the  culture  of  the 
ancient  inhabitants.  His  labors  in  this  direction  are  admirably  sup 
plemented  by  the  collection  of  Senor  Plaucarte  exhibited  in  this  Expo 
sition.  Among  these  objects,  1,325  are  assigned  by  their  finder  as  with 
out  doubt  representing  the  manufactures  of  the  Tarascos.  They 
included  objects  representing  domestic  utensils,  tools  used  in  the  arts, 
ornaments,  and  decorations,  and  others  supposed  to  have  reference  to 
their  religion,  to  their  method  of  carrying  on  war,  and  to  other  pur 
poses  consistent  with  the  culture  of  Mexico. 

Among  the  domestic  utensils,  there  were  many  of  clay,  more  or  less 
decorated  and  painted,  and  showing  a  great  variety  of  forms.  Some 
of  these  have  handles  and  feet,  others  are  flat  like  a  dish,  some  have 
narrow  necks  with  the  edges  flattened  horizontally,  others  approxi 
mating  closely  to  the  form  of  a  bottle.  The  clay  of  which  they  are 
formed  is  usually  carefully  worked  and  burnt.  The  character  of  the 
decoration  is  various.  In  some  instances  we  find  a  series  of  Greek  pat 
terns  varied  with  lines,  circles,  and  spirals;  in  others  the  decoration 
has  been  formed  by  a  series  of  impressions  on  the  soft  material,  evi 
dently  made  by  a  hollow  tube  or  cone,  these  impressions  being  disposed 
in  symmetrical  forms.  There  does  not  appear  to  have  been  any  attempt 
at  representing  objects  by  hieroglyphics,  the  figures  shown  being  con 
ventional  or  geometrical. 

Among  such  domestic  objects  are  a  number  of  corn  mills,  called 
metates,  with  their  grinders  or  pestles.  Some  have  two  or  three  feet, 
and  are  similar  to  those  found  in  many  other  parts  of  Mexico.  The 
roller  or  pestle  employed  for  breaking  the  corn  is  usually  of  a  cylindri 
cal  shape.  They  were  intended  to  be  used  by  pressing  and  crushing^ 
rather  than  by  grinding. 

It  is  interesting  to  find  among  this  collection  several  examples  of 
very  diminutive  forms  evidently  intended  to  be  used  as  playthings  for 
children,  imitating  in  their  games  the  labors  of  the'r  elders.  . 

The  industries  which  are  represented  by  the  utensils  used  in  the  arts 
are  principally  those  of  the  potter,  the  mat  maker,  the  paper  maker,  and 
the  worker  on  stone  and  in  metals.  The  smoothers,  apparently  used  in 
the  potter's  art,  were  of  burnt  clay,  with  rectangular  form  and  a  handle 
on  the  upper  surface;  others  of  basaltic  lava  or  of  diorite  or  of  black 
porphyry.  The  under  surface  is  sometimes  smooth,  sometimes  marked 
by  longitudinal  lines  or  flutings. 


26  COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION   AT    MADRID. 

A  number  of  chisels  or  celts  are  shown  of  stone,  generally  basalt  or 
cliorite.  Similar  forms  are  presented  in  copper,  which  may  have  been 
for  hatchets  or  chisels.  These  appear  to  have  been  made  by  hammer 
ing  the  copper  rather  than  by  casting.  Interesting  objects  in  this  con 
nection  are  the  needles  of  copper  wire.  They  are  manufactured  with 
an  eye  in  the  head,  but  this  is  not  obtained  by  piercing  the  material 
itself,  but  by  drawing  out  the  wire  at  the  head  and  twisting  it  back 
again  upon  the  body  of  the  needle,  leaving  a  small  opening  at  the 
extremity,  which  thus  gives  the  aperture  necessary  in  which  to  insert 
the  thread  or  string.  Probably  this  form  of  a  needle  with  an  eye  is  the 
only  one  which  could  be  obtained  on  the  American  continent  in  objects 
made  from  metal.  In  needles  of  bone  the  eye  is  not  unfrequent,  as  in 
Nos.  478  and  479  of  this  collection. 

The  use  of  obsidian  to  produce  flakes  with  a  cutting  edge  is  illus 
trated  by  the  presence  of  a  number  of  nodules,  from  which  the  flakes 
have  been  broken  for  such  purpose. 

A  large  number  of  spindle  whorls  are  exhibited  from  different  parts 
of  the  state.  Many  of  these  are  in  the -form  of  a  double  cone,  which  is 
rather  rare  throughout  Mexico,  but  extremely  common  in  Michoacau. 
Some  of  the  examples  are  polished,  others  are  without  polish;  a  few  are 
painted.  They  are  employed  by  running  a  piece  of  wood  through  the 
aperture  in  their  center,  and  they  impart  greater  facility  to  the  spindle 
in  the  process  of  obtaining  the  thread  from  the  material  5  sometimes  their 
surfaces  are  ornamented  with  various  designs  impressed  on  the  soft  clay 
before  burning.  It  should  be  added  that  it  has  been  maintained  that 
many  objects  of  this  common  form  were  intended  to  be  strung  upon 
cords  and  worn  around  the  neck  as  ornaments,  and  were  not  for  the 
more  practical  purpose  of  aiding  the  process  of  spinning. 

In  the  department  of  ornaments  we  find  in  this  collection  a  number 
of  objects  used  for  suspending  in  the  ear  arid  to  the  lip,  which  members 
are  perforated  so  as  to  enable  them  to  support  such  decorations.  The 
earrings  found  are  somewhat  like  a  shirt  button,  and  may  be  made  of 
bone,  metal,  or  stone  of  various  character,  instances  of  all  of  which  are 
presented.  The  labrets,  or  lip  stones,  are  somewhat  similar  in  form. 
Some  of  them  are  of  shell,  others  of  metal,  or  of  obsidian.  Fragments 
of  shell  of  different  shapes  and  sizes,  perforated  to  be  strung  upon  a 
cord,  are  frequent;  also  angular  pieces  of  copper  and  a  few  pieces  of 
amber,  evidently  intended  for  a  similar  purpose.  Some  good  specimens 
are  shown  of  mirrors  formed  of  obsidian  highly  polished  on  the  surface, 
so  that  the  reflection  of  the  countenance  could  easily  be  seen.  A  num 
ber  of  bells  of  copper  in  the  usual  form  found  in  ancient  Mexico  are 
displayed;  also  quite  a  number  of  beads,  some  of  copper,  others  of  chlo- 
ritic  stone  and  of  burnt  clay.  It  is  evident  that  these  constituted  a 
favorite  method  of  decoration  of  the  person  among  the  ancient  Taras- 
cos.  Some  of  these  beads  are  in  the  shape  of  tubes,  made  from  pieces  of 
shell  bored  or  perforated  longitudinally. 


COLUMBIAN   HISTORICAL   EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID.  27 

What  impresses  the  observer  most  in  this  collection  as  unusual  are 
the  numerous  smoking  pipes  of  clay,  many  of  them  elaborately  orna 
mented,  sometimes  painted.  Although  the  use  of  tobacco  was  known 
among  the  ancient  Mexicans  to  some  extent,  it  would  appear  that  they 
very  rarely  smoked  it  in  pipes.  Such,  however,  could  not  have  been 
the  case  in  Michoacan,  for  the  large  number  of  these  pipes  and  the 
skill  with  which  they  are  made  indicate  that  they  were  looked  upon 
as  a  favorite  object  with  the  smoker.  Probably  nowhere  else  in 
America,  south  of  the  Mississippi  Valley,  do  we  find  so  many  and 
varied  forms  of  the  smoking  pipe  as  within  the  State  of  Michoacan, 
and  the  number  of  these  presented  in  this  collection  is  such  as  to  show 
conclusively  that  this  was  a  popular  method  of  consuming  that  narcotic 
plant. 

A  series  of  vases  from  the  same  locality,  intended  for  decoration  or 
for  holding  flowers,  is  shown.  The  substance  from  which  they  are 
made  is  generally  a  red  or  black  clay,  but  a  few  are  of  alabaster,  basaltic 
lava,  or  other  stone.  Some  of  these  represent  figures — one  a  man  upon 
his  knees  with  his  hands  above  him;  another  a  human  figure  bearing 
a  vase  upon  his  back;  another  a  human  head,  and  still  another  the  head 
of  a  monkey  with  his  four  members  in  low  relief. 

Such  figures  bring  us  to  those  objects  which  are  classified  as  belong 
ing  distinctively  to  the  religious  experiences  of  the  natives.  These 
are  principally  in  clay  and  stone,  and  represent  figures  of  men  and 
women,  sometimes  only  the  heads,  others  only  the  bodies  or  busts. 
They  are  rude,  and  do  not  show  any  careful  study  of  the  dimensions 
of  the  human  body.  There  are  also  a  few  masks  of  obsidian  and  cal- 
cite,  and  a  number  of  amulets  of  stone  and  bone  and  burnt  clay,  usually 
representing  an  animal,  such  as  a  bird,  a  snail,  a  frog,  etc. 

Quite  a  number  of  musical  instruments  are  included  in  the  collection, 
but  it  would  not  appear  from  them  that  the  natives  of  Michoacan  had 
in  this  respect  developed  anything  different  from  their  neighbors,  the 
Mexicans  proper.  We  find,  for  instance,  quite  a  number  of  whistles  and 
flutes  made  of  burnt  clay,  either  red  or  black,  producing  the  sound  on 
the  same  principal  as  the  clay  whistle  formerly  in  use  in  Nicaragua  and 
other  parts  inhabited  by  the  N  almas.  Copper  bowls  and  rattles  were 
displayed,  also  a  large  conch  shell  employed  by  the  Indians  as  a  wind 
instrument,  and  a  curious  instrument  of  percussion  formed  of  a  human 
thigh  bone,  cut  on  the  surface  into  a  number  of  notches,  examples  of 
which  are  also  obtained  from  Mexico  proper. 

The  implements  of  war  and  the  chase  consist  principally  of  arrow 
heads  of  obsidian,  quartz,  bone,  flint,  and  copper.  They  are  in  most 
respects  similar  to  those  of  the  surrounding  nations.  Some  display  on 
the  surface  a  peculiar  discoloration,  which  it  has  been  suggested  is 
indicative  of  great  age. 

Nearly  all  the  objects  above  referred  to  were  obtained  on  the  site  of 
an  ancient  city  a  short  distance  west  from  the  present  town  of  Jacona. 


28  COLUMBIAN   HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION   AT   MADRID. 

Its  locality  is  marked  by  the  presence  of  a  number  of  small  mounds, 
the  remains  of  the  ancient  temples  and  dwellings  of  the  former  inhabit 
ants.  Near  by,  on  the  site  of  this  ancient  city,  is  seen  a  curious  con 
struction  called  the  chief  temple,  now  badly  mutilated  by  excavators 
and  the  effects  of  time,  but  which  has  been  ingeniously  restored  in 
wood  by  Seilor  Plancarte  in  a  model  exhibited  in  this  collection.  The 
character  of  the  architecture  is  quite  distinct  from  that  which  prevailed 
among  the  Aztecs  or  among  the  nations  east  of  them  near  the  Gulf  of 
Mexico.  It  is  not  easy,  from  the  examination  of  the  model,  to  explain 
the  purpose  of  the  structure,  and,  unfortunately,  here,  as  elsewhere,  the 
native  arts  and  traditions  met  the  fate  of  a  general  destruction  at  the 
hands  of  the  ruthless  invaders. 

The  remainder  of  Sefior  Plancarte's  collection,  which  numbers  in  all, 
2,803  specimens,  is  derived  from  other  sources  and  other  localities,  and 
are  attributed  by  him  to  various  surrounding  tribes.  Of  many  of  these 
we  are  in  considerable  uncertainty  as  to  their  relationship.  These 
tribes  are  as  follows:  Matlazincas,  Otornis,  Tepanecas,  Acolhuas,  Mex- 
icanos  or  Nahuas,  Chalcas,  Tlaxcaltecas,  Huexotzincas,  Ouetlaxtecas, 
Mixtecas,  Zapotecas,  and  Mayas. 

The  objects  from  these  have  a  general  similarity  to  those  already 
described,  and  they  do  not  bring  before  us  any  notable  difference  in  the 
civilization  of  the  peoples  from  whom  they  were  derived.  There  is  nec 
essarily  some  uncertainty  as  to  the  localization  of  the  tribes,  and  there 
is  not  in  all  instances  a  sufficiently  clear  indication  as  to  where  the 
objects  individually  were  obtained. 

His  statement  that  practically  all  the  specimens  belonging  to  the 
Otomis  are  characterized  by  a  marked  deficiency  of  skill,  showing  that 
they  had  little  knowledge  of  the  arts,  is  in  accordance,  indeed,  with  the 
general  opinion  about  these  people,  but  is  in  contradiction  to  several 
excellent  authorities  who  are  inclined  to  the  belief  that  the  assertions 
in  reference  to  the  rudeness  of  the  Otomis  is  mainly  owing  to  the  fact 
that  the  statements  to  this  effect  were  taken  from  other  nations,  and 
especially  from  the  Aztecs. 

The  general  display  of  the  Mexican  Government  was  under  the  care 
of  Eev.  Paso  y  Troncoso,  director  of  the  National  Museum  of  Mex 
ico,  and  celebrated  for  his  acquirements  in  the  Aztec  language  as 
well  as  for  his  intimate  acquaintance  with  the  history  of  his  country. 

The  articles  exhibited  included  both  objects  of  use  among  the  early 
tribes,  and  also  a  large  number  of  their  manuscript  records,  many  of 
which  were  brought  to  the  notice  of  visitors  for  the  first  time.  Among 
the  latter  should  especially  be  mentioned  the  painted  records  (lienzos) 
known  as  those  of  Tlascala,  Jucutacuto,  etc.,  as  well  as  two  codices, 
respectively  called  by  the  names  Porfirio  Diaz  and  Baranda.  These 
have  been  recently  issued  by  the  Government  of  Mexico,  and  deserv 
edly  rank  high  among  the  modern  native  documents  following  closely 
upon  the  era  of  the  conquest.  Similar  to  them  in  character  was  a 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID.  29 

large  picture  record,  known  as  the  Mapa  de  Mizquiahnala.  Eight 
native  calendars  were  shown,  in  which  each  month  was  designated  by 
its  appropriate  name  drawn  from  the  date  with  which  it  began,  accord 
ing  to  the  system  adopted  throughout  the  calendar.  This  system  is 
well  known  and  has  been  exemplified  in  detail  by  the  studies  of  Mrs. 
Zelia  Nuttall,  who  believes  that  by  following  out  its  rules  dates  could 
be  recorded  without  confusion  extending  over  several  thousand  years. 

The  elaborate  computations  drawn  up  by  this  lady  relating  to  this 
subject  were  displayed  by  an  exhibit  in  one  of  the  rooms  attached  to 
the  Mexican  department.  It  presented  on  a  large  sheet  the  arithmet 
ical  enumeration  and  names  of  a  series  of  years  arranged  according  to 
the  theory  which  she  believes  was  carried  out  by  the  Mexican  astron 
omers  and  priests  with  a  degree  of  accuracy  superior  to  that  which  at 
the  same  date  prevailed  in  Europe.  Her  studies,  with  ample  illus 
trations  and  explanations,  will  be  published  by  the  Peabody  Museum 
of  Archaeology,  at  Cambridge,  Mass.,  and  therefore  do  not  require 
extended  notice  in  this  connection. 

One  of  the  most  conspicuous  objects  in  the  Mexican  collection  was  a 
reproduction  in  wood  of  the  temple,  sacred  edifices,  and  inclosure  of  the 
famous  ancient  city  of  Cempoallan,  visited  by  Ferdinand  Cortez,  on  the 
shores  of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  a  little  north  of  Vera  Cruz.  This  impor 
tant  and  populous  locality  disappeared  from  history  after  the  Conquest 
and  became  covered  with  a  dense  tropical  forest,  which  in  some  meas 
ure  preserved  the  structures  which  its  inhabitants  had  erected.  A 
series  of  explorations  were  conducted  by  the  Director  of  the  National 
Museum  on  the  site,  and  he  succeeded  in  recovering,  with  great  exact 
ness,  the  dimensions  and  general  appearance  of  these  edifices.  They 
owe  their  origin  to  the  tribes  known  as  the  Totonacos,  who  at  this  point 
occupied  the  shore  of  the  Gulf  south  of  the  Huastecas,  who  inhabited 
the  rich  valley  of  the  Kiver  Panuco. 

Another  wooden  model,  carefully  executed,  was  presented  of  the 
structure  known  as  the  temple  of  Tajin  near  Papantla,  in  the  State  of 
Vera  Cruz,  a  monument  of  prime  importance,  and  still  so  well  pre 
served  that  its  outlines  and  appearance  can  be  accurately  determined. 
Several  other  such  models  served  to  present  the  visitor  with  a  clear 
idea  of  the  peculiar  style  of  architecture  in  vogue  among  the  native 
tribes  within  the  territory  of  Mexico. 

From  the  same  tribe  of  the  Totonacos  there  was  exhibited  a  quan 
tity  of  material  gathered  by  the  energetic  Director  of  the  Museum, 
among  which  maybe  named,  as  of  special  interest,  numerous  small  clay 
heads  presenting  a  remarkable  diversity  of  feature  and  characteristic 
traits.  These,  although  derived  from  the  State  of  V^era  Cruz  and  the 
province  historically  occupied  by  the  Totonacos,  are  strikingly  similar 
to  those  which  are  so  familiar  to  collectors,  from  the  celebrated  site  of 
Teotihuacan,  northwest  of  the  City  of  Mexico ;  a  fact  of  the  more  worth 
because,  according  to  their  own  ancient  traditions  reported  by  the 


30  COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION   AT    MADRID. 

earliest  Spanish  writers,  the  Totonacos  claimed  to  be  the  builders'  of  the 
great  pyramids  of  the  sun  and  moon  which  are  such  striking  monu 
ments  on  the  sacred  plain  of  Teotihuacan. 

Several  specimens  were  displayed  of  the  so-called  "  sacrificial  yokes," 
made  of  carved  stone,  highly  polished,  whose  use  has  been  the  subject 
of  large  discussion.  They  were  supposed  at  first  to  have  been  intended 
to  fasten  the  human  victim  to  the  sacrificial  stone  at  the  time  his  heart 
was  cut  out  and  offered  to  the  gods.  Others  have  believed  them  to  be 
heavy  ceremonial  ornaments  or  insignia,  or  objects  intended  to  be 
worn  on  state  occasions  by  high  dignitaries  or  priests.  Another  and 
recent  theory  of  their  use  has  been  that  they  represent  symbolically 
the  creative  forces  of  nature,  and  they  have  therefore  been  brought 
into  relation  with  the  crescent  and  the  semicircle  in  the  symbolism  of 
the  Old  World.  A  more  practical  use  which  has  been  suggested  for 
them  is  that  they  were  intended  to  form  the  aperture  through  which, 
in  the  favorite  game  of  ball  of  the  Mexicans,  the  ball  had  to  be 
thrown  in  order  to  win  the  game.  This  last-mentioned  theory  seems 
the  more  probable,  as  they  are  not  all  yokes — that  is  to  say,  some  are 
opened  at  one  end  and  some  are  closed,  thus  bringing  them  into  a  form 
closely  resembling  that  of  the  acknowledged  stone  aperture  for  the 
ball  shown1  at  Tula  and  other  places  in  ancient  Mexico.  Although 
vaguely  similar  to  the  stone  yokes  which  have  been  found  in  consider 
able  numbers  in  some  islands  of  the  West  Indies,  they  do  not,  like 
these,  present  a  formation  of  rights  and  lefts  so  as  to  be  worn  on  one  or 
the  other  shoulder,  but  the  two  arms  of  the  yoke  are  always  the  same. 

Other  objects  from  the  same  locality,  presented  in  numerous  speci 
mens,  are  the  small  double  cups  of  terra  cotta,  the  hollow  in  each 
being  a  little  larger  than  that  which  would  hold  the  tip  of  the  finger. 
It  has  been  a  standing  puzzle  to  explain  the  purpose  of  these  curious 
articles,  specimens  of  which  are  common  in  all  collections  of  Mexican 
antiquities.  It  has  been  suggested  that  they  were  intended  to  hold 
some  votive  offerings  to  the  gods,  while  others  have  maintained  that 
they  were  incense  burners. 

The  collection  also  offered  a  number  of  objects  in  stone  having 
handles  rudely  resembling  in  shape  a  flatiron  with  equal  ends.  These 
were  labeled  as  grinding  stones  used  for  the  purpose  of  rubbing  the 
meal  into  a  finer  consistency.  Some  of  them,  instead  of  a  handle,  pre 
sented  a  pointed  protuberance  by  which  they  could  be  grasped  and 
moved  to  and  fro  over  the  smooth  surface  of  a  large  corn-grinding 
stone.  In  a  few  instances  this  protuberance  had  a  three-cornered  or 
cocked-hat  appearance,  which  is  seen  so  clearly  in  a  number  of  stone 
implements  of  the  same  general  shape  from  the  West  India  Islands. 
The  latter  have  been  generally  regarded  as  ceremonial  objects,  but 
appearances,  in  some  instances  at  least,  favor  the  view  that  they  were 
intended  for  nothing  more  than  rubbing  stones. 

1  See  Chariiay,  Les  Auciennes  Villes  du  Nouveau  Monde,  p.  73 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID.  31 

A  number  of  examples,  varying  in  shape  and  marking,  of  stones  with 
fiat,  striated  sides,  supposed  to  be  for  pounding  leaves  and  bark  so  as 
to  reduce  them  to  the  condition  of  fibrous  cloth  or  paper,  were  also 
noticeable.1  Closely  related  to  them  in  appearance  were  a  number  of 
stamps  and  seals  in  stone  and  terra-cotta  derived  from  Aztec  provinces. 
There  is  no  doubt  that  these  were  used  for  the  purpose  of  stamping 
designs  on  clothing,  examples  of  which  have  been  found  in  some  of  the 
ancient  remains. 

In  terra-cotta  objects  from  the  Totonacos,  should  also  be  mentioned 
numerous  toys  in  baked  clay,  little  dishes  and  small  figures  clearly 
designed  to  be  used  as  playthings  by  children.  From  the  same  material 
there  were  a  large  number  of  those  half  spherical  objects,  pierced  with 
a  hole  in  the  center,  usually  classed  as  "  spindle  whorls,"  and  which  no 
doubt  were  often  used  as  such;  but  which  also  in  some  cases  were 
employed  as  ornaments,  being  strung  on  a  cord  and  suspended  around 
the  neck. 

An  interesting  exhibit  in  this  collection  was  an  especial  collection 
from  Oampeche,  on  the  coast  of  Yucatan,  known  as  the  "  collection  of 
Pedro  Baranda,"  principal  of  the  institute  of  Oampeche.  It  contained 
a  number  of  clay  idols  of  small  size,  some  peculiar  in  form,  and  also 
stone  objects,  weapons,  arrow  points,  chisels,  etc. 

The  whole  of  the  collection  from  Mexico  was  extremely  well  arranged, 
and  aiforded  a  pleasing  spectacle  to  the  eye  of  the  visitor.  The  labels 
were  well-written  and  clear,  and  a  large  number  of  casts  of  the  most 
important  objects  in  the  National  Museum  of  Mexico,  which,  on 
account  of  their  value  or  size,  could  not  be  sent  to  Madrid,  conveyed 
a  correct  idea  of  the  riches  of  that  governmental  institution.  These 
casts  included  the  famous  calendar  stone,  the  sacrificial  stone,  the 
statue  of  Tlaloc,  and  many  others.  The  only  criticism  which  might  be 
offered  was  concerning  the  names  of  some  of  the  tribes  to  which  cer 
tain  objects  were  referred.  For  example,  it  can  scarcely  be  held  advis 
able  at  present  to  refer  products  of  human  art  to  such  doubtful,  if  not 
fabulous,  peoples  as  the  Olmecs,  the  Toltecs,  or  the  Teochichimecs ;  but 
this  slight  objection  does  not  in  any  way  derogate  from  the  general 
high  character  of  the  exhibit  displayed  by  the  Government  of  the 
Eepublic  of  Mexico. 

All  the  articles  were  well  displayed  for  easy  inspection  and  study. 
In  connection  with  them  were  a  number  of  copies  of  ancient  Mexican 
documents,  offering  a  valuable  basis  on  which  to  erect  an  explanation  of 
the  intricate  method  of  counting  time  adopted  by  these  ancient  nations. 
Several  remarkable  objects  in  stone  should  be  classified  with  these. 
They  represented  a  number  of  rods  or  canes  tied  together  into  a  bundle, 
these  rods  or  canes  being  fifty-two  in  number,  as  indicated  by  the  cut 
ting  of  the  stone  on  its  two  extremities  and  surfaces.  These  curious 

1  On  these  see  Walter  Hough,  in  Science,  January  6, 1893,  and  iny  remarks  in  the 
same  journal,  March  10, 1893. 


32  COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID. 

objects  are  what  the  Aztecs  call  u  the  tying  together  of  the  years," 
a  function  which  took  place  with  solemn  ceremonies  at  the  close  of 
each  period  of  fifty-two  solar  years,  the  exact  time  being  noted,  by  the 
position  of  the  constellation  of  the  Pleiades  in  the  nocturnal  sky. 
To  maintain  in  memory  these  several  cycles  of  years,  such  stone  images 
of  the  "  tying  together"  were  carved  and  placed  in  the  temples,  each 
bearing  a  mark  upon  it  indicating  the  cycle  to  which  it  belonged. 

THE  DEPARTMENT  OF  GUATEMALA. 

The  section  devoted  to  Guatemala  contained  a  number  of  manuscripts 
and  several  collections,  one  offered  by  the  Government  of  the  state,  a 
second,  the  collection  belonging  to  Joaquin  de  Minondo,  and  a  third, 
which  was  the  property  of  Julio  de  Arellano.  From  these  various 
sources  a  very  good  idea  could  be  obtained  of  the  general  character  of 
the  antiquities  of  that  country. 

The  historical  manuscripts  included  one  which  has  been  long  known 
under  the  title  of  "  Isagoge  Apologetico  General  de  las  Indias.7' 

This  work  has  been  quoted  by  various  writers  on  the  history  of 
Guatemala,  but  has  never  been  published.  The  catalogue  gives  a 
brief  statement  of  its  contents.  They  relate  to  the  conquest  of  the 
country  by  the  Spaniards  in  the  sixteenth  century,  the  foundation  of 
the  first  city  of  Guatemala,  the  journey  undertaken  by  Hernaii 
Cortez,  as  described  in  his  fifth  letter,  and  the  efforts  of  the  mission 
aries  of  the  religious  order  of  St.  Dominic  to  convert  the  natives  of 
Guatemala. 

The  second  manuscript  described  was  in  three  large  folio  volumes 
bearing  the  title  of  "  Historia  de  la  Provincia  de  San  Yincente  Ferier 
de  Guatemala  y  Chiapa." 

This  work  has  been  familiar  by  name  to  historical  students,  having 
generally  been  considered  to  be  the  production  of  Father  Ximenes. 
This  fact  is  questioned,  however,  by  the  authors  of  the  catalogue.  They 
consider  it  rather  to  have  been  the  result  of  the  labors  of  various 
monks  of  the  order  of  St.  Dominic.  It  would  appear  to  be  an  error 
to  state,  as  we  find  in  the  catalogue,  page  18,  that  it  was  unknown  to 
the  writers  on  the  history  of  the  country,  inasmuch  as  it  is  distinctly 
referred  to  by  the  distinguished  historian,  Garcia  Pelaez.1  The  extracts 
taken  from  it  in  the  introduction  of  the  catalogue  are  chiefly  from  the 
Spanish  translation  of  the  Popol  Vuh,  the  whole  of  which  translation 
was  published  by  Dr.  Scherzer  at  Vienna,  in  1857.2 

Other  manuscripts  of  interest  contain  the  municipal  acts  of  the  first 
city  of  Guatemala  and  autograph  letters  of  Columbus. 

Turning  to  the  objects,  utensils,  weapons,  and  similar  relics  dis 
played  in  the  collection  of  the  Government  of  Guatemala,  some  of  the 

1  Garcia  Pelaez.  Memorias  para  la  Historia  de  Guatemala,  p.  18,  et  al. 

2  Las  Historias  del  Origeii  de  los  Indies,  etc. 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID.  33 

most  striking  are  idols  of  stone  in  human  form  varying  in  height 
from  a  quarter  to  half  a  meter. 

That  numbered  1  in  the  catalogue  is  a  black  stone,  skillfully  worked, 
representing  a  human  figure  seated  on  a  stool  of  the  same  substance, 
which  has  four  feet.  It  is  stated  according  to  tradition  to  represent 
the  god  of  old  age. 

Another  idol,  also  of  stone  somewhat  similar,  has  the  left  arm  crossed 
upon  the  breast,  the  right  resting  upon  the  legs. 

Still  another,  No.  6  of  the  catalogue,  also  of  stone,  presents  the  figure 
of  a  woman  with  her  arms  crossed  upon  the  breast  and  a  broad  collar 
on  the  lower  part  of  the  neck. 

No.  7  is  an  idol  of  stone  showing  a  human  head — that  of  a  man,  and, 
what  is  noteworthy,  bearing  a  well-marked  beard. 

No.  74,  48  centimeters  in  height,  is  of  clay.  It  represents  a  human 
figure  holding  in  the  hands  a  circular  bowl,  or  vase,  with  small  promi 
nences  on  the  external  surface;  the  nose  is  prominent,  and  the  mouth  is 
open  as  it  in  the  act  of  laughing.  It  was  found  in  Escuintla,  which 
was  inhabited  by  the  Pipiles,  of  Nahuatl  affiliations. 

Somewhat  similar  is  No.  100,  made  of  fine  clay,  and  representing  a 
chief  seated,  wearing  ornaments  on  the  head,  earrings  in  the  ears,  and 
a  collar  around  the  neck.  Upon  the  head  is  a  cap,  from  the  sides  of 
which  hang  two  pendants.  On  his  back  he  is  carrying  two  small 
human  heads. 

No.  177,  also  of  clay,  burned,  shows  a  human  figure  seated  and  hold 
ing  in  his  hands  a  cup  or  bowl.  He  also  wears  a  collar,  earrings,  and 
nose  rings.  The  majority  of  these  idols  were  derived  from  the  province 
of  Quiche". 

Although  these  articles  were  classified  as  idols,  and  therefore  sup 
posed  to  be  objects  of  worship,  it  is  not  certain  that  they  were  not 
portraits  or  small  statues  of  living  persons,  or  of  the  dead,  intended  to 
be  kept  as  memorials  by  the  family  or  the  tribe. 

In  this  same  collection  there  are  a  number  of  vases,  cups,  and  jars 
of  terra  cotta,  either  red  or  black,  the  clay  from  which  they  are  made 
usually  finely  worked  and  bearing  a  high  polish.  Some  of  them  are 
painted  or  decorated  by  lines  and  geometrical  figures.  Several  of 
them  present  the  form  of  familiar  animals,  such  as  No.  04,  where  we 
see  the  head  of  a  crocodile,  from  which  is  proceeding  a  human  face. 

No.  106  is  a  human  head  with  large  circular  earrings  in  the  ears  and 
a  surface  ornamented  by  lines  forming  geometrical  figures. 

No.  126,  which  was  obtained  from  Copan,  also  shows  a  human  head 
with  similar  large  earrings,  and  rising  above  the  head  a  circle  of 
feathers. 

Among  the  objects  in  stone  in  the  Government  collection  there  is 
one  (No.  12)  representing  an  armadillo. 

No.  14  is  a  monkey,  his  right  hand  lifted  to  his  head  in  the  act  of 
scratching  himself. 

H.  Ex.  100 3 


34  COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID. 

Nos.  32  and  33  are  fine  specimens  of  corn  mills,  metates,  with  the 
pestle  which  usually  accompanied  them. 

An  interesting  piece  of  terra  cotta  modeling  is  No.  36,  the  face  of  a 
man  asleep. 

No.  37  is  an  owl,  or  similar  bird,  and  No.  38  represents  a  dog.  Upon 
his  back  there  is  a  small  excavation  in  the  form  of  a  cup.  These  also 
are  from  the  Pipil  territory  (Escuintla). 

No.  46  is  a  small  stone  image  with  the  body  of  a  monkey,  but  with 
the  head  and  tail  of  an  owl. 

Nos.  66  to  69  are  stone  masks  representing  human  faces.  They  have 
small  perforations  at  the  top  and  sides,  evidently  intended  to  attach 
cords  by  which  they  could  be  hung. 

Quite  similar  masks  of  the  same  material  were  represented  in  Nos. 
76  to  80.  All  of  these  come  from  the  territory  inhabited  by  the  Quiche. 

No.  87  is  a  vase  or  jar  of  marble  which  represents  the  body  of  a 
monkey  resting  upon  its  knees  with  the  hand  stretched  above  the  head, 
and  bearing  upon  its  back  a  vase. 

There  are  also  various  arrows  and  lance  heads  of  stone,  and  an  Indian 
drum,  obtained  from  the  Indians  of  northern  Guatemala,  known  as  the 
Lacandoues. 

A  choice  small  collection  is  represented  principally  from  the  territory 
of  the  Quiches  by  Senor  Minondo.  It  contains  a  number  of  specimens 
of  pottery  in  red  and  black  clays,  masks  of  the  same  material,  a  few 
images  in  stone,  arrow  and  lance  heads,  millstones,  and  ornaments  of 
burnt  clay,  some  with  hieroglyphic  characters. 

The  collection  displayed  by  Arellano,  while  showing  much  of  con 
siderable  interest,  is  less  distinctly  localized  than  the  preceding,  the 
catalogue  rarely  stating  where  the  objects  were  found.  They  are,  how 
ever,  of  the  same  general  character  of  those  already  described,  and 
display  the  influences  of  the  same  civilization. 

Some  of  these  objects  in  clay  have  a  peculiar  value  from  the  hiero 
glyphs  rather  rudely  painted  upon  their  sides. 

Special  attention  may  be  called  to  No.  23,' which  is  stated  to  have 
been  found  near  the  capital  city  of  the  ancient  Quiches.  It  is  well 
known  that  the  two  principal  nations  which  owned  the  soil  of  Guatemala 
at  the  period  of  the  Spanish  conquest  were  accustomed  to  preserve 
the  facts  in  their  national  history  and  the  knowledge  of  the  sciences 
which  they  possessed  by  means  of  a  method  of  writing  closely  allied 
to  that  which  prevailed  in  Yucatan.  In  consequence,  however,  of  the 
wholesale  destruction  by  the  early  Spaniards  of  the  manuscripts  of  the 
natives,  not  a  single  example  of  these  has  been  preserved  to  stand 
in  confirmation  of  their  arts  in  stone  and  clay.  This  lends  peculiar 
value  to  the  preservation  of  every  example  which  will  throw  light  upon 
the  manner  in  which  they  made  use  of  the  Maya  characters. 

From  the  examples  in  the  present  collection,  it  is  quite  clear  that  they 
did  not  differ  materially  from  their  neighbors  of  the  east,  north  and 
west  in  the  formation  of  their  glyphs. 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID.  35 

Those  which  are  referred  to  above  are  evidently  allied  to  the  signs 
of  the  calendar,  which  these  nations,  like  most  belonging  to  their  stock, 
had  either  originated  or  adopted,  and  which  was  identically  the  same 
that  prevailed  throughout  southern  Mexico. 

The  objects  in  this  collection  which  established  this  fact  must  there 
fore  have  a  peculiar  value  in  the  eyes  of  all  students  of  the  ancient 
history  of  America,  and  their  presence  should  stimulate  to  further 
investigations  on  the  sites  of  the  ruined  cities  of  Guatemala. 

The  ethnography  of  Guatemala  at  the  time  of  the  Conquest  has  been 
carefully  studied  of  late  years,  and  we  are  now  in  a  position  to  refer 
such  objects  as  are  above  mentioned  to  the  various  ethnic  groups  to 
which  they  belong. 

Except  the  small  tribe  of  Xiucas  on  the  south  coast,  who  were  in  a 
condition  of  savagery,  practically  all  the  soil  of  Guatemala  was  divided 
between  the  representatives  of  the  two  powerful  and  highly  civilized 
stocks,  the  Mayas  and  the  Nahuas.  The  former  were  represented  by 
the  Quiches,  Cakchiquels,  Tzutuhils,  Mams,  Pokomams,  Ixils,  Ohols, 
Lacandons,  Chortis,  and  other  tribes  with  Maya  dialects.  They  occu 
pied  nearly  all  the  central  and  northern  portions  of  the  present  State. 
The  Nahua  stock  was  represented  by  the  Pipiles,  in  the  department  of 
Escuintla,  and  the  Alaguilacs,  northwest  of  them,  on  the  Kio  Motagua.1 
There  are  obvious  differences  in  the  art  products  of  these  two  cul 
ture  centers,  as  there  were  in  the  languages,  traditions,  usages,  and 
mythologies  of  the  two  stocks.  There  is  a  probability  that  the  Nahua 
element  reached  the  soil  of  Guatemala  at  a  considerably  later  date  than 
the  Maya  element,  and  brought  with  it  the  principles  of  a  civilization 
already  well  developed  in  its  northern  home. 

THE  DEPARTMENT  OF  NICARAGUA. 

The  collection  from  Nicaragua  was  forwarded  in  part  by  the  Govern 
ment  of  that  Kepublic,  and  consisted  in  part  of  a  private  collection  of 
Mr.  Julio  Gavinet.  The  former  included  775  labels,  the  latter  426. 
They  were  both  obtained  with  great  care  from  comparatively  recent 
excavations,  usually  clearly  localized,  and  presented,  therefore,  a  satis 
factory  picture  of  the  former  industry  of  the  indigenes  there  resident 
at  the  time  of  the  Conquest. 

It  is  well  known  that  the  area  about  the  Great  Lakes  of  Nicaragua 
and  Managua  was  inhabited  by  diverse  populations,  varying  widely  in 
the  stages  of  their  culture.  The  two  most  developed  of  these  nations 
were  the  Chorotegas,  now  shown  by  their  language  to  have  been  in 
near  relations  with  the  Chapanecs  who  lived  in  the  western  portion  of 
the  Chiapas.  They  had  extensive  settlements  along  the  shores  of 
Lake  Managua,  and  their  usual  name,  indeed,  which  is  that  of  Maugues, 
is  identical  with  the  appellation  of  the  lake.  While  they  had  not 
reached  to  a  like  development  with  many  of  the  tribes  of  Yucatan  and 


Oil  this,  see  Otto  Stoll,  Zur  Ethnographie  der  Republik  Guatemala.     Zurich,  1884. 


36  COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID. 

Guatemala,  they  were  far  superior  to  the  wild  hunting  hordes  who 
roamed  the  district  between  Lake  Nicaragua  and  the  ocean  to  the 
north.  They  manufactured  pottery  of  fine  character,  and  were  skillful 
in  the  art  of  polishing,  boring,  and  chipping  stone.  Their  hoiises  were 
usually  of  wood  thatched  with  straw ;  they  apparently  had  none  built 
of  stone  and  were  unacquainted  with  metals. 

Their  neighbors,  the  Nicaraos,  whose  chief  seat  was  upon  the  ^orth- 
ern  neck  of  land  between  Lake  Nicaragua  and  the  Pacific  Ocean,  and 
who  also  occupied  several  islands  in  the  lake,  were  of  Nahuatl  descent, 
and  spoke  a  language  which  was  a  quite  pure  dialect  of  the  tongue  of 
the  Aztecs  in  the  Valley  of  Mexico. 

As  will  be  mentioned  under  the  Republic  of  Costa  Eica,  their  arrival 
in  this  part  of  Central  America  was  probably  not  more  than  a  century 
before  the  Spaniards  reached  the  same  district.  The  Nicaraos  brought 
with  them  the  developed  culture  of  the  Aztecs,  and  erected  an  impor 
tant  temple  on  one  of  the  islands  in  the  lake  in  which  they  set  up  the 
stone  images  of  their  ancestral  gods.  A  restoration  of  this  temple  is 
referred  to  in  this  report  under  the  Swedish  department. 

Keverting  to  the  objects  exhibited  by  the  Republic  of  Nicaragua,  we 
find  among  them  an  extensive  series  of  articles  in  pottery  in  the  form 
of  urns,  dishes,  plates,  cups,  whistles,  flutes,  figures  of  men  and  animals, 
symbolic  and  fantastic  representations,  and  many  fragments  of  handles 
and  feet  indicative  of  their  artistic  character.  Many  of  these  speci 
mens  of  Nicaraguan  pottery  offer  a  facing  of  white  clay  adorned  with 
figures  in  red  and  black.  The  ornamentation  is  frequently  elaborate 
and  the  paintings  often  disclose  considerable  spirit.  Quite  a  number 
have  three  feet  in  the  form  of  the  human  head  or  that  of  animals,  hollow, 
and  containing  a  small  ball  of  clay,  dried  and  loose,  so  that  in  moving 
the  vessel,  it  emits  a  slight  sound. 

The  funerary  urns  from  this  part  of  the  continent  are  noticeable  from 
their  abundance,  their  size,  and  their  peculiar  shape.  On  account  of 
the  latter  they  are  usually  known  as  "  shoe-shaped"  urns,  their  form 
being  vaguely  similar  to  that  of  a  shoe  or  gaiter.  In  these  receptacles 
the  bones  were  placed  after  the  body  had  been  destroyed  by  fire,  or  by 
exposure  for  a  considerable  time  in  moist  earth.  The  urn  is  sometimes 
molded  to  represent  the  head  of  an  animal,  as  in  Nos.  48, 344,  and  432  of 
this  collection,  and  others. 

A  series  of  human  figures  in  various  colors  (often  rather  rudely  out 
lined,  representing  both  sexes),  in  the  collection  of  Mr.  Gavinet,  would 
appear  to  have  been  for  religious  purposes,  probably  gods  of  the  house 
hold. 

Industry  in  stone  is  displayed  by  arrow  and  lance  heads,  chisels,  axes, 
pounders,  clubs,  millstones,  mortars,  arid  rude  figures.  One  of  these 
objects,  No.  1162,  is  what  has  been  called  a  "  pulp-pounder,"  and  by 
some  is  supposed  to  have  been  employed  in  the  manufacture  of  pottery. 
A  further  description  of  these  somewhat  puzzling  implements  is  given 
in  Science,  referred  to  on  p.  31 . 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID.  37 

Some  of  these  stone  articles,  the  arrow  points  and  the  knives,  are  of 
obsidian,  the  product  so  much  in  favor  for  the  same  purpose  in  Mexico, 
and  always  selected  where  obtainable  on  account  of  the  keen  cutting 
edge  which  it  offered.  In  ornaments,  colored  stones,  some  of  them 
quite  brilliant,  were  polished  and  bored,  and  used  as  beads  strung 
upon  a  cord.  Examples  of  these  in  the  Gavinet  collection  are  exhibited 
in  ^os.  1183,  1184,  1199,  and  1200.  Their  number,  in  each  instance 
varies,  some  necklaces  having  from  forty  to  eighty  of  these  stone 
beads.  They  are  not  always  globular,  some  being  oblong,  varying  in 
diameter,  and  occasionally  an  attempt  has  been  made  to  carve  them 
into  the  representation  of  an  animal  object. 

The  especially  noteworthy  features  of  Nicaraguaii  pottery  are  its 
brilliant  and  elaborate  poly  chromic  designs,  the  symmetry  of  the  jars 
and  vases,  and  the  fine  polish  of  the  external  surface,  which  in  some 
cases  might  easily  be  mistaken  at  first  sight  for  a  glaze.  These  char 
acteristics  were  well  brought  out  in  the  display  at  Madrid.  Another 
peculiarity  is  the  evident  liking  of  the  native  potters  to  mold  objects 
of  amusement,  such  as  whistling  jars,  musical  instruments,  etc.,  out  of 
clay,  bringing  their  art  in  this  respect  into  analogy  with  that  of  Peru. 
Arch  geologists  in  the  United  States  have  been  made  familiar  with 
these  traits  by  the  excellent  study  of  Dr.  J.  F.  Bransford,  published 
by  the  Smithsonian  Institution.1 

THE  DEPARTMENT  OF  COSTA  RICA. 

The  Eepublic  of  Costa  Eica  presented  a  rich  collection  of  specimens, 
many  of  them  recent  acquisitions  and  all  of  them  admirably  arranged 
under  the  intelligent  administration  of  Senor  Mannel  M.  de  Peralta, 
envoy  extraordinary  and  minister  plenipotentiary  of  his  Government, 
and  Mr.  Anastasio  Alfaro,  director  of  the  National  Museum  of  Costa 
Eica,  who  had  superintended  many  of  the  excavations  of  the  objects. 

The  collection  in  general  embraced  several  special  collections  belong 
ing  to  individuals,  besides  that  sent  by  the  National  Museum  of  Costa 
Eica.  The  first  was  one  obtained  by  Bishop  Thiel,  whose  works  upon 
the  native  languages  of  that  country  are  well  known  to  students  of  these 
subjects. 

An  interesting  feature  of  this  collection  was  a  series  of  small  images 
in  gold,  eighteen  in  number,  weighing  in  all  282  grams.  Several  of 
them  represented  the  human  figure  in  whole  or  in  part;  others  were 
figures  of  birds,  frogs,  and  ornaments.  Of  greater  antiquarian  interest 
than  these  were  the  vases  in  stone.  One  of  them,  measuring  in  height 
a  meter  and  a  quarter,  showed  three  symbolic  animals  united  together. 
Another,  a  bird  belonging  to  the  owl  species,  holding  in  its  beak  a  figure 
of  a  man.  This  is  supposed  to  be  a  symbol  of  the  creation,  the  bird 
representing  the  primeval  power  which  placed  man  upon  the  surface  of 

Archaeological  Researches  in  Nicaragua,  by  J.  F.  Bransford,  M.  D.,  United  States 
Navy,  Washington,  1881. 


38  COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID. 

the  earth.  This  explanation  is  supported  by  an  ancient  myth  referred 
to  in  L.  Fernandez,  Docurnentos  Ineditos,  Tom.  Ill,  page  337. 

The  height  of  this  object  was  80  centimeters,  and  it  may  tie  regarded 
as  one  of  the  most  remarkable  specimens  in  the  collection. 

Six  curious  examples  were  shown  of  the  stone  stools  or  seats  which 
were  used  by  the  chiefs  or  priests  when  they  performed  certain  reli 
gious  ceremonies.  Other  objects  in  stone  which  may  be  enumerated 
were  heads  of  animals,  grinding  stones  for  maize,  axes  of  the  same 
material,  and  a  number  of  worked  specimens  of  vases  and  ornaments 
in  greenish  stones,  which  are  usually  classed  among  the  jades  or 
nephrites. 

Quite  a  large  number  of  specimens  in  burnt  clay  represent  the  industry 
of  the  potter.  One  of  these  is  a  burial  urn,  which  was  found  to  contain 
human  bones,  showing  that  this  method  of  interment,  common  in  the 
adjacent  territory  of  Nicaragua,  was  also  not  unknown  in  Costa  Rica. 
Of  the  78  vases  in  terra  cotta  represented,  a  number  are  in  the  form 
of  animals  rather  accurately  portrayed.  The  earthenware  flutes  or 
whistles,  so  frequent  in  this  portion  of  Central  America,  are  repre 
sented  by  24  specimens  of  different  forms,  varying  from  12  to  35 
millimeters  in  height. 

Of  miscellaneous  objects,  3  native  drums,  2  blowpipes,  2  staffs  used 
by  the  chiefs,  21  bows,  several  specimens  of  native  weaving,  and  various 
utensils  for  lighting  fire,  were  displayed  from  existing  tribes. 

Another  department  of  the  collection  was  derived  from  the  Troyo 
family,  who  have  generously  given  to  the  National  Museum  a  variety 
of  valuable  objects.  Among  these  may  be  mentioned  several  chisels 
and  spoons  in  stone,  masses  of  stone  intended  to  be  used  as  maces  or 
war  clubs,  others  with  polished  surface  and  fitted  to  the  hand  for  use 
as  polishers  or  smoothers,  grinding  stones  of  various  sizes  and  forms, 
mortars  and  vases  of  the  same  material,  and  a  line  of  small  human 
figures  usually  in  a  sitting  position,  probably  intended  as  memorials  of 
the  dead  or  as  household  gods. 

The  relics  in  clay  in  this  collection  include  several  specimens  of  jars, 
plates,  spoons,  whistles,  rings,  bells,  and  flower  holders.  Of  these 
about  one  half  display  designs  upon  the  surface,  either  in  low  relief  or 
engraved  upon  the  clay,  and  about  one-fifth  are  decorated  with  paint 
ings  in  different  colors. 

Industry  in  copper  and  gold  is  represented  by  a  series  of  objects 
principally  taken  from  natural  history,  such  as  eagles,  frogs,  lions, 
and  a  number  of  curious  little  figures  perhaps  intended  as  images  of 
special  deities. 

A  few  skulls  taken  from  native  graves  offer  a  means  of  examining 
the  cranial  characteristics  of  the  natives. 

A  collection  of  antiquities,  380  in  number,  obtained  in  the  immediate 
vicinity  of  Nicoya,  is  of  peculiar  value  on  account  of  its  strict  localiza 
tion.  The  objects  which  it  presents  are  in  stone,  pottery  and  in  a  few 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL   EXPOSITION   AT    MADRID.  39 

instances  of  metal.  A  prominent  feature  in  it  is  the  number  of  fine 
stones,  green  or  bluish,  belonging  to  various  varieties  of  jade  and  jas 
per.  They  bear  frequently  a  high  polish  and  have  been  worked  up 
into  objects  of  ornament. 

Another  collection  is  that  of  Senor  Julio  de  Arellano,  which  was 
excavated  principally  from  the  slopes  of  the  volcano  Yrazu  and  from 
Nicaragua.  It  includes  ornaments  in  copper,  numerous  figures  in  stone 
representing  men  and  animals,  corn  mills,  and  a  line  of  vases  and 
utensils  in  clay,  several  of  them  handsomely  colored  or  presenting 
designs  in  relief. 

Over  1,000  relics  which  were  obtained  in  1891  in  exploring  the  natwe 
cemetery  of  Guayabo,  situated  on  the  slope  of  the  volcano,  form  a  con 
spicuous  part  of  the  collection  from  Costa  Rica,  and  one  highly  illus 
trative  of  the  industry  of  its  earlier  inhabitants. 

Besides  the  archaeological  collections  there  are  in  this  section  a  great 
many  ethnographic  specimens  obtained  from  the  tribes  which  still  exist 
scattered  throughout  the  northern  and  southern  portions  of  the  Repub- 
lic  in  small  settlements.  These  include  bows  and  arrows,  blowpipes, 
woven  material,  feather  work,  collars  made  of  teeth,  nets,  hammocks, 
fishing  lines,  drums,  etc. 

There  are  displayed  by  means  of  photographs  and  oil  paintings  rep 
resentations  of  individuals  of  the  native  tribes,  their  present  habita 
tions,  and  the  ancient  sepulcher  opened  and  explored  by  Mr.  Anastasio 
Alfaro,  whose  intelligent  activity  has  thrown  so  much  light  on  the  pre- 
columbian  history  of  this  part  of  Central  America. 

Prominent  among  the  objects  represented  is  a  series  of  metates  of 
unusual  size  and  elaborate  workmanship.  They  are  of  a  fine  gray  stone, 
resting  upon  feet  of  the  same  material,  and  are  elaborately  decorated 
with  human  and  animal  heads  in  relief  along  the  sides. 

One  of  these  is  of  such  size  and  bears  such  an  amount  of  decora 
tion  as  to  seem  to  unfit  it  for  a  domestic  utensil,  and  it  has  been  called 
a  sacrificial  stone.  A  comparison,  however,  with  a  number  of  similar 
objects  would  seem  to  leave  little  doubt  that  its  purpose  was  the  hum 
bler  and  more  peaceful  one  of  forming  a  surface  for  the  grinding  of 
corn  on  a  large  scale. 

Peculiar  interest  attaches  to  the  archaeology  and  ethnography  of 
Costa  Rica  on  account  of  its  situation  on  the  only  highway  of  migra 
tion  between  South  and  North  America.  The  relations  of  its  native 
population  at  the  time  of  the  Conquest  have  offered  problems  of  much 
obscurity,  which  can  not  be  said  to  have  been  completely  solved  up  to 
the  present  time.  An  admiral  resume  of  our  existing  knowledge  of  this 
subject  was  prepared  by  Seuor  de  Peralta,  the  president  of  the  commis 
sion  from  Costa  Rica  to  the  Exposition  in  Madrid,  and  was  incorporated 
in  the  catalogue  of  that  department.  It  condenses  so  much  information 
not  easily  accessible  into  such  clear  outlines  that  the  following  extract 
from  it  is  inserted: 


40  COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID. 

On  the  shores  of  the  Pacific,  in  the  peninsula  of  Nicoya,  in  all  that  territory  which 
now  constitutes  the  province  of  Guanacaste,  and  embracing  all  the  vicinity  of  the 
gulf  of  Nicoya  to  the  point  of  Herradura,  lived  the  Chorotegas  or  Mangues,  divided 
into  various  tribes  or  chieftancies,  feudataries  of  the  Cacique  of  Nicoya,  to  wit, 
Diria,  Cangen,  Zapanci,  Pococi,  Paro,  Orotina,  and  Chorotega,  properly  so  called,  in 
the  valley  of  the  Rio  Grande.  By  the  side  of  these  dwelt  the  immigrant  Nahoas,  who 
carried  this  far  the  arts  and  traditions  of  the  Aztecs,  and  the  cultivation  of  cacao, 
and  obtained  a  supremacy  over  the  previous  inhabitants.  The  Chorotegas  spoke 
the  language  of  the  same  name,  or  the  Mangue,  a  branch,  if  not  the  trunk  and  origin, 
of  the  Chiapanec.  They  extended  through  Nicaragua  on  the  shores  of  the  lakes, 
and  by  the  way  of  Nequepio  on  the  gulf  of  Fonseca  or  of  Chorotega  Malalaca,  in 
what  now  forms  the  Province  of  Choluteca,  in  Honduras,  and  part  of  San  Miguel,  in 
Salvador,  to  Chiapas,  in  which  mountaneous  region  they  held  the  important  post  of 
Acala. 

Between  Chiapas,  which  we  may  call  Chorotega-Acala,  and  Nequepio,  or  Chorotega- 
Malalaca,  intervened  the  colonies  or  provinces  of  the  Nahuas,  Cakchiquels, 
Popolucas,  and  Pipiles  of  Guatemala  and  Salvador,  as  between  Nequepio  and  Mana 
gua  intervened  the  Maribioa  and  Matiares;  and  between  Masaya  and  Nicoya,  the 
Nahuatl  colonies  of  Nicaragua,  sometimes  isolated  and  rulers  of  the  soil,  as  at 
Rivas,  sometime  adjoining  or  intermingled  with  the  Chorotegas,  as  in  the  peninsula 
of  Nicoya. 

Between  the  Chorotegas  of  the  peninsula  and  those  of  the  eastern  shores  of  the 
gulf,  that  is,  between  Nicoya  and  Orotina,  were  the  Corobicies;  but  owing  to  the 
facile  communication  by  water  the  Chorotegas  of  both  coasts  were  in  frequent 
relations. 

Geographically  the  Chorotegas  formed  five  provinces : 

(1)  Old  Chorotega,  their  only  home,  and  Orotina,  on  the  east  coast  of  the  gulf  of 
Orotina  or  Nicoya,  between  the  port  of  La  Herradura  and  the  river  Avangares. 
Between  the  river  Avangares  and  the  Zapandi,  or  Tempisque,  were  stationed  the 
Corobicies. 

(2)  Nicoya,  the  peninsula  of  this  name,  and  its   prolongation  to  the  lake  of  Nica 
ragua,  including  the  towns  or   chieftancies  of  Zapandi,  Nacaome,  Paro,  Cangen, 
Nicopasaya,  Pocos,  Diria,  Papagayo,  Namiapi,  Orosi. 

(3)  Managua,  or  Mangua,  country  of  the  Mangues,  called  in  the  Nahuatl  language 
Xolotlan,  including  the  towns  of  Masaya,  Nindiri,  Diria,  Diriomo,  Diriamba,  Jino- 
tepe,  Mombacho,  Niquinohomo,  and  Nandaime. 

(4)  Nequiepio,  or  Chorotega-Malalaca,  Nacaome,  Goascoran,  Orocuina. 

(5)  Chiapas,  or  Chorotega-acala,  Chiapa,  Acala,  Suchiapa,  Copainala. 

The  Nahuas,  whose  most  important  colonies  controlled  the  isthmus  of  Rivas  between 
Lake  Nicaragua  and  the  Pacific,  were  established  in  Nicoya  and  spoke  the  Mexican 
or  Nahuatl  language. 

A  Mexican  colony  also  existed  in  the  valley  of  Telorio  (valley  of  the  Duy,  or  of 
the  Mexicans)  near  the  Bay  del  Almirante,  and  inhabited  the  island  of  Tojar,  or 
Zorobaro  (now  of  Columbus),  and  the  towns  of  Chicaua,  Moyaua,  Quequexque, 
and  Corotapa,  on  the  mainland,  this  being  the  farthest  eastward  in  Costa  Rica,  or  in 
Central  America,  to  which  the  Nahuas  reached,  so  far  as  existing  evidence  proves. 

Between  the  lake  of  Nicaragua  and  the  gulf  of  Nicoya,  to  the  east  of  the  volcano 
of  Orosi  and  the  river  Tempisque,  near  longitude  85°  west  of  Greenwich,  dwelt  the 
mysterious  nation  of  the  Corobicies,  or  Corbesies,  ancestors  of  the  existing  Guatusos. 
To  the  east  of  the  same  meridian  were  the  Votos,  occupying  the  southern  shores  of 
the  Rio  San  Juan  to  the  valley  of  the  Sarapiqui. 

To  the  east  of  the  Sarapiqui,  and  from  the  mouths  of  the  San  Juan  on  the  Atlantic 
to  the  mouth  of  the  river  Matina,  was  the  important  province  of  Suerre,  belonging 
to  the  Guetars,  who  occupied  the  ground  to  Turrialba  and  Atirro,  in  the  valleys  of 
the  Reventazon  and  the  river  Suerre  or  Pacuar. 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION   AT    MADRID.  41 

Between  the  river  Natina  and  the  river  Tarire  were  the  provinces  of  Pococi  and 
of  the  Tariacas.  To  the  east  of  the  Tarire  to  the  Bay  del  Almirante,  dwelt  the 
Viceitas,  Cabecares,  and  Terrabas  (Terrebes,  Terbis,  or  Tiribies). 

On  the  Bay  del  Almirante  to  Point  Sorobeta  or  Terbi  there  was  the  Chichimec 
colony,  already  referred  to,  whose  cacique  Iztolin  conversed  in  the  Mexican  lan 
guage  with  Juan  Vasquez  de  Coronado  in  1564. 

The  Changuenes  occupied  the  forests  about  the  headwaters  of  the  Rio  Ravalo. 

The  Doraces,  south  of  the  Laguna  of  Chiriqui,  and  at  the  foot  of  the  Cordillera, 
adjoined  in  the  valley  of  the  river  Cricamola  or  Guayrni  with  the  warlike  nation  of 
the  latter  name. 

The  Guaymies  occupied  the  coast  and  the  interior  lands  situated  between  the 
rivers  Guaymi  and  Conception,  of  Veragua. 

In  front  of  the  valley  of  the  Guaymi  lies  the  Island  del  Escodo,  the  governmental 
limit  of  Costa  Rica;  so  that  the  Guayuiis  were  distributed  in  nearly  equal  parts 
between  the  jurisdiction  of  Costa  Rica  and  of  Veragua. 

In  the  interior,  in  the  highlands  about  Cartago,  on  the  slopes  both  of  the  Atlantic 
and  the  Pacific,  were  the  provinces  Guarco,  Toyopan,  and  Aserri;  farther  west, 
toward  the  gulf  of  Nicoya,  Pacaca,  Garabito,  and  Chomes  adjoined  along  the  sum 
mits  of  La  Herradura  and  Tilaran  with  the  Chorotegas. 

These  provinces  formed  the  territory  of  the  Huetares,  or  Guetares,  uei  tlalli,  in 
Nahuatl,  "  great  land,"  a  general  term,  which  included  various  tribes  and  chieftan- 
cies  of  the  same  linguistic  stock,  one  entirely  diverse  from  those  of  the  neighboring 
Mangues  and  Nahuas,  toward  whom  they  were  unfriendly,  although  maintaining 
commercial  relations. 

The  province  of  Guarco  was  considered  by  both  the  natives  and  the  Spaniards  as 
one  of  the  most  favored  localities  in  the  country,  and  for  that  reason  was  selected 
by  the  Guetares,  and  later  by  the  whites,  as  the  sight  of  their  principle  town.  It 
was  here  that  the  city  of  Costa  Rica  was  founded  in  1568.  The  name  is  a  corrup 
tion  of  the  Nahuatl  Qualcan,  from  "  qualli,"  good,  convenient,  with  the  locative  suffix 
"can."  Qualcan  means,  therefore,  "good  place,"  or,  as  it  is  translated  in  Molina's 
Vocabulary,  "  a  well-sheltered  and  desirable  place,"  which  answers  well  to  the  val 
ley  of  Cartago. 

Southeast  of  Chorotega  and  the  heights  of  Herradura,  and  south  of  the  Guetares, 
extending  to  the  Pacific  Ocean,  between  the  rivers  Pirris  and  Grande  of  Terraba,  was 
the  province  of  the  Quepos,  of  which  the  Spanish  Government  formed  the  district 
of  Quepo,  whose  extreme  limit  toward  the  southeast  was  the  old  Chiriqui  River. 

According  to  the  most  probable  conjectures,  the  Quepos  belonged  to  the  family  of 
the  Guetares  and  lived,  by  preference,  on  the  coasts.  They  were  also  enemies  of  the 
Mangues  and  the  Cotos  and  Borucas,  and  in  consequence  of  their  wars  with  them 
and  with  the  whites,  and  with  the  burden  of  labors  laid  upon  them  by  the  latter, 
their  towns  disappeared  in  the  middle  of  the  eighteenth  century  without  leaving 
any  positive  traces  which  will  enlighten  us  upon  their  origin. 

Adjoining  the  Quepos,  the  Cotos  or  Coctos  occupied  the  upper  valley  of  the  river 
Terraba,  formerly  known  as  the  Goto. 

These  formed  a  numerous  and  warlike  tribe,  skillful  in  both  offense  and  defense. 

They  are  not  known  in  Costa  Rica  by  this  name;  but  there  is  no  doubt  that  the 
Borucas  are  their  descendants.  These  Borucas  occupied  the  region  about  Golfo 
Dulce,  formerly  the  gulf  of  Osa,  east  of  the  river  Terraba,  and  gave  their  nameBuri- 
cas,  Burucas,  or  Bruncas  to  the  province  of  Borica,  discovered  by  the  Licentiate  Espi- 
nosa  in  the  first  voyage  of  exploration  made  by  the  Spaniards  to  this  region  in  1519, 
and  also  to  Point  Burica,  the  extreme  southern  limit  of  Costa  Rica,  in  latitude  8° 
north. 

The  province  of  Burica  extended  toward  the  east  to  the  Llanos  of  Chiriqui,  and 
formed  a  part  of  the  government  of  Quepo.  It  belongs  to-day  to  the  district  of 
Punta  Arenas. 


42  COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID. 

The  Terrabas,  who  have  given  their  nanie  to  the  river  formerly  called  the  Goto,  do 
not  belong  to  the  tribes  of  the  Pacific  Slope.  They  were  brought  to  the  location 
there,  which  they  now  occupy,  in  Aldea  or  Terraba,  partly  by  the  persuasion  of  the 
missionaries,  partly  by  force,  having  been  obliged  to  abandon  the  rough  mountains 
to  the  north  about  the  head  waters  of  the  Tilorio  or  Rio  de  la  Estrella,  the  Yurquin, 
and  the  Rovalo,  about  the  year  1697.  They  have  been  variously  called  Terbis,  Ter- 
rebes,  Terrabas,  and  Tirribies,  but  there  are  no  differences  of  dialect  between  them 
and  their  relatives  to  the  north,  other  than  would  necessarily  take  place  in  any 
tongue  from  a  separation  of  this  length. 

At  the  time  of  the  Conquest,  therefore,  the  tribes  occupying  the  territory  of  Costa 
Rica  were  Nahuas,  Mangues,  Guetares,  Viceitas,  Terrabas,  Changuenes,  Guayiuies, 
Quepos,  Cotos,  and  Borucas. 

The  Nahuas  came  from  the  north,  and  landed  in  Nicaragua  somewhere  about  the 
year  1440. 

As  to  the  Mangues,  we  must  admit  as  the  most  probable  opinion  that  they  extended 
from  the  shores  of  the  gulf  of  Nicoya  along  the  lakes  of  Nicaragua  and  Managua 
(Xolotlari)  into  southern  Mexico,  where  up  to  within  a  few  years  their  language  was 
spoken  at  Acala. 

It  is  almost  impossible  to  determine  the  ethnic  affinities  of  the  Guetares  as  long 
as  no  vocabularies  of  their  tongue  can  be  found,  though  such  were  certainly  written 
by  such  able  linguists  as  Fray  Pedro  de  Betanzos,  Fray  Lorenzo  de  Bienvenida, 
Fray  Juan  Babtista,  and  other  Franciscans,  who  founded  missionary  establishments 
and  taught  the  natives  around  Cartago ;  but  the  testimony  of  archaiology  proves 
that  if  they  were  not  related  to  the  Nahuas,  they  were  subject  to  their  influence, 
perhaps  through  the  active  commerce  they  had  with  the  Chorotegas  and  Nahuas 
about  the  gulf  of  Nicoya. 

That  the  Guetares  were  by  no  means  rude  savages  is  shown  by  the  ornaments  in 
gold,  and  the  precious  stones  finely  cut,  which  have  been  unearthed  in  the  excava 
tions  about  Agua  Caliente  and  Turrialba.  That  they  presented  an  honorable  differ 
ence  from  their  neighbors  to  the  north  and  also  the  Chorotegas  in  not  being 
cannibals  is  testified  to  by  Benzoni,  who  was  among  them  in  1544,  and  also  by 
other  documents  of  the  time. 

As  to  the  Guaymies,  Terrabas,  Changuenes,  and  Borucas,  their  affinities  to  the 
tribes  to  the  east  of  them  are  well  marked,  and  it  would  not  be  surprising  if  they 
were  also  closely  related  to  the  natives  between  Paria  and  Darien,  and  even  with  the 
Chibchas  of  Colombia,  as  has  been  maintained  by  Brinton. 

The  total  number  included  by  these  tribes  about  1564  may  be  estimated  in  round 
numbers  at  100,000  souls.  At  present  their  representatives  are  very  few. 

The  Nahuas  and  Mangues  of  the  Nicoya  region  have  completely  disappeared, 
although  the  former  survive  in  Mexico,  and  the  latter  have  still  a  few  descendants  at 
Masaya,  Nicaragua,  and  Acala,  Mexico. 

It  is  unnecessary  to  say  that  the  Nahuas  have  left  many  admirable  monuments 
proving  their  proficiency  in  the  arts,  and  a  language  of  a  perfection  proving  that 
those  who  developed  it  were  a  thoughtful  and  cultured  race. 

The  Chorotegas  or  Mangues,  a  proud  and  independent  people,  are  also  shown  by 
the  relics  they  have  left  to  have  been  a  people  skillful  in  the  arts  of  pottery,  and  in 
working  stone  and  gold.  Nothing  remains  of  the  Corobicies  or  Corvesies  except 
the  name  Corobici  or  Curubici,  app'lied  to  an  affluent  of  the  Rio  de  las  Canas,  a 
branch  of  the  Rio  de  las  Piedras,  tributary  to  the  Ternpisqne.  There  are  many 
reasons,  however,  for  believing  that  the  modern  Guatusos  are  the  descendants  of  the 
Corobicies,  whose  language,  according  to  Oviedo,  was  quite  distinct  from  that  of 
the  Guetares,  or  Chorotegas,  or  Mexicans.  It  is  possible  that  they  are  descended 
from  those  Votos  Indians  who  inhabited  the  southern  banks  of  the  Desaguadera,  or 
Rio  San  Juan,  and  whose  village  was  situated  near  the  first  rapids  of  that  river.  In 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION   AT    MADRID.  43 

either  case,  neither  the  Votos  nor  the  Corobicies  have  left  any  traces  of  the  character 
of  their  culture. 

Among  the  objects  from  the  Guetares  is  an  instrument  of  wood  for  making  fire 
according  to  the  system  employed  in  Mexico,  a  cord  or  line  for  fishing,  and  various 
ocherous  earths  used  in  painting  the  body,  a  custom  which  Fernandez  de  Oviedo  men 
tions  as  common  among  the  Chontales  of  Nicaragua,  near  neighbors  of  the  Votos. 

DEPARTMENT  OF  THE  ISLAND  OF  CUBA. 

The  objects  sent  to  the  exhibition  from  the  Island  of  Cuba  were 
principally  economic  in  character,  including  an  admirably  arranged 
and  extensive  series  illustrating  the  mineralogy  and  metallic  wealth 
of  the  island  and  reflecting  credit  upon  the  school  of  mines  in  Havana 
which  had  forwarded  it. 

There  was  also  a  line  case  manufactured  from  the  choice  woods  of 
the  island,  containing  documents  relating  to  the  transportation  of  the 
bones  of  Christopher  Columbus  from  the  cathedral  of  Santo  Domingo 
to  that  of  Havana,  in  the  year  1796.  Its  contents  have  a  high  histor 
ical  value  and  by^nany  are  considered  conclusive  upon  this  much 
debated  question.  A  second  volume,  handsomely  bound,  contained  a 
number  of  photographs  of  various  views  and  buildings  in  Havana  and 
objects  relating  to  Christopher  Columbus,  among  them  one  of  his  por 
trait  presented  to  the  city  of  Havana  by  his  descendant  in  the  seventh 
degree.  It  is  claimed  to  be  the  most  genuine  of  any  known. 

No  collections  of  archreolgical  specimens,  illustrating  the  industries 
of  the  indigenous  inhabitants  of  the  island,  were  included  in  the  exhibit. 

DEPARTMENT  OF  THE  DOMINICAN  EEPUBLIC. 

The  material  in  the  department  of  the  exhibition  occupied  by  the 
Dominican  Kepublic  in  the  island  of  Santo  Domingo,  or  Haiti,  had  refer 
ence  partly  to  the  early  establishment  of  the  Spanish  power  in  that 
island  and  partly  to  the  condition  of  its  primitive  inhabitants  as  shown 
by  their  remains.  The  first  of  these  consisted  mainly  of  paintings  and 
engravings  of  notable  buildings  and  places  upon  the  island  which  had 
been  the  scenes  of  various  transactions  relating  to  the  first  settlement. 

The  early  writers  have  left  us  considerable  information  about  the 
state  in  which  the  inhabitants  found  themselves  on  the  arrival  of  the 
Spaniards.  This  was  not  dissimilar  to  that  of  the  tribes  of  northern 
South  America,  with  whom  they  were  closely  affiliated  in  language  and 
blood.  The  picture  thus  drawn  by  the  earliest  European  visitors  is 
borne  out  by  the  remains  which  have  from  time  to  time  been  collected. 
Those  in  the  present  exhibition  include  small  idols  of  stone,  clay,  and 
wood,  also  points  for  lances  or  arrowheads  of  the  same  material,  figures 
and  utensils  in  pottery,  and  collars  of  stone,  supposed  to  have  been 
used  on  ceremonial  occasions.  Among  the  engravings  is  one  of  the 
celebrated  circular  construction  of  upright  stones  designed  according 


44  COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID. 

to  tradition  as  an  arena  for  playing  ball,  having  in  its  center  a  stone 
seat  of  great  size,  supposed  to  have  been  a  throne  for  the  queen. 

The  fact  of  the  burial  of  Columbus  in  the  cathedral  of  Santo  Domingo 
surrounds  this  building  with  an  historical  interest.  Numerous  views 
of  it  are  presented  from  different  aspects  and  others  showing  the  lead  en 
casket  in  which  his  mortal  remains  rested  until  the  year  1795,  when 
they  were  transferred  to  the  city  of  Havana. 

The  native  population  of  Haiti,  of  whom  we  have  in  this  exhibit  the 
evidence  of  considerable  cultivation,  remained  long  of  undetermined 
affinities,  although  many  of  the  words  of  their  language,  their  customs, 
and  their  myths  were  preserved  by  the  early  settlers  and  missionaries. 
They  were  popularly  supposed  to  be  Caribs,  or  related  to  the  Carib 
stock,  or  connected  with  the  Mayas  or  Mexicans. 

In  a  study  of  the  Arawack  language  of  Guiana,  published  in  1871, 1 
brought  the  Haitian  language,  I  believe  for  the  first  time,  into  unques 
tionable  and  close  connection  with  that  important  South  American 
stock,  and  showed  at  the  same  time  that  it  was  the  same  dialect  which 
prevailed  throughout  Cuba  and  the  Bahamas.1  The  whole  West 
Indian  Archipelago  was  peopled  from  South  America  exclusively,  and 
contained  no  tribes  linguistically  related  to  any  north  of  the  Isthmus 
of  Panama  upon  the  continent.  The  definite  recognition  of  this  fact 
in  ancient  native  migration  is  of  prime  importance  in  the  study  of  col 
lections  of  aboriginal  relics  from  these  islands. 

DEPARTMENT  OF  THE  EEPUBLIC  OF  COLOMBIA. 

The  Eepublic  of  Colombia  presented  perhaps  the  most  brilliant  of  all 
of  the  displays  in  the  strictly  American  portion  of  the  Exposition.  The 
numerous  magnificent  specimens  of  native  gold  work  and  their  tasteful 
arrangement  attracted  the  attention  of  all  visitors.  They  also  excited 
the  admiration  of  those  of  antiquarian  taste,  from  their  novelty  as  well 
as  for  the  perfection  of  their  designs.  The  credit  for  the  collection 
of  this  unusual  series  as  well  as  for  their  judicious  arrangement  rests 
mainly  with  the  distinguished  Colombian  archaeologist,  Senor  Ernesto 
Restrepo. 

Senor  Restrepo  took  advantage  in  connection  with  this  Exposition, 
and  of  the  interest  excited  by  the  invitation  to  his  country  to  partici 
pate  in  it,  to  publish  several  valuable  contributions  to  the  study  of  the 
ancient  history  of  that  portion  of  the  continent.  These  appeared  at 
Bogota,  under  the  following  titles:  Estudios  sobre  los  Aborigenes  de 
Colombia;  Yiages  de  Lionel  Wafer  al  Isthmo  de  Darien;  and  Eusayo 
Etnografico  y  Arqueologico  de  la  Provincia  de  los  Quimbayas. 

They  are  most  creditable  to  the  extent  of  his  scholarship  and  the 
energy  with  which  he  has  pursued  investigations  in  the  library  as  well 

JThe  Arawack  language  of  Guiana  in  its  linguistic  and  ethnological  relations,  by 
D.  G.  Brindton,  M.  D.,  in  the  Trauasctious  of  the  American  Philosophical  Society, 
for  1871. 


COLUMBIAN   HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID.  45 

as  in  the  field.  They  give  us  for  the  first  time  a  fairly  complete  state 
ment  of  the  native  tribes  present  in  this  portion  of  South  America 
about  the  time  it  first  became  known  to  the  European  invaders.  The 
map  which  accompanies  the  first  named  locates  with  great  accuracy  a 
large  number  of  tribes  whose  precise  residence  has  heretofore  been 
vague. 

According  to  the  minute  and  extensive  investigations  of  this  scholar, 
the  territory  of  Colombia  was  occupied  by  a  great  variety  of  tribes  in 
different  stages  of  culture,  not  subject  to  any  general  government,  but 
constantly  at  war  with  each  other.  When  the  objects  obtained  from 
the  graves  in  different  parts  are  carefully  examined,  a  considerable  dif 
ference  is  manifest  in  the  style  and  in  the  perfection  of  their  artistic 
execution.  It  is  quite  obvious  that  the  condition  of  those  who  manu 
factured  them  was  one  of  isolation,  and  that  very  little  communication 
even  of  a  commercial  character  was  frequent  between  them. 

With  regard  to  the  work  in  gold,  for  which  this  territory  was  par 
ticularly  famous,  it  is  found  to  be  divisible  into  three  different  groups, 
clearly  characterized  by  contrasting  traits,  both  in  the  objects  repre 
sented  and  in  the  style  of  workmanship.  These  three  groups  are  called 
those  of  the  Chibcha,  the  Antioquena,  and  the  Quimbaya;  these  are  so 
clearly  of  independent  character  that  a  person  who  has  thoroughly 
familiarized  himself  with  their  traits  will  run  no  danger  of  mistaking 
one  for  the  other.  Nor  does  it  appear  that  the  artistic  development 
of  the  one  exerted  an  influence  upon  the  others,  or  that  the  products 
of  the  one  entered  by  exchange  or  purchase  into  the  territory  of  the 
others.  The  excavations  in  the  ancient  graves  reveal  objects  almost 
entirely  native  to  the  locality,  and  very  rarely  specimens  which  could  be 
attributed  to  the  workmanship  of  neighboring  tribes. 

This  statement  is  equally  true  in  reference  to  any  objects  which  might 
have  been  made,  subsequent  to  the  Conquest,  in  Central  America  and 
Peru.  The  native  graves  of  early  date  in  those  regions  often  contain 
metal  work,  pottery  or  ornaments,  which  show  that  the  interments  took 
place  after  the  arrival  of  the  Spaniards,  and  include  some  objects  either 
brought  by  them,  or  imitated  from  those  so  introduced.  For  instance, 
in  both  countries,  images  in  pottery  of  Spanish  soldiers  or  monks  are 
not  extremely  unusual  in  the  native  cemeteries  of  old  date.  .Nothing 
of  this  kind  appears  to  have  been  the  case  in  Colombia.  When  the 
invading  forces  swept  down  upon  this  thickly  settled  land,  peopled  by 
small  tribes  not  possessing  any  strong  military  force  and  no  cohesion 
among  themselves,  the  whole  industry  of  the  country  became  paralyzed 
and  ceased,  once  and  forever. 

How  small  comparatively  even  the  most  important  of  these  nations 
was,  may  be  seen  from  the  fact  that  the  one  which  has  most  occupied 
the  attention  of  historians  and  antiquarians,  to  wit,  the  Chibchas,  did 
not  control  even  the  tenth  part  of  the  present  area  of  the  Republic  of 
Colombia. 


46  COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT   MADRID. 

The  means  for  studying  through  material  objects  the  degree  of  cul 
ture  of  this  nation  have  always  been  limited,  and  much  of  the  celebrity 
which  it  has  enjoyed  has  been  owing  to  the  literary  studies  of  Duquesne 
and  Humboldt,  and  rests  on  insecure  foundations.  Indeed,  all  the  known 
objects  previous  to  the  present  exhibition,  which  were  at  the  command 
of  the  students,  were  not  over  a  hundred  as  represented  in  the  various 
works  on  this  field.  At  Madrid,  on  the  other  hand,  there  were  rep 
resented  237  specimens  and  167  hitherto  unpublished  drawings  and 
paintings  of  specimens  in  other  collections  not  heretofore  represented 
in  any  public  work.  The  character  of  these  objects  and  the  variety  they 
presented,  illustrating  ancient  workmanship,  may  be  judged  from  the 
following  list: 

In  objects  of  gold  there  were  69  human  figures,  6  masks,  23  figures 
of  animals,  19  instruments,  and  38  bones  for  ornament,  making  in 
all  155  articles  in  this  metal  of  more  or  less  pure  alloy.  In  copper 
there  were  24  figures  of  animals  and  of  the  human  subject  $  in  pottery, 
38  vases  and  figures;  and  20  utensils  of  stone.  The  illustrations  offered 
of  other  objects  not  on  exhibition  number  167;  making  in  all  404 
new  specimens,  serving  to  illustrate  not  only  the  technical  culture  of 
the  Chibcha  nation,  but  also  throwing  light  upon  its  mythology  and 
symbolism. 

But  no  doubt  the  most  unexpected  result  of  Mr.  Restrepo's  studies, 
one  abundantly  proved  by  the  unequalled  collection  which  he  pre 
sented  to  view,  was  that  the  Chibcha  Nation  was  not  the  leader  in 
general  culture  or  in  artistic  workmanship  among  those  who  inhabited 
the  soil  of  Colombia  at  the  time  of  the  discovery.  This  distinguished 
place  was  taken  from  them  to  be  assigned  to  a  nation  or  tribe  hitherto 
wholly  unknown  to  historians  or  antiquarians,  and  whose  affiliations 
remain  in  complete  obscurity.  This  tribe  is  that  of  the  Quimbaya,  who 
occupied  a  territory  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Eiver  Cauca,  between 
the  fourth  and  sixth  parallel  of  north  latitude.  The  area  they  con 
trolled  does  not  appear  to  have  been  more  than  50  miles  long  and  30 
wide,  and  from  the  very  little  that  can  be  learned  about  their  tradi 
tions,  they  had  entered  this  district  at  no  remote  period  before  the 
Conquest. 

Concerning  their  language,  we  have  no  other  information  than  a  few 
proper  names  and  two  or  three  words,  which  offer  no  affinity  with 
neighboring  tongues.  In  this  locality,  guided  by  a  native  artistic 
instinct,  and  favored  by  the  abundance  of  gold,  usually  impure,  found 
in  the  streams,  they  developed  probably  the  highest  workmanship  of 
any  people  on  the  American  continent.  They  appear  to  have  been 
peaceful,  given  to  the  enjoyment  of  life,  and  limited  in  other  respects 
in  their  cultivation. 

These  characteristics  combined  to  insure  their  early  extinction  on 
the  arrival  of  the  Spaniards.  Those  avaricious  strangers  remorse 
lessly  pursued  the  Quimbaya  to  extort  from  them  their  hoards  of  the 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID.  47 

precious  metal.  The  tribe  was  soon  scattered,  its  survivors  fled  to  the 
forest,  and  in  a  very  short  time  even  its  name  was  forgotten  by  the 
rapacious  invaders. 

Through  the  assiduous  labors  of  Mr.  Eestrepo  we  are  now  in  a  posi 
tion  to  appreciate  the  high  artistic  sentiment  which  inspired  this 
departed  people,  and  to  restore  to  them  the  credit  on  the  page  of  his 
tory  which  is  their  due.  The  specimens  of  their  work  exhibited  at 
Madrid,  make  up  a  total  of  1,012  objects,  enough,,  as  Mr.  Eestrepo 
remarks,  to  enable  those  interested  to  decide  whether  this  tribe  of  bar 
barians  did  not  do  honor  to  the  human  species  by  their  love  of  the 
arts,  their  excellent  taste,  and  their  really  prodigious  skill. 

These  specimens  are  in  gold  of  more  or  less  alloy,  in  copper,  in  clay, 
and,  in  a  few  instances,  in  stone,  wood,  bone,  and  shell.  They  represent 
figures  of  the  human  body,  and  of  various  animals,  diadems,  crowns, 
scepters,  collars,  earrings,  ornaments  of  various  character,  rings,  bells, 
flutes  and  whistles,  vases,  and  sepulchral  urns,  chisels,  needles, 
spindles,  etc. 

The  graceful  forms  and  varied  sizes  of  the  gold  vases  from  this  region 
impressed  every  observer.  They  indicate  a  true  sense  of  symmetry  and 
proportion  in  their  makers,  and  they  vindicate  for  them  a  high  position 
as  genuine  artists.  The  vases  of  clay  are  decorated  in  colors,  with  fig 
ures  accurately  traced,  and  are  of  varied  and  original  forms.  They  do 
not  resemble,  either  in  the  material  of  which  they  are  constructed  or  in 
the  methods  of  decoration  employed,  the  pottery  of  the  Chibcha  or  that 
of  Central  America.  They  would  seem  to  present  the  product  of  an 
evolution  of  art  belonging  strictly  to  the  nation  who  manufactured 
them. 

In  the  third  region,  that  which  has  been  referred  to  as  about  Antio- 
quia,  there  have  been  numerous  extensive  collections  made  at  different 
times,  which  have  abundantly  proved  that  the  tribes  there  resident 
were  rich  in  gold,  and  manufactured  it  into  various  articles,  with  a 
skill  greater  than  that  of  the  Chibcha,  but  less  than  that  of  the  Quim- 
baya.  In  the  Madrid  collection,  the  industries  of  this  region,  repre 
sented  either  in  the  relics  themselves  or  by  accurate  photographs,  made 
a  total  of  438  pieces,  quite  sufficient  to  give  a  correct  idea  of  their  prog 
ress  in  the  arts.  Here,  again,  we  are  at  a  loss  correctly  to  state,  from 
the  evidence  of  language,  what  relationship  these  tribes  bore  to  each 
other  or  to  other  stocks  on  the  continent. 

A  fourth  region,  not  generally  included  in  the  continent  of  South 
America,  though  at  present  under  the  government  of  the  Republic  of 
Colombia,  is  that  included  in  the  Isthmus  of  Panama  and  the  territory 
westward  of  it  to  the  line  of  Costa  Eica.  This  embraces  the  rich  anti 
quarian  region  of  the  bay  of  Chiriqui.  It  is  well  known  that  the 
ancient  graves  in  that  district  have  been  ransacked  for  many  years  on 
account  of  the  wealth  of  gold  images  which  some  of  them  contained. 
Although  the  greater  portion  of  the  relics  thus  obtained  found  their 


48  COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID. 

way  to  the  smelting  pot  of  the  goldsmith,  a  sufficient  number  were 
preserved  by  collectors  to  make  the  character  of  the  Chiriqui  gold  work 
quite  familiar  to  all  interested  in  such  studies.  The  same  tribes  were 
also  skillful  in  the  manufacture  of  clay  into  utensils  and  objects  of 
adornment.  In  the  Madrid  collection  the  Republic  of  Colombia  dis 
played  about  200  pieces  of  pottery  from  the  region  in  question,  loaned 
by  Bishop  Peralta,  of  Panama,  and  28  more  from  Mr.  Bestrepo's  col 
lection.  The  peculiarity  about  these  pieces  of  pottery,  and  that  which 
distinguished  them  from  the  similar  products  from  the  tribes  of  the 
south,  was  the  method  of  ornamentation  they  adopted,  choosing  usually 
figures  of  animals,  and  also  their  selection  of  bright  colors.  The  hands 
and  feet  of  some  of  the  vases  are  ingeniously  arranged  to  be  rattles, 
being  hollow,  and  containing  a  loose  ball  of  burnt  clay  which  makes  a 
light  noise  on  moving  the  plate  or  jar. 

Another  class  of  objects  represented  in  this  collection  is  one  which 
affords  peculiar  interest  to  the  student  of  the  aboriginal  methods  of 
recording  ideas.  These  are  the  inscriptions  or  writings  upon  stones  or 
rocks  dating  from  precolumbian  times,  which  occur  at  various  places 
within  the  Eepublic  of  Colombia.  Some  of  these  had  previously 
attracted  the  attention  of  travelers,  and  in  1890  Mr.  A.  L.  Pinart  pub 
lished  in  Paris  a  photographic  album  containing  10  plates  of  such  inscrip 
tions  existing  near  the  Isthmus  of  Panama.1  It  has  been  ascertained 
that  such  inscriptions,  examples  of  which  may  be  found  in  various  parts 
of  the  American  continent,  present  a  series  of  similarities  limited  to 
certain  districts,  indicating  that  at  some  remote  time  a  uniform  method 
of  rock  writing  prevailed  over  a  considerable  area,  and  was  limited  to 
that  area. 

The  examples  of  the  inscriptions  and  engravings  on  stone  shown  by 
the  delegation  from  the  Bepublie  of  Colombia  are  contained  upon 
twenty-eight  sheets.  They  represent  monuments  of  this  character 
from  a  great  many  sites  in  different  parts  of  the  country,  and  differing 
much  in  the  elaborateness  of  the  designs  and  the  skill  with  which  they 
were  executed.  An  inspection  and  comparison  of  them  does  not  per 
mit  a  classification  into  well-marked  varieties.  Still  less  can  they  be 
attributed  to  any  one  system  of  inscriptions.  It  is  probable  that  sev 
eral  of  them  reveal  the  influences  of  the  civilized  Peruvian  tribes  who 
dwelt  to  the  south. 

A  small  portion  of  the  collection  includes  ethnographic  objects 
obtained  from  the  existing  tribes  of  the  Cunas  and  Goahibas,  such  as 
arrows,  bows,  lances,  flutes,  whistles,  scepters,  collars,  combs,  etc. 

A  few  skulls  are  shown  indicating  that  the  habit  of  compression  of 
the  frontal  region  was  common  among  various  of  the  ancient  tribes. 

Those  who  have  studied  the  description  of  the  Chibcha  numeral  sys 
tem,  astronomic  calendar,  and  mythology,  as  described  by  Alexander 


1  Limite  des  Civilisations  dans  Tlsthme  Amdricain,  P6troglyphes,  etc.,  par  A.-L.. 
Pinart.    Paris,  1890. 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT   MADRID.  49 

von  Humboldt,  from  the  MSS.  of  Dr.  Duquesne,  will  desire  to  learn  if 
those  remarkable  statements  are  borne  out  by  these  later  investigations. 
Such  inquirers  are  referred  to  Senor  Vicente  Restrepo's  careful  mono 
graph,  Oritica  de  los  Trabajos  Arqueologicos  del  Dr.  Jose  Domingo 
Duquesne,  Bogota,  1892.  It  is  sufficient  to  say  that  later  research, 
as  well  as  an  examination  of  Dr.  Duquesne's  own  writing,  leave  little 
doubt  but  that  Humboldt  was  too  credulous  in  attributing  any  such 
advance  in  culture  to  the  Chibcha  nation. 

DEPARTMENT  OF  ECUADOR.  ' 

The  exhibition  of  the  Republic  of  Ecuador  was  under  the  care,  as 
president  of  the  commission,  of  Senor  Antonio  Flores,  formerly  presi 
dent  of  that  Republic,  and  now  minister  plenipotentiary  from  it  to  the 
court  of  Spain. 

The  geographical  position  of  Ecuador  surrounds  it  with  special 
interest  to  the  student  of  the  ancient  history  of  America.  It  lies  in 
the  extreme  northern  portion  of  the  former  "  Empire  of  the  Incas," 
and  is  located  between  the  numerous  tribes  subjected  to  their  rule  and 
a  number  of  independent  nations  of  a  certain  degree  of  cultivation  to 
the  north  of  them.  Its  earliest  history  is  carried  back  by  tradition 
some  five  or  six  hundred  years,  or  as  some  would  say,  a  much  longer 
time,  before  the  arrival  of  the  Spaniards.  The  first  that  we  hear  of  it 
concerns  the  nation  of  the  Caras  who  are  reported,  somewhere  about 
the  ninth  century,  to  have  descended  the  coast  from  the  north  and  to 
have  landed  on  the  shore  near  the  mouth  of  the  Esmeraldas  River. 
From  there  they  journeyed  inland  and  established  their  main  seat 
about  the  city  of  Quito,  where  they  continued  their  rule  down  to  about 
the  middle  of  the  latter  half  of  the  fifteenth  century.  At  'that  time 
the  Inca  Huaynacapac  conquered  the-country,  and  incorporated  it  into 
the  nation  of  which  he  was  chief. 

According  to  the  evidence  of  language  and  many  traditions  of  great 
antiquity,  the  great  Kechua  nation  itself  first  appears  within  the  ter 
ritory  of  Ecuador,  from  which  locality  it  gradually  advanced,  in  two 
streams  of  migration,  conquering  as  it  went,  until  it  had  brought  under 
its  influence  tribes  as  far  south  as  the  thirtieth  parallel  of  south 
latitude. 

However  this  may  be,  it  is  certain  that  in  Ecuador  we  find  many 
examples  of  art  products  which  show  conclusively  the  influence 
exerted  by  the  Kechua  people. 

The  present  collection  includes  in  all  1,327  numbers  in  its  cata 
logue,  many  of  which  were  exhibited  by  the  Government  of  the  Repub 
lic,  and  others  were  loaned  from  private  collections.  Among  the  first 
there  were  a  number  of  utensils  in  stone,  one  a  mortar  with  large  ears, 
each  bearing  a  figure  of  an  animal  cut  upon  it.  Another  was  a  long 
stone  with  resonant  qualities,  used  as  a  bell,  or  to  sound  warnings, 
H.  Ex.  100 4 


50  COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID. 

emitting  a  loud  and  sonorous  report  upon  being  struck.  Various 
circular  or  globular  stones,  some  bored,  were  doubtless  used  to  attach 
to  the  ends  of  clubs  to  give  greater  force  to  the  blow.  A  few  rough 
figures  in  this  material  and  a  number  of  axes  were  also  shown. 
Pottery  was  represented  by  a  collection  of  vases,  jars,  and  plates  in 
red  and  black  clays ;  also  masks  of  the  same  material.  Several  speci 
mens  of  copper,  usually  in  the  form  of  axes  or  hatchets,  indicated 
that  this  material  was  employed  for  objects  of  utility. 

A  valuable  collection,  including  relics  both  in  copper,  stone,  bone, 
and  wood,  was  exhibited  by  Mr.  August  Cousin.  The  general  character 
of  the  specimens  was  similar  to  those  in  the  collection  of  the  Govern 
ment,  and  in  many  instances  the  workmanship  deserved  special  atten 
tion  from  its  perfection  and  artistic  inspiration. 

Minister  Flores  personally  exhibited  a  curious  collection  of  ethno 
graphic  articles  presented  to  him,  when  President  of  that  Eepublic,  by 
a  chief  of  the  nation  of  the  Macas.  They  included  a  whistle  of  clay, 
vases  of  the  same  material,  stone  axes,  head  dresses  of  feathers  and 
skins,  ornaments  for  the  ears,  collars  of  teeth  and  other  substances, 
and  the  instruments  for  boring  the  ears. 

Within  the  limits  of  Ecuador  the  Jivaro  Indians  reside,  celebrated 
for  their  skill  in  extracting  the  bones  from  the  human  head,  and  drying 
the  soft  parts  and  the  hair  in  such  a  manner  as  to  preserve  them  per 
manently.  These  heads  they  cherish  as  trophies.  An  interesting 
specimen  was  contained  in  the  collection-  deposited  by  Senor  Brao  y  ue 
Linan,  consul-general  of  Ecuador  to  Spain. 

Quite  a  number  of  the  vases  in  pottery  exhibited  were  of  consider 
able  size,  some  of  them  resting  upon  feet,  others  pointed  at  the  end  like 
the  Greek  vases  and  evidently  for  the  same  purpose,  that  is,  that  they 
might  be  placed  securely  in  sand  or  soft  ground  by  inserting  the  pointed 
extremity.  Many  of  them  were  plain,  others  were  in  animal  forms  of 
in  rude  representations  of  the  human  figure. 

Several  cases  in  this  collection  were  filled  with  coins  and  medals 
struck  at  various  times  by  the  Government  of  the  Eepublic. 

DEPARTMENT  OF  PERU. 

From  the  Republic  of  Peru  only  a  small  and  unsatisfactory  exhibi 
tion  was  made,  considering  the  unusual  riches  which  that  country 
offers  in  articles  of  American  antiquity.  It  consisted  of  about  fifty 
specimens  in  pottery  of  the  ordinary  forms  and  texture  which  are  so 
familiar  from  that  country.  A  few  objects  in  silver  and  gold  compared 
uufavorably'with  the  much  richer  display  from  Ecuad'or.  There  were 
also  some  idols  in  wood,  and  various  textile  materials  from  cotton, 
wool,  and  the  product  of  the  vicuna.  These  were  supplemented  by  a 
somewhat  larger  series  from  several  private  collections,  consisting 
mainly  of  specimens  of  pottery  of  black  clay  obtained  from  the  coast 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID.  51 

lands.  Most  of  these  are  technically  known  as  uhuacos,'7  a  term 
applied  indiscriminately  to  aboriginal  relics  in  Peru.  About  sixty  of 
them  were  disinterred  from  the  immediate  vicinity  of  the  famous 
Temple  of  the  Sun,  in  the  valley  of  Pachacarnac,  and  the  Temple  of  the 
Gran  Chiinu,  so  well  described  by  our  countryman,  the  late  Mr.  E.  G. 
Squier,  in  his  work  on  Peru.1  The  specimens  referred  to  are  chiefly  of 
clay,  finely  tempered,  and  offering  some  unusual  forms.  It  may  be 
that  they  are  examples  of  the  real  "Ohimu."  work,  which  belonged  to 
a  different  culture  center  from  the  Kechuas  or  Incas,  and  one  believed 
by  many  historians  to  have  been  much  older.2  The  natives  of  the 
coast  about  Trujilio  were,  the  Chimus  or  Yuncas,  speaking  a  totally 
different  language  from  the  Kechua,  and  having  been  subjected  by  the 
Incas  about  the  middle  of  the  fifteenth  century. 

DEPARTMENT  OF  BOLIVIA. 

The  Government  of  Bolivia  was  represented  by  a  very  small  collec 
tion,  chiefly  ethnographic  in  character  and  throwing  but  little  light  on 
the  many  interesting  questions  which  relate  to  the  ancient  history  of 
that  part  of  South  America.  Among  them  were  two  idols  in  stone, 
found  among  the  ruins  of  Tiahuanaco,  some  models  of  the  curious  rafts 
used  still  by  the  Indians  of  Lake  Titicaca,  several  idols  in  wood  as 
manufactured  by  the  present  Indians  of  the  Aymara  tribe,  some  plates 
of  native  manufacture,  various  textile  materials,  the  result  of  native 
labor,  and  the  complete  costume  of  a  native  Indian  man  and  Indian 
woman. 

The  native  tribes  represented  were  the  Aymaras  and  the  Moxos. 
The  first  mentioned  now  number  several  hundred  thousand  of  pure 
and  mixed  blood.  Their  archaeological  history  is  peculiarly  interesting 
on  account  of  the  probability  tha.t  their  culture  was  considerably  old^r 
than  that  of  the  Kechuas,  and  that  these  had  derived  from  them  many 
elements  of  their  later  civilization — a  view  ably  maintained  of  late  by 
Dr.  Middendorf.3 

The  home  of  the  Moxos  is  on  the  head  waters  of  the  Bio  Mamore. 
They  speak  a  dialect  of  the  Arawack  stock,  the  same  which  has  been 
referred  to  as  the  prevailing  language  throughout  the  West  Indian 
Archipelago.  The  opinion  is  now  generally  held  that  the  original  home 
of  this  widespread  family  of  languages  was  somewhere  on  the  Boliv 
ian  highlands,4  which  lends  special  interest  to  an  ethnographic  study 
of  them  in  that  locality. 

'Peru;  Incidents  of  Travel  and  Exploration,  Chaps.  IX,  X.     New  York,  1877. 
2 See  Dr.  E.  W.  Middendorf.  Das  Muchik,  oder  die  Chimu-Sprache.     Eiiileitung. 
Leipzig,  1892. 

3  Die  Aimara-Sprache.     Eiuleitung.     Leipzig,  1891. 

4  See  Brintou,  The  American  Race,  p.  249.     Philadelphia,  1891. 


52  COLUMBIAN  HISTORICAL  EXPOSITION  AT  MADRID. 

DEPARTMENT  OF  URUGUAY. 

The  exhibition  from  the  Republic  of  Uruguay  was  presented  chiefly 
under  the  auspices  and  care  of  Senor  Juan  Zorrilla  de  San  Martin 
envoy  extraordinary  and  minister  plenipotentiary  from  that  Republic 
to  the  Court  of  Spain  and  president  of  the  commission,  known  also  as 
a  distinguished  author  in  both  literary  and  scientific  directions. 

All  the  specimens  shown  from  this  country  may  justly  be  attributed 
to  the  race  and  tribes  who  inhabited  its  area  at  the  time  of  the  discov 
ery.  None  of  them  were  found  at  any  great  depth  beneath  the  surface, 
or  in  any  such  relation  to  older  strata  as  to  lead  us  to  assign  them  to 
that  much  older  age  which  has  been  claimed  for  some  of  the  relics 
found  on  the  watershed  of  the  Rio  de  la  Plata.  These.tribes  occupied  a 
geographical  position  intermediate  between  the  stocks  which  inhabited 
Brazil  and  those  who  occupied  the  vast  area  toward  the  west,  known  as 
"  El  Gran  Chaco."  They  were  in  blood  and  language  affiliated  to  both 
of  these,  and  they  possessed  traits  of  culture  common  to  both. 

The  majority  of  the  relics  were  obtained  from  what  is  known  tech 
nically  as  u  village  sites,"  such  as  are  called  in  South  America  "  para- 
deros."  These,  as  the  name  indicates,  were  localities  which  have  for  a 
greater  or  less  length  of  time  been  chosen  by  the  natives  as  places 
suitable  for  the  construction  of  their  more  permanent  residences.  They 
present,  on  investigation,  many  utensils,  weapons,  burnt  stones  and 
clay,  remains  of  hearths,  bones  of  animals,  fragments  of  shells,  etc., 
indicative  of  the  life  of  the  inhabitants,  but,  as  a  rule,  few,  if  any, 
human  bones,  showing  that  they  were  not  used  as  places  of  burial, 
nor  did  the  natives  who  occupied  them  make  a  habit  of  consuming 
human  flesh.  The  bones  of  the  animals  found  are  those  of  the  same 
species  which  still  exist,  or  are  known  to  have  existed  recently,  in  the 
same  vicinity,  not  presenting  any  examples  of  extinct  species. 

The  cemeteries  of  these  tribes  are  occasionally  discovered.  They 
present  the  appearance  of  a  number  of  small  mounds,  upon  opening 
which  human  bones  are  found,  usually  in  a  sitting  position  and  accom 
panied  by  stone  and  bone  implements,  rude  specimens  of  pottery,  and, 
in  some  rather  rare  examples,  by  articles  of  European  manufacture, 
such  as  glass  beads,  showing  that  these  interments  continued  to  be 
made  after  the  natives  had  come  into  contact  with  the  whites  and  entered 
into  commercial  relations  with  them. 

Here,  as  elsewhere,  in  the  ordinary  soil  of  the  country,  various  prod 
ucts  of  the  earlier  inhabitants,  such  as  arrowheads  and  stone  and 
bone  implements,  occur.  The  specimens  presented  in  this  collection 
were  obtained,  and  to  some  extent  classified,  with  reference  to  their 
discovery  on  the  village  sites,  in  the  cemeteries,  or  in  ordinary  soil. 

Among  the  examples  in  stone,  single  flakes,  "  teshoas,77  used  for  cut 
ting,  are  abundant.  They  are  generally  small,  the  edges  sharp  and 
well  suited  for  the  purpose  for  which  they  were  destined.  Some  of 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION   AT    MADRID.  53 

them  are  slightly  grooved  and  retouched  upon  the  edges,  so  as  to  offer 
a  serrated  border,  for  which  reason  they  are  classified  as  saws.  Another 
common  form  of  stone  implement  is  that  of  the  scraper.  They  are  usu 
ally  chipped  on  one  side  only,  the  other  being  left  in  its  natural  condi 
tion,  the  front  edge  being  more  or  less  grooved,  while  the  opposite  end 
is  arranged  for  adjustment  into  a  wooden  handle.  They  offer  a  variety 
of  forms,  some  being  circular,  others  oblong,  elliptical,  etc,.  Somewhat 
similar  in  character  are  flakes  and  pieces  of  stone,  usually  oval  in  out 
line,  which  have  been  chipped  to  a  point  at  one  end,  the  border  being 
sometimes  also  chipped  to  an  ed<»e,  at  others  left  blunt. 

The  use  of  stone  arrowheads  and  lance  heads  was  very  common 
in  Uruguay.  More  than  9,000  specimens  are  mentioned  in  the  cata 
logue  as  having  been  found,  showing  the  various  forms  with  which  we 
are  familiar  in  those  obtained  in  the  United  States.  The  material 
of  which  they  are  made  is  generally  jasper  or  quartz,  and  they  are 
worked  with  a  great  deal  of  skill,  with  symmetrical  outlines,  testifying 
to  the  long  practice  of  their  makers. 

Although  no  mention  is  made  of  the  discovery  of  quarries,  yet  the 
material  from  them  in  the  form  of  cores  or  nuclei  is  abundant  on  these 
village  sites.  They  were  evidently  brought,  as  in  the  United  States, 
from  some  locality  more  or  less  distant,  and  worked  up  at  the  village 
at  leisure. 

Another  implement  found  in  considerable  numbers  shows  that  the 
same  character  of  technical  industry  prevailed  here  as  in  the  northern 
continent.  These  are  the  hammer  stones,  the  use  of  which  was  to 
break  the  flakes  from  the  core  and  chip  its  sides. 

A  rounded  fragment  of  hard  rock,  of  various  sizes  to  suit  the  hand 
and  the  weight  of  the  blow  desired,  was  its  simplest  form.  Some  of  them 
are  oblong  in  shape,  and  they  often  present  a  small  depression  on  each 
surface,  no  doubt  intended  as  pits  for  the  extremities  of  the  fingers, 
thus  allowing  them  to  be  used  for  striking  a  blow  with  greater  accuracy. 
Others,  again,  have  a  groove  around  the  center,  evidently  for  the  pur 
pose  of  permitting  them  to  be  fastened  securely  to  a  handle. 

This  form  of  hammer  stone  brings  them  into  close  relation  to  a  stone 
implement  more  common  in  this  part  of  the  continent  than  in  any 
other,  and  almost  unknown  throughout  the  area  of  the  United  States. 
These  are  what  are  called  the  sling  stones  or  bolas,  which  are  charac 
teristic  of  the  greater  portion  of  South  America,  south  of  Brazil.  They 
are  in  the  shape  of  a  roundish  stone,  generally  polished,  with  a  groove 
around  the  center,  by  which  they  were  fastened  to  a  cord  or  string. 
They  were  used  in  two  methods  by  the  primitive  inhabitants,  the  one 
intended  to  capture  the  animal,  the  other  to  kill  him.  In  the  former, 
two  stones  were  tied  together  at  the  two  ends  of  the  cord,  about  six 
feet  apart,  although  three  could  be  used,  on  cords  fastened  together  in 
the  form  of  the  letter  Y-  This  form  is  quite  common  to-day  in  Pata 
gonia,  where  it  is  the  favorite  method  of  capturing  ostriches;  but  it  is 


54  COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT'  MADRID. 

believed  to  be  a  later  development  of  the  former,  and  it  is  doubtful 
whether,  at  least  in  Uruguay,  the  natives  were  acquainted  with  it  at 
the  time  of  the  Conquest.  The  manner  of  its  use  is,  that  one  of  the 
stones,  the  smallest  of  the  three,  is  taken  in  the  hand,  and  the  others 
are  slung  several  times  around  the  head  and  then  hurled  at  the  animal 
in  such  a  manner  that  his  feet  become  entangled  in  the  cord,  and  he 
falls  an  easy  prey  to  his  pursurer. 

The  simple  or  single  bola  is  merely  a  stone  attached  to  the  extremity 
of  a  cord  about  3  feet  long.  The  other  extremity  is  taken  in  the  hand, 
whirled  several  times  around  the  head,  and  the  stone  is  dispatched  to 
strike  the  animal  or  the  enemy  in  some  vital  part.  Often  heavy  and 
large  stones  are  used  for  this  form  of  the  bola. 

Nearly  all  the  bolas  present  the  circular  groove  above  referred  to ; 
but  there  are  some  which  do  not.  These  appear  to  have  been  wrapped  in 
skins  or  thongs  and  by  this  method  attached  to  the  cord.  Those  bolas 
which  are  taken  in  the  hand  are  usually  smaller  than  the  others;  are 
highly  polished,  oval,  and  have  the  groove  extending  longitudinally. 
Not  a  few  of  them  are  so  perfectly  symmetrical  in  outline  that  it  is 
difficult  to  believe  that  they  have  not  been  made  by  machinery. 

Another  variety  of  stone  weapon  presenting  a  generally  spherical 
outline,  with  a  transverse  groove  and  often  with  conical  prominences, 
are  the  heads  of  war  clubs  or  of  maces.  Many  examples  of  these  are 
shown.  They  were  fastened  to  the  extremity  of  a  handle  and  were 
entirely  weapons  of  war. 

Axes  or  hatchets  of  stone  often  occur  on  the  village  sites.  They  are 
usually  highly  polished,  some  having  a  groove,  others  not. 

A  comparatively  few  examples  are  shown  of  stone  disks.  It  is  not 
clear  for  what  purpose  they  were  made,  and  the  suggestion  of  the 
catalogue  that  they  were  sling  stones  is  not  probable. 

There  are  two  varieties  of  stone  utensils  presenting  concavities, 
evidently  mortars  for  breaking  corn  and  other  grain ;  the  other  smaller 
in  size  and  probably  for  use  in  grinding  paints  or  similar  coloring 
matters. 

Perforated  stones  are  not  unfrequent,  for  what  use  has  not  been 
clearly  denned.  It  has  been  suggested  that  they  may  have  been 
attached  to  handles  for  the  purpose  of  carrying  nuts  or  hammering 
on  soft  substances.  They  are  of  various  diameters  and  usually  circular 
in  outline. 

Two  of  the  most  interesting  objects  in  the  exhibition  in  this  depart 
ment  are  two  stones,  the  one  representing  rudely  an  ax  or  hatchet 
bearing  an  outline  of  the  human  face,  and  the  other  approximating  to 
it  in  form,  but  evidently  intended  to  represent  a  bird.  A  stone  rudely 
chipped  or  polished  resembling  the  latter  has  been  exhumed  from  some 
of  the  ancient  stations  on  the  coast  of  Brazil,  and  the  peculiar  charac 
ter  of  such  objects  prompts  to  the  suggestion  that  they  may  have 
I roceeded  from  the  same  inspiration;  which, indeed,  is  not  improbable, 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID.  55 

inasmuch  as  the  natives  of  this  part  of  Uruguay  belonged  in  part  to 
tlie  same  stock,  the  Tupi-Guarani,  which  at  an  early  date  spread  itself 
along  the  coast  of  Brazil  quite  up  to  the  mouth  of  the  Amazon  and  to 
the  north  of  it. 

On  all  the  village  sites  fragments  of  pottery  are  found.  It  is  not 
very  well  baked  and  is  usually  coarse,  the  clay  being  mixed  with 
grains  of  sand  and  small  gravel  in  order  to  give  it  consistency.  On 
the  surface  it  is  reddish,  in  the  interior  dark.  Most  of  the  vases  are 
conical  or  globular,  and  they  generally  have  holes  in  the  rim  which 
were  intended  for  cords  by  which  they  could  be  suspended.  A  few  of 
these  fragments  show  some  rough  decoration  in  points  or  straight  lines 
in  low  relief,  giving  simple  geometrical  outlines. 

The  graves  which  were  examined  yielded  polished  stones  and  human 
and  animal  bones.  In  some  instances  funerary  urns  inclosed  the 
remains,  and  the  bones  were  occasionally  painted,  showing  that  they 
had  been  brought  from  a  distance  after  the  flesh  had  decayed,  accord 
ing  to  a  custom  well  known  >in  both  North  and  South  America.  The 
funerary  urns  show  a  higher  grade  of  pottery  than  was  found  on  the 
village  sites,  and  the  attempt  at  decoration  in  red  and  white  clay  and 
with  various  combinations  of  straight  and  grooved  lines  indicate  a 
more  ambitious  style  of  art. 

DEPARTMENT  OF  THE  ARGENTINE  REPUBLIC. 

The  Argentine  Eepublic,  occupying  as  it.does  the  southern  extremity 
of  South  America  and  including  an  area  extending  from  the  extreme 
southern  point  of  the  continent  almost  to  the  limits  of  the  Tropics,  is 
rich  in  the  remains  of  these  ancient  inhabitants.  It  has  within  the 
last  few  years  especially  attracted  the  attention  of  geologists  as  well  as 
archaeologists  by  its  claims  to  contain  in  the  strata  of  the  pampas  both 
the  bones  and  the  industrial  relics  of  the  oldest  examples  of  the  human 
race  on  the  American  continent.  Indeed,  there  have  not  been  wanting 
some  daring  spirits  who  have  intimated  that  in  this  region  existing 
evidence  indicates  that  man  had  his  first  home.  It  is  unquestionably 
true  that  his  bones  and  the  relics  of  his  village  sites  have  been  dis 
covered  in  contiguity  with  the  remains  of  extinct  animals  which  have 
been  reasonably  assigned  to  the  Quaternary  formation. 

The  Government  of  that  Eepublic  has,  with  judicious  liberality,  made 
preparation  for  the  collection  of  a  large  number  of  such  relics  in  the 
museum  of  La  Plata,  under  the  intelligent  care  of  its  director,  Sefior 
F.  B.  Moreno.  In  this  depository,  a  great  variety  of  specimens  have 
been  collected,  illustrating  the  natural  history  as  well  as  the  antiquities 
of  the  state.  It  was  not  deemed  desirable  by  the  authorities  connected 
with  it  to  forward  to  Madrid  the  best  pieces.  Instead  of  these,  a  full 
and  valuable  series  of  water  colors  depicting  them  were  exhibited, 
serving  as  a  means  of  comparison  for  the  study  of  visitors.  Even 


56  COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID. 

these  were  far  from  exhausting  or  even  giving  a  full  conception  of  the 
riches  in  this  direction  owned  by  the  national  museums  of  that  Republic. 
They  present,  however,  in  an  attractive  manner,  the  size  and  coloring 
of  a  large  number  of  painted  vases  of  clay,  usually  decorated  in  a  con 
ventional  manner  by  representations  of  the  human  body  and  various 
animals,  especially  the  serpent.  The  majority  of  these  were  from  the 
Province  of  Catamarca,  and  were  funerary  urns  obtained  from  the 
cemeteries  of  that  region. 

It  is  well  known  to  students  of  the  subject  that  precisely  in  this  prov 
ince  some  of  the  most  difficult  enigmas  present  themselves  concerning 
the  history  of  the  civilization  of  South  America.  Here  alone,  in  any 
part  of  the  continent  east  of  the  Andes,  were  found  tribes  constructing 
walls  of  cut  stone,  and  erecting  edifices  of  the  same  material,  some  of 
which  were  of  great  extent  and  admirably  designed  for  defensive  works. 
There  can  be  little  doubt  but  that  the  influence  of  ancient  Peru  made 
itself  felt  upon  the  arts,  of  this  province,  but  whether  its  inhabi 
tants,  the  actual  builders  of  these  stone  works,  belonged  in  language 
to  the  great  Kechua  stock,  is  a  question  upon  which  linguists  have  not 
reached  a  unanimous  opinion.  The  articles  depicted  in  the  collection 
from  the  Argentine  Republic  at  Madrid  will  extend  an  interest  in  this 
question,  and  will  prove  the  comparatively  high  artistic  skill  which  had 
been  acquired  by  this  unknown  people. 

The  natives  of  Catamarca  were  known  as  the  Calchaquis,  and  were 
in  a  much  higher  stage  of  culture  at  the  time  of  the  Conquest  than  their 
neighbors,  the  tribes  of  the  Gran  Chaco,  or  those  which  roamed  over 
the  pampas  to  the  south.  Xone  of  the  latter  had  developed  an  agri 
cultural  or  sedentary  life,  while  the  Calchaquis  were  distinctly  city 
builders. 

Although  the  province  of  Catamarca  and  its  inhabitants  became 
early  a  field  for  missionary  effort,  and  a  grammar  of  the  language  was 
prepared  by  the  apostolic  laborer,  Father  Alonso  de  Barcena,  the  work 
is  lost,  and  all  that  remains  of  the  tongue  is  a  series  of  place-names. 
From  an  analysis  of  these,  various  conclusions  have  been  reached.  I 
have  endeavored  to  prove  that  they  belong  to  a  dialect  of  the  Kechua, 
of  Peru,  a  conclusion  which,  if  accepted,  would  bring  the  remarkable 
remains  of  the  Calchaquis  as  well  as  themselves  into  genetic  relation 
with  the  great  culture-center  of  the  Incas.  Yon  Tschudi,  however, 
thought  they  were  a  part  of  the  Atacameiios  of  the  Pacific  Coast 5  and 
Samuel  A.  Lafoue-Quevedo,  who  has  long  studied  the  problem  on  the 
spot,  is  inclined  to  look  upon  them  as  an  independent  stock,  without 
known  affiliations.1 

1  On  this  question  the  following  may  be  profitably  consulted :  Brinton,  The 
American  Race,  pp.  227,  319,  seq. ;  S.  A.  Lafone-Quevedo,  Catalogo  de  las  Huacas 
deChanar-Yaco,  La  Plata  1892;  Gunardo  Lange,  Las  Ruinas  del  Pueblo  de  Watun- 
gasta,  La  Plata,  1892. 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID.  57 

DEPARTMENT  OF  SPAIN. 
THE  NATIONAL  MUSEUM  OF  ARCHAEOLOGY. 

The  National  Museum  of  Archaeology  of  Spain  is  an  institution  of 
the  highest  class,  and  one  most  creditable  to  the  scientific  spirit  of  the 
nation.  Jt  is  installed  in  Madrid  in  extensive  and  beautiful  grounds 
and  contains  a  vast  collection  of  objects  most  useful  to  a  student  of 
antiquarian  scenes.  Only  a  comparatively  small  portion  of  these  treas 
ures  were  exhibited  in  the  Columbian  Exposition,  but  the  selection  was 
very  judicious  and  furnished  the  attentive  observer  a  large  mass  of 
material  for  his  consideration. 

The  National  Museum  of  Archeology  owes  its  foundation  to  the 
liberal  mind  of  Charles  III  of  Spain,  who  about  the  year  1 773  collected 
together  the  objects  of  interest  in  natural  history  and  antiquities,  and 
with  them  formed  a  large  collection  at  the  capital.  He  also  sent  various 
scientific  men  of  the  day  on  voyages  to  America  for  the  purpose  of 
adding  to  this  material  for  students.  Later  on  it  was  increased  by  the 
efforts  of  officers  attached  to  the  Spanish  navy,  by  a  private  collection 
of  ancient  vases  from  Peru,  and  by  a  large  number  of  objects  exhumed 
from  the  sepulchers  of  that  country,  including  remains,  textile  materials 
and  utensils  of  all  kinds,  and  also  by  a  collection  of  antiquities  for 
warded  by  the  Government  of  Guatemala  in  1789,  and  from  other 
sources. 

The  materials  on  exhibition  were  disposed,  in  the  main,  geographi 
cally,  and  are  so  classified  in  the  published  catalogue.  Beginning  with 
the  West  Indian  Islands,  we  find  a  number  of  examples  of  the  fetiches 
or  so-called  zemis^  which  are  so  common  through  Cuba,  Puerto  Eico, 
and  other  islands  of  that  archipelago.  These  are  sometimes  in  stone, 
sometimes  in  baked  clay.  They  usually  represent  rudely  the  human 
figure  in  part  or  in  whole,  or  a  figure  of  some  of  the  lower  animals. 
Besides  these,  from  the  same  locality  there  were  stone  axes  in  diorite 
or  serpentine,  stones  used  for  milling  purposes,  often  of  the  peculiar 
triangular  shape  known  as  "the  cocked-hat  stone,"2  collars  of  stone 
principally  diorite,  stone  implements  of  the  same  material,  rudely  shaped 
idols  arid  arrow  points,  one  of  which,  from  Cuba,  was  of  obsidian. 

Quite  a  number  of  arrowheads,  a  few  objects  in  bone  and  stone,  and 
fragments  of  pottery  were  from  the  United  States,  their  exact  locality 
not  being  stated. 

Of  greater  value  than  these  are  the  extensive  series  from  Mexico, 
these  unfortunately  also  being  rarely  strictly  localized,  and  there 
fore  difficult  to  be  referred  to  a  particular  ethnic  civilization.  They 
included  a  large  collection  of  what  were  called  religious  objects,  such 

'Allied  to  to  the  Arawack,  semeti,  medicine-man,  sorcerer,  or  priest. 
2 On  the  purpose  of  these  consult  E.  F.  im  Thurn,    "On  West  Indian  Stone  Imple 
ments"  in  the  Journal  Timehri,  Vol.  I,  Part  II. 


58  COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT   MADRID. 

as  idols  in  stone,  terra-cotta  masks,  amulets  and  seals  or  stamps,  rows 
of  beads,  and  models  of  temples.  Among  the  weapons  of  warfare  were 
shown  lance  points,  knives,  some  from  a  peculiar  yellow  stone,  nuclei 
of  obsidian  from  which  the  flakes  had  been  detached,  and  numerous 
examples  of  the  form  in  which  these  flakes  were  obtained. 

The  musical  instruments  from  the  same  state  included  spherical  jars 
of  burnt  clay,  whistles  made  of  the  same  material,  and  rattles. 

Certainly  the  most  celebrated  of  the  objects  in  this  collection  was 
the  ancient  manuscript  written  before  the  discovery  by  the  natives  of 
Yucatan,  known  as  the  "  Codex  Troano."  It  is  divided  into  two  por 
tions,  and  for  a  long  time  they  were  considered  to  be  two  separate 
ancient  hieroglyphic  books,  but  now  most  of  those  who  have  carefully 
studied  the  relationship  existing  between  the  two  have  reached  the 
conclusion  that  they  are  parts  of  the  same  manuscript,  which  have 
been  detached  and  separated.  They  are  written  upon  long  strips  of 
the  native  paper,  made  from  the  maguey  plant,  which  was  covered 
with  a  white  sizing  and  folded  on  the  principle  of  a  screen.  Both  sides 
were  written,  or  rather  painted  upon,  and  the  pages  are  to  be  read  first 
along  one  side,  and  then,  by  turning  the  manuscript,  along  the  other, 
in  a  direction  inversely  of  the  first. 

This  precious  manuscript  has  been  carefully  reproduced  and  is  now 
accessible  to  all  students  of  the  subject.1  It  may  justly  be  considered 
one  of  the  most  remarkable  remains  of  the  literary  culture  of  the 
natives  of  southern  Mexico.  The  characters  in  which  it  is  written  are 
distinctly  those  which  we  find  inscribed  on  walls  of  the  oldest  cities  of 
Yucatan,  Tabasco,  Honduras,  and  Chiepas,  and  are  not  at  all  like  those 
which  are  familiar  to  us  in  the  manuscripts  obtained  from  the  area  occu 
pied  by  the  ancient  Aztecs. 

Various  religious  objects,  specimens  of  pottery,  weapons,  domestic 
utensils,  and  a  few  archaeological  remains  are  shown  from  the  cities  of 
Guatemala,  Nicaragua,  Costa  Rica,  and  undetermined  portions  of  Cen 
tral  America. 

From  South  America  there  was  a  series  of  relics  shown  from  Colom 
bia,  among  them  a  large  number  of  small  idols,  in  bronze,  and  copper 
and  gold,  from  the  celebrated  nation  of  the  ancient  Chibchas.  These 
merited  examination  the  more,  as  not  only  was  this  nation  one  of  the 
most  highly  civilized  of  any  within  the  area  of  that  State,  but,  as  is 
shown  by  recent  researches,  it  alone  of  all  the  South  American  nations 
appears  to  have  extended  its  influence  and  language  into  North  Amer 
ica  certainly  as  far  as  the  western  boundary  of  Costa  Eica,  and  perhaps 
even  farther.  (See  above.)  One  of  the  remains  which  was  alleged  to 
illustrate  the  sacrifices  offered  by  this  nation  in  the  Temple  of  the  Sun 
at  their  capital  city,  Sogarnoso,  was  a  piece  of  the  great  stone  upon 
which  the  human  victims  were  immolated. 

1  First  published  by  the  Abb6  Brasseur  de  Bourbourg,  Paris,  1869;  Manuscript 
Troano,  etc.,  and  later  by  others. 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID.  59 

Another  relic  from  this  nation,  one  that  has  excited  considerable 
attention  from  its  curious  form,  is  a  stone  marked  No.  345,  formerly 
supposed  in  some  way  to  indicate  the  calendar  of  the  tribe,  but  which 
at  present  is  generally  considered  to  have  been  intended  as  a  mold  on 
which  thin  plates  of  gold  were  hammered  in  order  to  bring  them  into 
a  desired  shape.  Reference  will  be  had  to  this  fact  in  speaking  of 
the  exhibit  of  the  German  section. 

Several  of  their  instruments  of  music,*such  as  whistles  and  bells, 
were  included  among  the  objects  shown,  and  also  pieces  of  cloth  woven 
by  the  ancient  inhabitants  of  the  country,  obtained  from  sepulchers  in 
the  vicinity  of  this  primitive  capital.  They  are  of  cotton,  some  white 
and  other  portions  dyed  in  yellow  and  blue. 

On  reaching  the  State  of  Ecuador,  we  find  in  the  objects  shown  dis 
tinct  marks  of  the  influence  of  the  great  cultured  state  of  the  Incas 
to  the  south;  for  instance,  in  a  looking-glass  of  obsidian  of  circular 
form,  polished  on  both  its  surfaces,  and  with  a  prolongation  having  a 
hole  bored  through  it,  evidently  for  the  purpose  of  fastening  by  a 
cord  or  suspension.  There  is  also  a  fine  series  of  polished  and  well- 
shaped  stone  axes,  usually  of  a  greenish  or  blackish  diorite,  and  several 
good  specimens  of  pottery,  some  of  elegant  form  and  fine  clay. 

The  collection  from  Peru  is  peculiarly  rich  and  includes  a  vast  num 
ber  of  objects  illustrating  the  highest  degree  of  art  of  the  ancient 
inhabitants.  It  was  obtained  principally  from  various  localities  along 
the  coast  or  in  the  warm  western  valleys  of  the  Andes,  and  therefore 
represents  more  especially  the  industry  of  the  Yuncas,  the  tribe  who 
dwelt  in  that  locality,  and  who,  as  has  already  been  remarked,  spoke  a 
different  language  and  belonged  to  a  different  stock  from  the  ruling 
nation,  the  Incas,  who  occupied  the  higher  land  in  the  interior. 
Among  religious  objects  exhibited  were  a  large  number  of  idols  made 
from  burnt  clay,  from  copper,  from  silver,  from  bronze,  and  rarely 
from  stone. 

Among  them  was  one  which  was  especially  prominent  by  being  alone 
in  a  case  separate  from  the  rest.  It  represented  a  human  figure  seated 
upon  a  throne  Avhich  was  inclosed  by  two  snakes.  In  the  hands  of  the 
figure  were  two  tables  on  which  were  inscribed  characters  distinctly 
resembling  the  Chinese  script.  An  image  of  the  sun  rested  on  the  head 
of  the  figure,  and  around  its  neck  was  a  collar  bearing  three  eggs;  the 
hair  was  plaited,  somewhat  resembling  the  queue  of  the  Chinese,  but 
which  is  also  occasionally  seen  among  some  of  the  natives  of  the 
higher  Andes.  This  object  is  alleged  to  have  been  discovered  near  the 
Port  of  Truxillo,  but  no  detailed  description  of  its  finding  could  be 
obtained.  Inasmuch  as  it  is  not  supported  by  any  other  finds  of  a 
similar  character,  and  is  left  without  verification  as  to  the  method  or 
date  of  its  exhumation,  the  observer  is  justified  in  harboring  serious 
doubt  as  to  its  genuineness. 

Among  the  weapons  of  war  presented,  there  are  a  number  of  stone 


60  COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID. 

hatehets  of  serpentine,  diorite,  and  amphibolite ;  also  a  series  of  mace 
beads,  some  in  the  form  of  a  ring,  and  others  with  conical  points  or 
knobs.  These  were  intended  to  be  fastened  to  the  extremity  of  a  handle. 
There  were  also  hatchets  of  copper  and  bronze,  and  lance  points  and 
arrow  points  of  the  same  material.  Among  the  objects  nsed  as 
utensils,  those  of  copper,  principally  chisels  and  awls,  knives  and  hoes, 
were  especially  noteworthy.  It  has  been  long  known  that  the  inhabi 
tants  of  this  portion  of  South  America  were  acquainted  with  an  alloy 
of  tin  and  copper  from  which  they  manufactured  a  great  variety  of 
implements  and  utensils,  the  resulting  metal  compound  furnishing  a 
hard  substance  capable  of  yielding  a  good  cutting  edge. 

There  were  six  examples  from  the  same  part  of  the  coast,  of  scales  or 
balances,  which  were  attributed  to  the  ancient  inhabitants,  and  were 
supposed  to  have  been  used  in  weighing  gold  and  silver  or  other  precious 
substances.  The  beams  were  sometimes  of  wood,  and  several  of  them 
were  worked  with  a  great  deal  of  fineness  and  care.  In  one,  the  cord 
which  sustained  the  balances  was  ornamented  with  a  row  of  rich  beads 
of  colored  stones  and  rude  fragments  of  shell.  These  remarkable  objects 
deservedly  attracted  the  attention  of  many  visitors,  as  there  is  very  little 
evidence  to  show  that  in  no  other  part  of  America  any  balances  or 
scales  of  such  a  character  were  used  by  the  primitive  inhabitants.  It 
is,  indeed,  open  to  question  whether  outside  of  the  ancient  Empire  of 
Peru  the  notion  of  estimating  quantity  by  weight  ever  occurred  to  the 
native  American  race.  Certain  it  is  that  nowhere  in  Korth  America 
has  any  evidence  been  adduced  to  show  that  even  the  most  highly  cul 
tivated  nations  distributed  their  produce  or  in  any  way  measured  the 
amount  of  objects  by  means  of  weights.1 

The  sepulchers  along  the  Peruvian  Coast  also  contributed  to  this 
exhibit  a  great  number  of  domestic  utensils,  decorative  objects,  musical 
instruments,  vases,  and  figures  in  terra  cotta;  some  of  curious  forms, 
others  representing  animals,  objects  such  as  birds,  alligators,  snakes, 
fishes,  fruits,  and  so  on.  There  were  a  great  many  vases  of  the  double 
form,  some  without  handles,  others  intended  as'toys  or  as  games.  They 
rary  in  quality,  but  among  them  are  many  of  the  best  style  of  art  of 
the  natives. 

Passing  on  toward  the  south  there  were  a  large  number  of  bolas 
shown  from  Uruguay,  the  peculiar  arm  used  by  the  natives  of  that  State 
in  hunting;  also,  from  various  parts  of  South  America,  the  precise  local 
ity  not  defined,  numerous  domestic  utensils  and  industrial  objects,  a 
number  of  mummies  from  the  coast  of  Peru,  a  collection  of  skulls  from 
the  coast  and  from  the  interior  of  the  same  country,  textile  materials, 
clothing  and  garments,  both  modern  and  ancient,  from  the  same  region, 
and  an  excellent  collection  of  the  military  outfit  of  a  warrior  from  Brazil. 


1 1  have  discussed  this  subject  in  my  Essays  of  an  Americanist,  pages  434,  449,  Phil 
adelphia,  1890,  and  also  in  the  Proceedings  of  the  Numismatic  and  Antiquarian 
Society  at  Philadelphia,  1892. 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID.  61 

From  Ecuador  and  Peru  were  a  number  of  arrowheads,  lance  points 
maces,  bows  and  arrows,  weapons,  etc. 

A  series  of  small  boxes  contained  a  collection  of  medical  and  phar 
maceutical  specimens  brought  back  from  America  about  the  year  1777 
by  the  botanists  sent  thither  by  Charles  III.  The  large  series  of  cin 
chona  bark  is  especially  interesting  as  being  the  first  at  all  complete 
collection  ever  brought  to  America  of  this  invaluable  drug. 

Among  the  postcolumbian  or  recent  ethnographic  objects  from  the 
museum  should  be  mentioned,  in  the  first  place,  those  obtained  in  the 
expedition  of  the  Corvettes,  Descubierta,  and  Atrevida,  in  the  year  1791. 
They  included  four  models  of  kayaks,  the  fishing  boats  in  use  by  the 
Esquimaux,  and  waterproof  clothing  which  the  fishermen  don  in 
exposure  to  the  weather.  From  Nootka  Sound  there  were  specimens 
of  carvings  in  wood,  as  masks,  human  faces,  the  human  figure,  and 
boxes  in  the  form  of  a  bird;  also  stone  implements,  axes,  amulets,  and 
wooden  carvings  of  various  descriptions  from  Vancouver  Island,  south 
ern  Alaska,  and  the  Straits  of  Fuca. 

From  the  area  of  the  United  States  the  museum  exhibited  skins 
dressed  and  painted  from  New  Mexico,  feathers  and  ornaments  and 
various  garments  from  the  same  locality,  stone  weapons  and  bows 
principally  from  the  tribes  in  the  southwestern  United  States. 

More  important  than  these  were  the  collections  from  Mexico  of  arti 
cles  manufactured  since  the  Conquest,  and  of  small  images  represent 
ing  various  native  types.  Modern  Mexican  pottery  was  set  forth  by  a 
collection  of  956  vases  from  Guadalajara  and  Cartegena  of  very  varying 
forms,  usually  having  feet  and  covers  of  the  same  material  and  differ 
ing  widely  in  perfection  of  work.  Other  objects  which  may  be  men 
tioned  were  the  peculiar  Mexican  hats,  Mexican  leather  work,  cups  and 
dishes  of  cocoauut  very  elaborately  decorated,  textile  materials  from 
the  Indians  and  from  the  Spanish  inhabitants  of  the  country,  groups  of 
figures,  representing  various  characters,  extremely  well  made  and 
remarkably  close  to  life. 

A  series  of  twenty-four  paintings,  with  incrustations  of  mother  of 
pearl,  recalling  different  episodes  of  the  Conquest  of  Mexico  and  dated 
from  the  year  1G98,  were  of  much  historic  interest.  Others,  painted  on 
copper  and  variously  decorated  with  paper  and  feathers,  memorialized 
certain  scenes  of  a  religious  character  and  were  intended  for  exhibi 
tion  in  the  churches.  Some  life-like  figures  were  in  wax ;  one,  a  collec 
tion  of  thirty  species  of  birds,  modeled  in  this  substance,  and  carved 
with  designs  appropriate  to  the  various  species  represented.  This  was 
a  work  of  the  Indians  of  central  Mexico. 

From  South  America  specimens  were  shown  of  amulets  used  by  the 
Indians  of  Colombia,  flutes  made  of  cane  from  the  same  locality,  combs 
of  vegetable  fiber,  vases  made  from  shell  of  the  fruit  of  a  tree,  and 
baskets  of  cane  for  the  purpose  of  carrying  water.  A  number  of  eth 
nographic  specimens,  such  as  collars  and  bracelets,  garments  and 


62  COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT   MADRID. 

weapons  from  Ecuador,  illustrated  the  native  industries  of  that  State. 
Similar  collections  were  present  from  Peru,  Bolivia,  Chile,  Brazil,  the 
Argentine  Republic,  Uruguay,  Patagonia,  and  the  southern  extremity 
of  the  continent.  As  in  most  instances  the  tribes  from  which  these 
articles  were  obtained  were  not  stated,  their  scientific  value  was 
merely  of  a  general  character.  This  was  still  further  the  case  with  a 
series  of  objects  exhibited  from  America  in  general  without  other  deter 
mination  of  the  locality  whence  obtained. 

A  portion  of  the  Exposition  was.  set  apart  for  objects  from  the  Phil 
ippine  Islands,  a  valuable  colony  of  Spain.  It  is  well  known  that 
their  native  inhabitants  generally  belong  to  the  great  Polynesian 
branch  of  the  Malayan  race,  and,  of  course,  are  entirely  disconnected 
by  blood  or  culture  with  any  of  the  American  tribes.  Historically, 
however,  these  islands  came  under  the  domination  of  Spain  at  about 
the  same  time  as  many  of  her  American  possessions,  and  for  this 
reason  the  collection  was  placed  parallel  to  this  from  the  American 
continent.  It  included  a  number  of  specimens  of  the  ancient  and 
modern  industries  of  the  inhabitants,  and  also  a  series  of  skulls, 
some  of  them  being  from  cemeteries  believed  to  be  anterior  to  the  year 
1519.  Interesting  examples  were  shown  of  the  early  and  later  indus 
tries;  also  of  their  work  in  clay  and  the  accuracy  in  moulding  which 
they  displayed  previous  to  the  arrival  of  the  Spaniards.  A  curious 
series  was  one  of  cones  of  gold  and  silver;  and  although  it  has  been 
denied  by  some  authorities  that  these  objects  were  used  as  coins,  there 
is  sufficient  evidence  to  accept  it  as  probable. 

The  national  board  of  mining  engineers  contributed  to  the  Expo 
sition  a  series  of  models  and  plans  of  mines,  specimens  of  charts 
and  collections  of  works  upon  every  branch  intended  to  illustrate  the 
geological  and  economical  character  of  the  country  first  visited  by 
Columbus,  including  the  island  of  Cuba  and  other  portions  of  the 
West  Indies.  Of  these  it  may  be  said  in  brief  that  they  embraced  all 
the  material  requisite  to  prepare  a  memoir  of  the  mineral  riches  of 
Spanish  America  with  considerable  completeness. 

Secondly,  a  collection  of  600  specimens  of  rock  and  soils  from  the 
island  of  Cuba. 

Thirdly,  a  collection  of  214  fossils  from  the  same  island,  carefully 
revised  and  classified  and  properly  catalogued. 

Fourthly,  a  collection  of  150  specimens  of  minerals  from  the  island 
of  Cuba;  maps,  plans,  photographs,  and  sketches  of  mines  in  the 
island ;  collections  of  minerals  from  the  islands  of  Puerto  Rico  and  Santo 
Domingo  and  from  some  parts  of  Mexico,  Peru,  etc. 

This  portion  of  the  Exposition  would  be  found  of  much  utility  in 
studying  the  development  of  the  mining  industry  during  the  period  of 
Spanish  occupation  of  the  New  World.  It  was  highly  appropriate, 
therefore,  that  it  should  find  a  place  in  an  exposition  devoted  to  illus 
trating  the  growth  of  America  in  the  early  centuries  of  its  subjection 
to  European  influence. 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID.  63 

THE   ROYAL   ACADEMY   OF   HISTORY. 

The  Royal  Academy  of  History  displayed  from  the  rich  stores  of  its 
library  a  number  of  remarkable  manuscripts,  originals  of  the  ancient 
u  histories  of  the  Indies." 

Perhaps  the  most  notable  of  these  was  a  fragmentary  history  of 
Mexico  by  Father  Bernardino  de  Sahagun,  being  the  original  draft,  or 
rather  a  portion  of  it,  consisting  of  only  four  books,  from  which  he 
composed  his  complete  work,  the  only  complete  manuscript  of  which  in 
existence  is  found,  not  in  Spain,  but  in  Italy.  That  in  Madrid  has  been 
described  on  several  occasions,  especially  by  myself  and  by  Dr.  Seler, 
of  Berlin,  and  portions  of  it  have  been  published  by  both  of  us.1 

The  original  manuscript  of  the  extensive  general  history  of  the 
Indies,  by  Fernandez  de  Oviedo,  was  also  on  exhibition,  consisting  of 
seven  folio  volumes,  written  in  the  sixteenth  century ;  all  of  which,  how 
ever,  has  been  published  by  the  Spanish  Government. 

Another  manuscript,  which  has  attracted  great  attention  since  the 
first  production  of  a  portion  of  it  by  the  Abbe  Brasseur,  is  the  descrip 
tion  of  Yucatan  by  Bishop  de  Landa.  It  appears  to  have  been  copied 
from  an  original  which  is  now  lost.  It  is  especially  celebrated  for  the 
light  which  it  throws  upon  the  system  of  writing  invented  by  the 
natives  of  Yucatan,  and  which  is  preserved  in  a  few  manuscripts 
written  by  them  before  the  Conquest,  and  also  in  numerous  monuments 
carved  in  stone  upon  their  temples.  The  students  of  such  inscriptions 
in  modern  times  have  usually  taken  as  their  starting  point  the  so  called 
u  alphabet,"  as  given  in  this  volume. 

Although  the  results  have  not  been  very  successful  because  the 
alphabet  which  he  gave  was  not  intended  for  use  in  the  manner  of  those 
employed  in  modern  languages,  yet  its  value  can  not  be  doubted  as  a 
genuine  production  of  native  invention.  It  may  be  added  that  the  first 
time  this  manuscript  was  published  in  a  correct  form  was  in  1881,  when 
it  was  issued  by  means  of  a  photographic  representation  in  a  folio  vol 
ume  referring  to  the  hieroglyphic  writing  of  Central  America,  edited 
by  Sefior  Juan  de  Dios  de  la  Eada  y  Delgada.2 

Another  of  the  manuscripts  in  this  collection  was  one  written  in  the 
sixteenth  century,  of  668  folio  pages  in  the  first  volume  and  272  in  the 
second,  being  the  "  History  of  the  Indies,"  by  the  illustrious  Las  Casas. 
The  history,  which  is  here  included  in  full,  was  published  in  Mexico, 
in  part,  but  a  considerable  portion  of  the  manuscripts  of  this  author 
has  not  yet  seen  the  light.  It  may  be  said  of  them  that  a  great  many 
of  his  chapters  treating  on  ancient  classical  religious  history  would  have 
no  interest  or  value  to  the  modern  reader,  and  in  an  edition  of  his 
work  would  scarcely  merit  that  they  should  be  reproduced  in  type. 

1  See  the  Compte-Rendu  de  la  VIIe  Session  du  Congres  International  des  America- 
nistes,  p.  83. 

2 1  have  also  given  a  photographic  reproduction  of  this  alphabet  in  my  Essays  of 
an  Americanist,  page  242. 


64  COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID. 

Other  portions,  on  the  other  hand,  as  coming  from  one  of  the  earliest 
and  cei  tainly  the  most  sympathetic  observer  of  his  time,  are  of  value  as 
indicating  the  state  of  feeling  and  the  methods  of  treatment  which  in 
the  age  of  the  writer  existed  between  the  two  races  on  the  American 
Continent. 

The  National  Library  of  Spain  exhibited  a  series  of  very  valuable 
documents  in  manuscript,  referring  to  Columbus  and  Cortes,  to  Pizarro 
and  to  others  of  the  early  conquerors  and  explorers,  the  most  of  which, 
however,  have  already  been  printed  in  the  extensive  work  entitled, 
UA  Collection  of  Documents  Hitherto  Unpublished,  Relating  to  the 
History  of  Spain  and  her  Colonies." 

Another  item  of  interest  was  the  original  manuscript,  bearing  the 
date  1575,  of  the  history  of  the  Indies  and  of  New  Spain,  by  the  Friar 
Diego  Duran,  in  the  original  form.  The  paintings  in  this  work  are  gen 
erally  colored,  and  from  a  note  in  the  catalogue  it  would  appear  that  the 
supposition  is  that  these  colors  were  not  reproduced  in  the  edition  of 
Duran  published  at  Mexico  under  the  auspices  of  the  late  Senor  Ramirez, 
minister  to  the  Emperor  Maximilian.  Such,  however,  is  not  the  case, 
as  the  atlas  which  accompanies  Duran's  work  in  that  edition  gives  an 
accurate  representation  of  the  colors  of  the  copy  of  the  original  man 
uscript  as  it  appears  in  Mexico. 

Another  interesting  manuscript  is  the  synopsis  of  the  history  of 
Paraguay  by  the  Jesuit  Nicolas  del  Techo,  bearing  the  date  1684. 
It  is  signed  by  the  author,  but  was  written  by  Indians  of  the  mis 
sion  in  imitation  of  printed  letters,  the  initials  and  head  and  tail  pieces 
to  the  chapters  being  engraved  on  wood.  This  curious  document  is 
quite  unique  in  its  character. 

Along  with  these  are  many  old  printed  books  and  other  manuscripts 
of  less  importance,  also  a  collection  of  maps  and  plates  relating  to  the 
early  voyages  to  America,  showing  the  geographical  notions  of  the  con 
tinent  which  were  prevalent  in  the  first  two  centuries  of  this  discovery. 
Several  paintings  are  shown,  once  the  property  of  Christopher  Columbus 
and  Heruan  Cortes;  and  a  small  but  valuable  collection  of  early  and 
rare  printed  books  relating  to  the  languages  and  the  native  tribes  of 
the  New  World,  to  which  reference  will  be  had  later. 

Among  the  rarest  of  these  scarce  imprints  should  be  noticed  as 
probably  the  only  complete  copy  in  existence  that  of  Bernando  de 
Lizana's  History  of  Yucatan,  published  in  1033.  From  an  incomplete 
fragment  of  this  work,  the  Abbe  Brasseur  extracted  the  chapter  relating 
to  the  ancient  ruins  of  Yucatan  which  he  appended  to  his  edition  of 
Bishop  de  Landa's  description  of  that  country.  It  is  hoped  that  this 
extremely  rare  volume  will  at  some  time  in  the  near  future  be  reprinted. 

Among  other  very  early  editions  of  historical  works  may  be  men 
tioned  the  Relation  of  Cabeza  de  Vaca,  dated  in  1555;  the  Ordenazas 
and  collection  of  laws  relating  to  the  management  of  the  affairs  of  New 
Spain,  printed  at  Mexico  in  gothic  letters  in  1548;  a  similar  volume  on 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID.  65 

the  same  subject  printed  at  Seville  in  1553  5  the  edition  of  Yespucius, 
printed  at  Milan  in  1519 ;  the  History  of  Chiapas  and  Guatemala,  of 
Father  Reinesal,  printed  at  Madrid  in  1619;  the  works  of  Solorzano 
on  the  laws  of  the  Indies,  published  in  Madrid  between  1629  and  1648; 
and  a  variety  of  other  works  of  early  Spanish  and  Mexican  writers. 

These  constitute  but  a  small  portion  of  the  riches  of  the  National 
Library  of  Spam,  both  in  manuscript  and  printed  works;  but  they 
serve  to  indicate  how  much  has  yet  to  be  examined  in  that  country 
before  its  resources  relating  to  the  early  history  of  the  New  World  can 
be  exhausted. 

The  Provincial  Library  of  Toledo  exhibited  several  manuscripts  relat 
ing  to  the  civil  relations  of  Peru  and  the  history  and  geography  of  the 
Province  of  Guatemala,  and  a  number  of  folio  volumes,  including  dif 
ferent  papers  relating  to  the  history,  the  commerce,  and  the  missionary 
labors  in  North  and  South  America. 

Among  the  exhibitions  from  private  libraries  in  this  connection  was  a 
collection  of  postage  stamps  used  at  the  present  time  by  the  various 
Kepublics  of  America  and  a  large  number  of  other  nations,  the  exhib 
itor  being  Senor  Candida  de  Zaragoza. 

Under  No.  828  in  this  department,  Mrs.  Zelia  Nuttall,  of  the  United 
States,  displayed  her  calculations  and  mathematical  scheme  of  the 
ancient  calendar  of  the  Mexicans  already  referred  to  and  furnished  for 
the  catalogue  a  description  covering  two  pages  as  to  the  theory  which 
she  had  adopted  in  carrying  out  these  extensive  computations.  This 
brief  resume  was  by  no  means  adequate  to  give  a  clear  understanding 
as  to  the  method  by  which  she  overcame  the  numerous  difficulties 
offered  in  this  investigation.  It  states  in  brief  that  the  Aztecs  made 
use  of  three  different  calendars,  the  one  founded  on  a  lunar  year  of  9 
months  of  265  days,  the  second  on  a  solar  year  of  18  mouths  and  365 
days,  while  the  third  would  aj)pear  to  have  been  a  combination  of  these 
two  methods  of  counting.  The  result  was  that  the  method  by  count 
ing  the  solar  years  which  was  the  ordinary  one  in  use,  was  from  time 
to  time  corrected  by  the  more  accurate  observations  of  the  lunar  years, 
so  that  at  the  end  of  13,515  days,  when  the  new  cycle  commenced,  they 
both  contained  the  computations  of  the  sun  and  the  moon,  the  latter 
being  the  first  day  of  its  appearance  as  a  new  moon,  these  bodies  having 
the  same  position  in  the  heavens  that  they  did  at  the  beginning  of  the 
previous  cycle  of  the  same  length.  A  preliminary  communication  of 
this  subject  was  presented  by  Mrs.  Zelia  Nuttall  to  the  Ninth  Inter 
national  Congress  of  Americanists  which  met  at  Huelva,  Spain,  in  Octo 
ber,  1892,  from  which  this  epitome  was  prepared. 

Mrs.  Zelia  Nuttall  also  exhibited  photographic  reproductions  of  the 
manuscript  of  the  history  of  New  Spain,  written  by  Father  Sahagun, 
after  the  manuscript  copy  which  is  preserved  in  Italy;  and  also  a 
photolithographic  reproduction  of  a  valuable  and  unique  manuscript, 
preserved  in  Florence,  the  early  publication  of  which  she  has  in  view. 
H.  Ex.  100 5 


66  COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID. 

Among  other  objects  in  this  department  from  private  individuals 
were  a  series  of  publications  by  Mr.  Stewart  Culin,  of  Philadelphia, 
chiefly  referring  to  Chinese  and  East  Indian  games  of  dice,  and  others 
for  the  purpose  of  telling  fortunes  5  from  the  University  of  Pennsyl 
vania,  reports  relating  to  the  Museum  of  American  Archaeology;  from 
the  Numismatic  and  Antiquarian  Society  of  Philadelphia,  reports  of 
its  proceedings;  from  Prof.  E.  N.  Horsford,  of  Cambridge,  Mass.,  a 
number  of  his  works  giving  his  theory  of  the  early  visits  of  the  North 
men  to  the  coast  of  New  England;  a  critical  study  by  Emile  Travers 
on  the  disposition  of  the  remains  of  Columbus;  from  Mr.  Alfred  Mauds- 
lay,  London,  a  collection  of  photographs  and  views  of  ruins  and  monu 
ments  discovered  by  him  in  Yucatan  and  Guatemala;  rare  maps  and 
paintings  from  the  collection  of  Seiior  Peliciano  Herreros  de  Tejada,  of 
Madrid,  and  a  series  of  autographs  and  original  documents  from  the 
collection  of  Francisco  de  Uhagon,  of  Madrid.  The  Eoyal  Society  of 
Berlin  presented  a  copy  of  the  Entdeckung  Amerikas  by  Kretschmer, 
a  large  folio  volume  of  368  pages,  issued  in  1892,  with  au  atlas  of  mag 
nificent  maps,  intended  to  be  commemorative  of  the  fourth  centennial 
of  the  great  discovery. 

An  exact  reproduction  of  the  famous  map  of  Juan  de  la  Cosa,  pilot 
for  Christopher  Columbus,  was  exhibited  by  Antonio  Canovas  y  Vallejo. 
This  celebrated  document  must  be  considered  the  general  foundation 
for  the  history  of  cartography  of  the  Western  Hemisphere,  and  its  repro 
duction  in  its  present  accurate  form  must  be  welcome  to  all  scholars. 

A  noteworthy  department  of  the  Exposition  was  that  occupied  by  the 
manuscripts  and  historical  documents  and  rare  printed  books  from  the 
various  depositories  in  Spain.  The  many  sources  from  which  these 
were  supplied  were,  first,  the  archives  of  the  Indies  in  Seville,  in  Alcala 
de  Henares,  in  Simancas,  and  the  national  archives  in  Madrid.  Others 
were  derived  from  the  rich  library  of  the  Royal  Academy  of  History  of 
Spain,  the  Provincial  Library  of  Toledo,  the  National  Library,  the 
Royal  Academy  of  Fine  Arts,  and  from  a  limited  number  of  private  col 
lections.  It  would  be  of  considerable  advantage  to  give  a  notice  and 
catalogue  of  all  these  which  bear  upon  the  study  of  the  history  and 
conditions  of  the  native  Indian  tribes  and  on  the  history  of  the  United 
States. 

One  of  the  leading  topics  on  which  collections  were  displayed  was 
the  life  and  achievements  of  Christopher  Columbus.  These  were  drawn 
chiefly  from  the  archives  of  the  Indies,  in  Simancas,  and  in  Seville. 
Among  them  may  be  mentioned  the  accounts  of  the  treasurer  of  Seville, 
who  paid  over  moneys  to  Columbus  in  the  year  1487 ;  the  instruction 
and  letters  of  the  King  and  Queen  to  him  at  various  times;  the  docu 
ments  conferring  upon  him  the  title  of  admiral  of  the  Indies;  the  privi 
lege  signed  by  the  King  and  Queen  in  1497  confirming  the  grants  made 
to  him  in  consequence  of  his  discoveries;  orders  to  pay  over  to  him 
moneys  at  various  times  for  the  prosecution  of  his  discoveries;  a  sketch 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID.  67 

of  his  life  between  the  years  1426  and  1493,  in  which  are  confirmed  the 
agreements  made  with  him  and  the  privileges  conceded  him  ;  copies  of 
the  Bull  of  Pope  Alexander  VI,  granting  to  the  King  of  Spain  and  his 
successors  all  the  lands  discovered  by  Columbus;  minutes  of  the  royal 
order,  granting  him  and  his  successors  25  square  leagues  in  the  Dominion 
of  Veragua  and  several  jurisdictions,  from  which  grant  his  descendants 
at  the  present  day  derive  their  title;  documents  relating  to  Luis  Col 
umbus,  one  of  which  gives  him  the  authority  to  remove  the  bones  of 
his  ancestor,  the  first  admiral,  and  of  his  son,  Diego,  deposited  in  the 
monastery  of  Las  Cuevas,  outside  of  the  city  of  Seville,  and  to  transport 
them  to  the  Cathedral  of  Santo  Domingo:  and  a  considerable  number 
of  Governmental  acts  relating  to  the  claims  of  Diego  Columbus  and 
Luis  Columbus  and  their  successors  in  connection  with  the  lands  they 
held  from  the  Crown. 

Another  series  of  documents  related  to  Pinzon,  principally  referring 
to  the  claims  made  by  his  descendants  and  heirs  on  account  of  the 
services  he  had  rendered  the  Crown  in  his  expedition  with  the  first 
admiral.  From  the  island  of  Santo  Domingo  were  a  considerable  num 
ber  of  documents,  one  of  which,  by  an  anonymous  hand,  described  the 
customs  of  the  natives  of  the  island  and  the  use  of  tobacco;  several 
letters  from  missionaries  who  were  at  work  among  the  native  tribes; 
an  account  of  gold  which  was  reduced  in  the  island  in  the  year  1715; 
a  letter  urging  Charles  V  to  send  negro  slaves  to  the  island;  various 
reports  relating  to  the  expeditions  of  Hernan  Cortes,  which  was  pre 
paring  in  the  island;  a  description  of  the  services  of  Ponce  de  Leon, 
and  a  number  of  legal  documents. 

From  the  same  source,  the  archives  of  the  Indies,  there  was  shown 
a  considerable  mass  of  documents  referring  to  the  early  history  of 
Mexico  or  New  Spain.  One  of  them,  by  an  anonymous  writer? 
described  the  division  of  laud  made  by  the  Indians  in  the  period 
before  the  Conquest,  and  the  order  of  their  succession  and  their  pos 
sessions.  This  appears  to  be  the  same  as  that  published  in  a  French 
translation  by  Ternaux  Compans.  Various  documents  are  shown  from 
the  pen  of  the  first  bishop  of  Mexico,  the  celebrated  Juan  de  Zumar- 
raga.  Other  papers  of  interest  were  a  map  of  the  ports  visited  by  the 
English  corsair,  Drake,  made  in  a  semicircular  form  and  in  colors;  a 
map  of  San  Miguel  de  Teopa  with  inscriptions  in  the  Mexican  lan 
guage  ;  a  number  of  other  early  maps,  various  letters,  and  accounts  of 
explorations  of  New  Spain  carried  out  shortly  after  the  Conquest;  an 
original  letter  of  Francisco  de  Montejo,  describing  the  country  in  the 
vicinity  of  Vera  Cruz;  a  royal  grant  giving  to  Cortes  the  control  of 
various  towns  in  New  Spain  and  vassals  to  the  number  of  23,000  as  a 
reward  for  his  services;  various  papers  referring  to  the  services  of  the 
well-known  military  author,  Bernal  Diaz,  and  the  famous  interpreter, 
Dona  Marina,  who  so  greatly  assisted  Cortes  in  his  Conquest,  and 
whose  descendants  appear  to  have  been  properly  rewarded.  One 


68  COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID. 

document  by  the  early  missionary,  Motolinia,  explains  the  method  by 
which  the  Indians  were  accustomed  to  pay  tribute  previous  to  the 
Conquest.  Another,  which  was  written  on  maguey  paper  and  in  hiero 
glyphics,  describes  the  town  of  Azcapuzala,  not  far  from  Mexico,  at 
the  time  it  was  visited  by  the  licentiate  Sandoval.  A  manuscript  of 
forty-nine  pages,  by  the  licentiate  Quinones,  describes  the  numerous 
towns  which  he  visited  in  New  Spain,  and  the  customs  and  usages 
which  he  found  among  them. 

It  is  evident  that  the  efforts  of  the  celebrated  Bishop  Las  Casas  to 
improve  the  condition  of  the  Indians  met  with  violent  opposition  even 
from  his  fellow  missionaries,  for  we  find  a  letter  from  the  devoted  Moto 
linia  to  the  King  describing  in  amplitude  what  he  calls  the  errors  and 
false  statements  of  the  bishop;  and  this  is  but  one  of  a  number  of  docu 
ments  in  this  collection,  directed  against  the  "  apostle  of  the  Indies"  on 
account  of  his  fearless  exposure  of  the  brutality  of  the  Spaniards  and 
the  pastors  sent  to  take  care  of  these  flocks.  That  he  was  quite  correct 
in  his  statements  is  also  evident  from  many  pieces  in  this  collection ; 
for  instance,  one  from  the  town  of  Tenayuca,  which  is  accompanied  by 
drawings  and  paintings  made  by  the  Indians  themselves,  representing 
some  of  the  cruelties  to  which  they  had  been  subjected. 

Some  curious  specimens  were  shown  of  playing  cards  manufactured 
in  the  City  of  Mexico  in  the  year  1583.  They  offered  a  combination  of 
European  and  native  American  characteristics. 

The  Territory  of  Florida  is  the  subject  of  a  number  of  documents 
describing  its  geographical  election,  rivers,  towns,  soil,  and  ports.  A 
series  of  original  manuscripts  of  the  expedition  of  Ferdinand  de  Soto, 
and  letters  from  the  early  governor,  Aviles,  are  all  of  much  interest  to 
the  historian  of  that  State.  Some  of  these  have  been  published  at 
various  times,  but  several  of  them  have  not  yet  been  printed. 

In  the  same  department  Avere  preserved  numerous  interesting  orig 
inals  and  copies  bearing  upon  the  early  history  of  Guatemala,  Panama, 
Peru,  Chile,  Venezuela,  Quito,  New  Granada,  the  Eio  de  la  Plata,  and 
America  in  general.  Several  of  these  would  appear  to  contain  much 
valuable  ethnographic  information;  such  as  that  by  Francisco  de 
Toledo  (No.  272),  which  includes  the  answers  of  a  number  of  natives 
obtained  through  interpreters  as  to  the  idolatry  in  use  in  Peru  before 
the  Conquest,  the  methods  of  burial,  and  the  customs  of  the  indigenous 
inhabitants. 

A  curiosity  is  the  original  manuscript  of  the  second  and  third  books 
of  the  General  History  of  the  Indies  composed  by  Las  Casas ;  another 
is  the  Bull  of  Paul  III,  ordering  that  the  Indians  be  instructed  in  the 
Catholic  religion,  and  forbidding  them  to  be  sold  or  considered  as 
slaves.  It  would  appear  from  Nos.  370,  371,  373,  and  others,  that  the 
histories  written  by  Gomara,  Las  Casas,  and  Sahagun  met  with  very 
serious  opposition  when  in  the  manuscript  stage  from  the  official  cen 
sors  of  the  press ;  for  which  reason,  doubtless,  the  two  last  named 
never  saw  the  light  in  print  during  the  Spanish  domination. 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID.  69 

The  works  on  the  native  languages  of  America  in  this  collection 
deserve  especial  mention,  as  many  of  them  are  still  in  manuscript,  and 
others  refer  to  tongues  of  which  there  is  very  little  material  accessible 
to  students.  The  following  list  of  the  more  important  will  prove  of 
utility  to  those  who  are  engaged  in  this  branch : 

138.  Libro  de  Cartas  escritas  a"  S.  M.  por  los  Obispos  Gobern adores,  Oficiales 
Reales,  Caciques  6  Indios  de  la  Provincia  de  Yucatan.  MS.  (This  contains  sev 
eral  letters  written  in  the  Maya  language  by  natives  educated  in  the  use  of  the 
European  alphabet.) 

560.  BBC.  Carta  Escrita  en  Indio  por  Varies  Caciques  ti  S.  M.  el  Rey.  de  Espaiia 
D.  Felipe  II.  MS. 

563.  Cuaderno  de  Algunas  Reglas  y  Apuntes  sobre  el  Idioina  Pame.  MS.  (This 
also  contains  a  Doctrina  Christiana,  translated  into  the  Paine,  which  is  a  dialect 
of  the  Otomi  stock,  spoken  in  the  State  of  Queretaro,  Mexico.) 

625.  Preceptos  y  Observaciones  sobre  Moral  Christiana ;  en  Lengua  Mexicana.  MS. 
(A  MS.  of  the  sixteenth  century,  containing  eight  leaves,  from  the  Library  of  the 
Cabildo  de  Toledo.) 

626.  Fr.  Andres  de  Olruos.  Arte  de  la  Lengua  Mexicana.   MS.    (A  manuscript  copy 
written  in  the  sixteenth  century.     This  work  was  first  printed  in  Paris,  in  1875,  from 
two  MSS.  in  that  city.    The  present  very  ancient  one  would  be  valuable  for  com 
parison  with  the  printed  edition.) 

662.  P.  Joseph  de  Anchieta.     Arte  de  Grammatica  da  Lingoa  mas  usada  na  Costa 
do  Brasil.     Coirnbra,  1595.     (The  rare  first  edition  of  this  valuable  grammar  of  the 
Tupi  language.) 

663.  Fray  Juan   de  la  Anunciacion.     Sermonario  en  Lengua  Mexicana,  con  un 
Cathecisnio  en  Lengua  Mexicaua  y  Espanola;  con  el  Calendario.     Mexico,  1577.     (A 
good  copy  of  this  very  rare  issue  of  the  Mexican  press.     The  calendar  referred  to  is 
that  of  the  Roman  Church,  not  that  of  the  natives.) 

667.  Arte  y  Vocabulario  de  la  Lengua  Morocosi;  compuesto  por  un  Padre  de  la 
Compaiiia  de  Jesus.  Madrid,  1699.  (An  extremely  rare  work  on  the  language  of 
a  tribe  of  South  America,  among  whom  the  Jesuits  established  a  mission.) 

685.  Fr.  Balthasar  de  Castillo.  Luz  y  Guia  de  los  Ministros  Evangelicos.  En 
Castellano  y  Mexicana.  Mexico,  1694.  (A  scarce  quarto  volume,  valuable  for  the 
Nahuatl  texts  it  contains.) 

691.  F.  Juan  de  Cordova.  Arte  en  Lengua  Zapoteca.  Mexico,  1578.  (The  rare  orig 
inal  edition,  especially  valuable,  not  merely  for  its  linguistic  material,  but  as  the 
only  source  whence  we  can  obtain  satisfactory  information  of  the  early  Zapotec 
calendar.) 

696.  Declaracion  y  Exposicion  de  la  Doctrina  Christiana  en  Lengua  Mexicana, 
hecha  por  los  Religiosos  de  la  Orden  de  Santo  Domingo.  Mexico,  1545.  (This  is 
probably  a  unique  perfect  copy  of  one  of  the  first  books  printed  in  America.  It  is  a 
small  quarto,  in  Gothic  letters,  and  on  page  10  has  .the  autograph  of  Fr.  Alonso  de 
Molina,  the  author  of  the  first  Vocabulario  en  Lengua  Castellana  y  Mexicana.  In 
Icazbalceta's  Apuntes  para  un  Catfilogo  de  Escntores  en  Lenguas  Indigenas  de 
America,  the  first  edition  of  this  doctrina  was  assigned  to  the  year  1548.  An  earlier 
edition,  assigned  to  1539,  is  referred  to  in  the  Cartas  de  Indias,  Madrid,  1877.) 

703.  Pedro  de  Feria.  Doctrina  Christiana  en  Lengua  Castellaua  y  Zapoteca. 
Mexico,  1567.  (This  Doctrina  is  the  first  work  published  in  the  language  of  the 
Zapotec  nation,  of  Oaxaca.) 

731.  Fr.  Martin  deLeon.  Camino  del  Cielo,  en  Lengua  Mexicana.  Mexico,  1611. 
(A  scarce  work,  useful  for  its  Nahuatl  texts,  and  for  the  light  it  throws  upon  some 
of  the  Pagan  rites  and  ceremonies  which  were  still  practiced  by  the  natives.) 

747.  Alonzo  de  Molina.  Vocabulario  en  Lengua  Castellana  y  Mexicana.  Mexico, 
1555.  (The  first  edition  of  this  standard  dictionary  of  the  Nahuatl  tongue  is  rarely 
seen.  It  is  a  creditable  specimen  of  early  typography.) 


70  COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID. 

773.  Fr.  Bernardino  de  Sahagim.  Psalmodia  Christiana  y  Sermonario  de  los 
Sanctos  del  Afio,  en  Lengua  Mexicana.  Mexico,  1583.  (Of  the  voluminous  writings 
of  Sahagun  in  the  Nahuatl  language,  this  appears  to  have  been  the  only  one 
which  was  published  during  his  lifetime.  His  profound  knowledge  of  the  tongue 
gives  his  texts  a  high  value.) 

778.  Fr.  Domingo  de  Sancto  Thomas.  Gramatica  6  Arte  de  la  Lengua  General  de 
los  Indies  de  los  Reynos  del  Peru ;  y  Lexicon  6  Vocabulario  de  la  Lengua  General  de 
Peru.  Valladolid,  1560.  (There  were  three  so-called  "Lenguas  Generales"  in  Peru, 
the  Kechua,  the  Puquina,  and  the  Yunca.  The  present  work  is  in  the  Kechua,  or 
Quichua,  that  used  by  the  Government,  and  presents  the  tongue  in  its  ancient  and 
pure  form.) 

799.  P.  Luys  de  Valdivia.     Arte  y  Gramatica  General  de  la  Lengua  que  corre  en 
todo  el  Reyno  de  Chile,  con  un  Vocabulario  y  Confessonario.     Lima,  1606. 

800.  P.  Luys  de  Valdivia.   Doctrina  Christiana  y  Cathecismo  en  la  Lengua  Allentiac. 
Lima,  1607. 

(These  two  works  by  Father  Luys  de  Valdivia  are  upon  the  tongue  spoken  by  the 
native  Indians  of  Chile.  The  Allentiac  is  one  of  the  "Chaco"  dialects  in  use  at  San 
Juan  de  la  Frontera.) 

810.  Villegas.  Libro  de  la  Vida  y  Milagros  de  N.  S.  Jesu  Christo  en  dos  Lenguas, 
Aymara  y  Romana;  trad,  por  el  P.  Ludovico  Bertonio.  luli,  1612.  (Father  Ber- 
tonio  is  almost  the  only  authority  on  the  Aymara  language,  spoken  on  the  highlands 
of  Southern  Peru  and  in  Bolivia.  There  has  been  much  discussion  whether  his  Dic 
tionary  and  grammar  of  it  present  the  tongue  in  a  pure  form.  The  present  work  is 
one  of  the  rare  issues  of  the  Jesuit  press  established  at  the  mission  of  luli,  in  the 
province  of  Chucuyto.) 

DEPARTMENT  OF  PORTUGAL. 

The  Kingdom  of  Portugal  exhibited  at  the  Exposition  an  attractive 
collection  classified  under  four  different  headings. 

Section  first  included  documents  and  books  relating  to  the  discover 
ies  of  the  Portuguese,  both  in  the  New  World  and  in  southern  Africa 
and  in  Asia.  Some  of  these  referred  especially  to  the  centenary  of 
the  discovery  of  America.  A  valuable  collection  of  maps,  drawings, 
and  pictures  throws  considerable  light  on  the  achievements  of  the  Por 
tuguese  navigators  in  the  fourteenth  and  fifteenth  centuries. 

The  second  section  was  devoted  to  ethnography,  especially  Ameri 
can.  It  embraced  remains,  instruments  of  music,  weapons  of  offense 
and  defense,  domestic  utensils  and  ornaments,  textile  materials,  masks, 
costumes,  and  pottery,  principally  from  Brazil.  Some  of  the  specimens 
in  clay  came  from  the  celebrated  prehistoric  site  on  the  island  of 
Marajo.  Others,  more  modern,  were  from  the  provinces  along  the 
river  Amazon,  in  which  were  noticeable  attempts  at  decoration  in  the 
same  style  as  in  the  former,  but  carried  out  with  less  skill,  showing  a 
retrogression  in  artistic  science  and  in  technique.  Some  of  the  gourds 
and  shells  used  by  the  modern  Indians  are  delicately  painted  in  Italian 
style,  owing  their  peculiar  beauty,  probably,  to  the  instruction  of  the 
Europeans. 

The  remaining  two  sections  were  devoted  to  ornamental  art  and  to 
articles  used  in  maritime  service.  These  were  indicative  of  a  highly 
developed  state  of  economic  skill  in  the  nation  which  presented  them, 
but  have  no  particular  relation  to  the  immediate  topic  of  this  report. 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID.  71 

DEPARTMENT  OF  THE  EMPIRE  OF  GERMANY. 

The  collection  forwarded  by  the  Empire  of  Germany  was  displayed 
under  the  intelligent  care  of  Dr.  Edward  Seler,  associate  director  of 
the  Ethnographic  Museum  of  Berlin. 

Most  of  the  objects  exhibited  were  in  originals  or  photographs,  pic 
tures  or  casts  from  specimens  in  the  Berlin  Museum.  As  a  rule,  how 
ever,  the  casts  were  so  well  prepared  and  the  selection  so  judiciously 
made  of  articles  of  general  interest  in  the  ancient  history  of  America 
that  this  portion  of  the  Exposition  formed  by  no  means  the  least  inter 
esting  and  instructive  of  the  departments. 

Most  prominent  among  the  casts  were  those  in  plaster  of  paris  of  the 
remarkable  stone  monuments,  discovered  at  Santa  Lucia  Cozumalhualpa, 
in  the  department  of  Escuintla,  Kepublic  of  Guatemala.  They  were 
first  described  by  Dr.  F.  Habel  in  1862  in  a  report  which  he  afterwards 
presented  to  the  Smithsonian  Institution  at  Washington,1  and  subse 
quently  attracted  the  attention  of  Dr.  C.  H.  Berendt,  who  urged  the 
museum  at  Berlin  to  obtain  possession  of  them,  and  spent  the  last  few 
months  of  his  life  in  seeing  to  their  proper  packing  and  forwarding  to 
that  destination.  Only  a  part  of  the  considerable  number  found  in  the 
locality  are  now  in  the  museum,  the  others  having  been  left  at  various 
points  on  the  way.  The  character  of  these  remains  has  been  made 
familiar  to  the  public  by  the  monographs  of  Prof.  Charles  Ran,  of  the 
Smithsonian  Institution,  and  Prof.  A.  Bastian,  of  Berlin.  They  pre 
sent  many  points  of  peculiarity,  differing  entirely  from  the  remains  of 
the  Indian  tribes  of  Guatemala,  who  descended  from  the  Maya  stock, 
and  scarcely  less  so  from  the  known  relics  of  those  of  the  Nahuatl 
lineage  who  inhabited  Escuintla  at  the  time  of  its  discovery  by  the 
Spanish  explorers.  Nevertheless,  there  are  traces  both  of  the  mythology 
and  of  the  workmanship  of  the  latter  so  well  marked  that  we  may 
safely  conclude  that  they  are  the  production  of  some  branch  of  the 
Nahuatl  peoples.  There  was  a  tradition  that  at  a  remote  time  emigrants 
from  the  north  passed  through  this  portion  of  Escuintla,  and  while  there 
they  erected  these  monuments  as  a  memorial  to  their  principal  chief 
and  high  priest,  who  had  there  met  his  death. 

There  were  sixteen  of  these  casts,  representing  the  full  series  as  found 
in  Berlin,  of  the  size  of  the  originals. 

Another  series  of  casts,  representing  a  number  of  remains  from  the 
ruins  of  Tula,  the  reputed  capital  city  of  the  ancient  Toltecs,  about  40 
miles  north  of  the  present  City  of  Mexico,  were  due  to  the  generosity 
of  Dr.  Antonio  Penafiel,  by  whom  they  were  presented  to  the  Museum 
of  Ethnography  at  Berlin.  One  of  them  showed  a  support  for  a  build 
ing  in  the  form  of  a  warrior  whose  face  is  represented  within  the  open 
mouth  of  a  serpent.  Like  other  remains  from  this  famous  site,  these 
do  not  betray  any  marked  superiority  over  others  from  various  parts  of 


1  The  Sculptures  of  SantaLuciaCosumalwhuapa,  by  F.  Habel,  M.  D.,  Washington, 

1878. 


72  COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID. 

the  Mexican  Empire,  thus  proving  that  the  alleged  extraordinary  cul 
ture  of  the  Toltecs,  or  ancient  inhabitants  of  Tula,  was  quite  fictitious. 

A  very  interesting  feature  of  this  collection  were  the  relics  and 
photographs  of  the  explorations  of  Mr.  Hermann  Stiibel  in  that  portion 
of  the  State  of  Vera  Cruz,  Mexico,  which  lies  within  the  boundaries  of 
the  ancient  provice  of  the  Totonacos.  This  province  was  supposed  to 
have  been  occupied  in  ancient  times  by  two  distinct  nations,  the  one 
of  which,  and  probably  the  older,  were  the  Totonacos,  and  the  second, 
some  branch  of  the  Nahuatl  stock,  who  appeared  later  on  the  scene  as 
conquerors.  This  fact  is  reached  from  the  very  different  character  of 
the  remains  which  are  discovered  in  localities  closely  adjoining.  Some 
of  these  bear  unmistakable  identity  with  the  productions  of  the 
Nahuas,  while  others  show  a  character  of  industry  which  we  do  not 
find  where  that  stock  exclusively  inhabited. 

For  instance,  the  earthenware  in  some  places  is  richly  painted  and 
decorated  Avith  designs  whose  style  is  in  all  respects  similar  to  the  pot 
tery  found  on  the  table-land  of  Mexico.  These  specimens  have  often, 
superposed  on  the  red  or  black  clay  of  which  the  object  is  made,  a  fine 
white  clay  disposed  so  as  to  form  ornamental  designs;  whereas  another 
variety  of  pottery  is  coated  with  fine  red  clay  deriving  its  color  from 
an  oxide  of  iron,  and  this  is  scaled  off'  so  as  to  show  the  whitish  clay 
beneath,  and  in  this  manner  produce  the  desired %  decoration.  The 
motives  of  the  decoration  itself  also  differ,  that  of  the  Totonacos  repre 
senting  in  preference  such  objects  as  alligators,  fish,  snakes,  monkeys, 
or  rude  faces  of  men. 

Among  the  specimens  of  pottery  from  this  source  are  also  found  a 
great  many  small  figures  apparently  made  in  imitation  of  living  persons. 
There  is  one  type  quite  frequent  where  the  face  is  broad,  the  head  flattened, 
and  a  certain  expression  present  in  the  physiognomy  which  recalls  that 
so  common  on  Chinese  porcelain.  The  relics  which  have  been  found 
presenting  the  greater  similarities  to  these  types  are  those  of  their 
neighbors  of  the  north,  the  Huastecas,  on  the  river  Panuco,  who  were  a 
cultivated  people  of  the  Maya  stock,  and  who  have  left  in  their  own 
locality  many  traces  of  a  comparatively  high  civilization. 

From  this  part  of  Mexico  there  are  derived  a  class  of  antiquities 
which  have  much  puzzled  the  archa3ologist.  These  are  heavy  yokes  of 
stone,  some  weighing  as  much  as  sixty  pounds,  the  surface  either  pol 
ished  and  plain  or  carved,  and  often  elaborately,  with  complex  figures 
in  relief.  The  purposes  which  these  could  have  subserved  have  already 
been  discussed  above  in  connection  with  similar  specimens  exhibited  by 
the  Government  of  Mexico. 

The  researches  in  Peru  of  Drs.  lleiss  and  Stiibel,  which  have  become 
so  well  known  through  other  magnificent  publications,  are  illustrated 
by  a  few  original  objects  and  a  large  number  of  sketches,  designs,  and 
chromographs.  These  researches  were  especially  in  two  directions — 
one  in  exploring  the  ancient  cemetery  of  Ancon,  the  other  in  examining 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID.  73 

the  mysterious  ruins  at  Tiahuanuco,  in  several  respects  the  most  extra 
ordinary  on  the  American  continent. 

In  Ancoii  the  bodies  were  in  the  condition  of  mummies.  They  were 
seated  wrapped  in  their  clothing,  or  swathed  in  mummy  cloths,  and 
surrounded  in  their  graves  with  their  household  utensils,  their  jewelry, 
and  those  objects  which  had  been  most  useful  or  pleasurable  to  them 
in  their  life.  Many  of  them  were  tied  with  cords  and  a  false  face  placed 
in  front  of  the  real  one,  so  as  to  retain  a  more  natural  aspect  in  death. 
Articles  of  food,  such  as  maize  and  beans,  and  cups,  which  had  no 
doubt  contained  water,  were  placed  by  their  sides  for  use  in  the  spirit 
land.  In  consequence  of  these  beliefs,  the  cemetery  of  Ancon,  which  is 
miles  in  extent  and  contains  the  graves  of  many  thousand  persons, 
offers  an  enormous  treasure-house  of  relics,  displaying  the  mode  of  life 
and  the  manufactures  of  the  race  who  once  inhabited  that  portion  of 
Peru. 

Among  the  photographs  represented  are  several  of  those  peculiarly 
cut  stones  from  Colombia,  which  have  usually  passed  under  the  name 
of  the  "  Calendars  of  the  Chibchas."  They  are  now,  as  has  already  been 
stated,  generally  recognized  to  have  been  intended  for  molds  on  which 
the  ancient  goldsmiths  hammered  out  their  fragments  of  the  metal  into 
thin  leaves  of  the  form  of  the  depression.  Plausible  proof  of  this  is 
given  by  a  collection  of  ornaments  made  upon  these  very  stones  by 
hammering  out  gold  leaf  by  a  person  in  Berlin. 

One  of  the  interesting  models  which  was  shown  for  examination  is 
that  of  the  celebrated  monolithic  door,  which  is  found  in  the  ancient 
ruins  at  Tiahuanuco.  It  is  an  accurate  reproduction,  having  been 
made  on  the  exact  measurements  taken  by  Dr.  Stiibel. 

From  the  museum  at  Stuttgartt,  in  Wurtemberg,  were  two  ancient 
Mexican  shields,  such  as  were  carried  by  the  war  captains  of  that 
nation,  and  also  in  their  religious  dances.  They  are  of  cane,  woven 
with  strong  cord,  and  ornamented  with  feather  mosaics.  They  belong 
to  a  class  of  antiquities  very  beautiful  in  themselves,  and  once 
extremely  common,  but  which  have  become  correspondingly  rare 
through  the  extinction  of  this  once  favored  art  in  Mexico,  and  the 
destruction  of  the  older  examples  of  it,  through  moths  and  worms. 

DEPARTMENT  OF  DENMARK. 

The  exhibition  contributed  by  Denmark  was  composed  of  two  parts, 
the  one  illustrating  the  life  of  the  Esquimaux  in  Greenland,  a  province 
subject  to  Danish  rule,  and  the  other  exhibiting  the  grade  of  civiliza 
tion  reached  in  the  Middle  Ages  by  the  inhabitants  of  Iceland,  who 
were  the  first  explorers  of  the  new  continent. 

Under  the  former  heading  there  were  specimens  of  the  costume  made 
of  sealskins,  now  in  use  by  both  sexes  among  the  natives  of  Greenland. 
Models  were  also  shown  of  their  boats,  their  tents  made  of  seal  skin, 
their  winter  houses,  and  the  sledges  on  which  they  journey  in  winter. 


74  COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION   AT    MADRID. 

Among  the  utensils  exhibited  were  boxes  and  bowls  of  wood,  and 
plates  and  lamps  of  stone.  An  interesting  feature  was  a  series  of 
objects  obtained  from  the  ancient  inhabitants,  and  tombs  of  the  white 
settlers  who  occupied  the  coast  in  the  eleventh  century. 

The  articles  illustrating  the  civilization  of  ancient  Iceland  included 
some  specimens  of  mediaeval  manuscripts,  casts  of  stone  containing 
Runic  inscriptions,  others  of  ancient  doorways,  and  various  ornaments 
of  an  architectural  character. 

DEPARTMENT  OF  NORWAY  AND  SWEDEN. 

The  commission  from  Norway,  presided  over  by  Dr.  Gustave  Storm, 
exhibited  an  exact  reproduction,  one-fourth  the  original  size,  of  the 
ship  of  the  Vikings  of  Norway,  which  was  found  in  a  mound  in  that 
country  in  the  year  1880.  It  was  considered  to  have  dated  from  about 
the  year  900,  and  in  vessels  of  this  size  the  ancient  Norwegian  Vikings 
made  their  excursions  to  the  south  of  Europe  and  also,  in  the  tenth  and 
eleventh  centuries,  to  Ireland,  Greenland,  Iceland,  Labrador,  and  far 
ther  south  on  the  American  continent. 

The  delegation  from  Sweden  was  composed  of  the  distinguished  navi 
gator  Baron  Nordenskiold  and  Dr.  Charles  Bovallius,  the  latter  already 
known  to  students  of  American  antiquity  by  his  work  on  the  ancient 
remains  of  Nicaragua. 

The  objects  exhibited  referred  to  the  ancient  geography  of  the  cen 
tral  parts  of  America,  to  the  ethnography  of  the  tribes  of  both  coasts 
about  Bering  Straits,  to  the  ancient  remains  in  Nicaragua,  and  to  the 
results  of  some  explorations  of  the  cliff  houses  in  the  State  of  Colorado 
by  the  younger  Nordenskiold. 

In  the  first  of  these  there  was  a  collection  of  various  works  on 
mediaeval  cartography,  maps  of  the  same  period,  and  globes,  largely 
from  the  private  library  of  Baron  Nordenskiold.  They  illustrated 
excellently  the  gradual  development  of  the  knowledge  of  the  western 
ocean  and  shores  in  the  fourteenth,  fifteenth,  and  sixteenth  centuries. 

Among  the  ethnographic  objects,  there  was  a  kayak  or  boat  of  the 
Esquimaux,  complete  with  its  implements,  and  occupied  by  two  figures. 
A  series  of  utensils  in  use  by  the  modern  tribes  in  Alaska,  which  were 
obtained  by  Baron  Nordenskiold  during  his  voyage,  occupied  an  adjoin 
ing  case;  while  a  still  larger  collection  from  the  Siberian  coast,  princi 
pally  from  the  tribes  known  as  Tchukches,  furnished  a  correct  measure 
of  their  general  culture. 

The  collections  from  Colorado  exhibited  by  Gustave  Nordenskiold, 
jr.,  were  made  by  him  in  the  year  1891.  They  comprised  a  number  of 
photographs  and  an  exact  model  of  one  of  the  houses  of  the  class 
called  "estufas;"  a  sepulcher  of  one  of  the  inhabitants  in  its  original 
condition  and  the  remains  found  therein,  together  with  several  skulls 
and  various  utensils. 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID.  75 

The  objects  from  Central  America  collected  and  arranged  by  Dr. 
Bovallius,  comprised  various  ethnographic  specimens  from  the  Tala- 
manca  Indians  in  Costa  Rica,  a  number  of  articles  obtained  from  the 
existing  natives  of  Nicaragua,  and  a  collection  proceeding  from  his 
excavations  in  the  islands  of  Lake  Nicaragua  in  the  year  1883.  Near 
these  was  a  model  in  wood  on  a  small  scale,  giving  his  idea  of  the 
architectural  character  and  proportions  of  a  temple  of  the  natives, 
such  as  once  stood  on  the  island  of  Zapatero  in  Lake  Nicaragua. 

DEPARTMENT  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES  OF  AMERICA. 

The  United  States  of  America  was  efficiently  represented  in  the 
exhibition  by  large  and  valuable  collections,  covering  a  wide  range  of 
subjects  and  contributed  by  various  individuals  and  institutions. 

As  these  will  be  made  the  subjects  of  detailed  descriptions  in  the 
general  report,  it  will  be  sufficient  to  name  the  sources  from  which 
collections  were  sent : — 

The  United  States  National  Museum,  Washington ;  The  Smith 
sonian  Institution,  Washington;  The  University  of  Pennsylvania, 
Philadelphia ;  The  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences,  Philadelphia;  The 
Numismatic  and  Antiquarian  Society,  Philadelphia;  The  Hemenway 
Exploring  Expedition,  Boston;  The  Columbian  Collection  of  Mr.  W.  E. 
Curtis;  The  Peabody  Museum  of  American  Archaeology  and  Eth 
nology,  Cambridge. 

These  extensive  collections  covered  in  great  part  the  archaeology  and 
ethnology  of  that  portion  of  the  American  continent  comprised  within 
the  area  of  the  United  States,  and  threw  much  varied  and  new  light 
upon  the  early  history  of  the  discovery  and  exploration  of  the  New 
World  by  the  white  race. 

DEPARTMENT  OF  EUROPEAN  HISTORY. 

It  was  originally  intended  to  limir,  the  European  display  to  objects 
which  would  illustrate  the  culture  status  of  Europe  at  the  period  of  the 
discovery  of  America;  but  later,  and  with  good  reason,  the  scope  was 
extended  to  embrace  all  that  portion  of  the  history  of  civilization  in 
Europe  which  was  contemporaneous  with  the  Conquest  of  the  New 
World,  down  to  the  middle  of  the  eighteenth  century. 

As  my  own  time  did  not  permit  a  close  examination  of  this  extensive 
department,  and  as  it  may  have  less  interest  to  those  engaged  in 
researches  strictly  American,  I  will  quote  the  brief  but  sufficiently  full 
description  of  it  prepared  for  the  trustees  of  the  British  Museum  by 
Mr.  Charles  Hercules  Read,  Assistant  Keeper  of  the  Department  of 
British  and  Mediaeval  Antiquities  and  Ethnography,  Secretary  of  the 
Society  of  Antiquaries  of  London,  Vice-President  of  the  Anthropolog 
ical  Institute,  etc.,  who  was  sent  by  the  museum  to  examine  and  report 


76  COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID. 

upon  the  contents  of  the  exhibition.  His  report  was  published  by  the 
trustees  of  the  museum  in  March,  1893.  The  portion  of  it  in  reference 
to  the  European  department  is  as  follows: 

The  most  striking  feature  of  this  part  of  the  exhibition,  and  that  which  distin 
guishes  it  from  any  other,  is  the  extraordinary  display  of  Flemish  and  Spanish  tap 
estries  and  carpets,  and  Persian  and  Arab  textiles,  with  which  the  walls  of  every 
room  on  the  upper  floor  are  lined.  Most  of  the  Flemish  tapestries  from  the  Escorial 
and  the  other  royal  palaces  are  already  well  known,  both  from  their  being  generally 
shown  to  visitors,  and  from  the  excellent  photographs  published  by  M.  Laurent,  of 
Madrid.  But  in  addition  to  these,  many  from  private  collections  and  from  religious 
establishments,  some  of  them  fully  as  important  as  those  of  the  royal  collections, 
have  come  to  light,  and  are  now  seen  for  the  first  time. 

The  most  striking  case  of  this  kind  is  proba'bly  that  of  the  Cathedral  of  Zamora. 
The  authorities  at  Zamora  were  asked  to  contribute  to  the  exhibition  some  of  their 
works  of  art,  and  sent,  among  other  things,  several  beautiful  tapestries  of  the  fifteenth 
century,  of  great  size,  of  fine  design,  and  in  a  good  state  of  preservation.  With  this 
consignment  came  a  statement  that  if  more  tapestries  were  required  for  the  dec 
oration  of  the  walls,  the  chapter  possessed  fifty  others.  It  seems  impossible  that 
so  wonderful  a  series  of  precious  tapestries  could  have  lain  entirely  unknown, 
probably  for  centuries,  and  doubtless  unseen  except  by  such  as  attended  the  serv 
ices  at  the  cathedral  on  certain  special  festivals.  Such  a  case,  and  it  seems  to  be 
by  no  means  an  isolated  one,  illustrates  in  a  forcible  manner  the  unknown  riches  of 
the  religious  establishments  of  Spain,  unknown  even  to  the  comparatively  few  per 
sons  in  the  country  who  are  specially  interested  in  such  matters. 

It  is  said,  and  probably  with  strict  justice,  that  however  remarkable  the  collection 
of  ecclesiastical  objects  at  the  exhibition  may  seem  to  a  stranger  it  does  not  repre 
sent  one-fifth  part  of  the  possessions  of  the  cathedrals  of  Spain,  some  of  which  have 
been  reluctant  to  entrust  to  any  hands  but  their  own  precious  or  fragile  objects 
which  could  never  be  replaced.  The  difficulties  of  communication  in  Spain,  once 
the  main  routes  are  left,  and  the  absence  of  any  general  interest  in  antiquarian  mat 
ters,  account  for  much  of  the  ignorance  of  the  riches  of  isolated  institutions. 

A  certain  number  of  the  principal  objects  in  the  exhibition  are  mentioned  in  Sefior 
Riano's  Industrial  Arts  of  Spain,  an  excellent  book,  and  references  to  this,  rather 
than  to  more  pretentious  works,  which  are  not  so  accessible,  may  be  given. 

The  Monastery  of  Las  Huelgas  at  Burgos  has  sent  one  of  its  greatest  treasures  in 
the  standard  of  the  Almohade  Sultan,  captured  by  Alfonso  VIII  at  the  famous 
battle  of  Las  Navas  in  1212,  a  wonderful  specimen  of  Arab  silk  weaving,  still  pre 
serving  in  many  parts  the  original  colors.  Though  much  restored  it  still  possesses 
the  most  important  of  its  original  features.  It  is  covered  with  verses  of  the  Koran, 
the  Mohammedan  formula,  and  other  Arabic  inscriptions.  This  precious  relic  is 
traditionally  stated  to  have  been  given  by  the  victorious  king  to  the  monastery 
which  still  possesses  it,  and  it  is  only  used  in  the  procession  of  Corpus  Christi. 
Seiior  Riafio  thinks  it  probable  that  "Alfonso  VIII"  should  be  Alfonso  XI  (1312- 
1350),  as  he  considers  the  banner  to  be  of  fourteenth  century  work.  An  appro 
priate  pendant  to  this  comes  from  the  Cathedral  of  Burgos,  the  standard  of  Alfonso 
VIII,  carried  at  the  same  battle,  or  to  speak  more  accurately,  all  that  now  remains 
of  it,  representing  the  Crucifixion,  the  Virgin,  and  St.  John. 

An  Arab  standard  of  similar  work  to  the  first  belongs  to  the  Cathedral  of  Toledo. 
This  is  the  Bandera  del  Salado,  made  in  Fez  in  the  year  1312  A.  D.  The  central 
design  is  very  original,  and  the  combination  of  colors  singularly  beautiful.  It  is 
formed  of  sixteen  crescents  of  gold,  arranged  in  four  lines,  each  having  within  it, 
in  white  on  a  green  ground,  the  Mohammedan  formula  repeated  eight  times,  each 
crescent  containing  one-half  of  the  formula;  and  around  is  a  broad  border  formed 
by  chapters  of  the  Koran,  written  in  intertwined  Cufic  letters.  The  effect  of  the 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID.  77 

alternating  tints  of  gold,  green,  red,  and  white,  which  appear  to  be  but  little  affected 
by  time,  is  very  rich  and  harmonious. 

The  display  of  church  vestments  is  naturally  very  large,  but  for  the  most  part 
they  are  of  an  uninteresting  period,  viz,  the  end  of  the  sixteenth  and  beginning  of 
the  seventeenth  century,  rich  in  effect  but  too  heavily  charged  with  gold  and  raised 
embroidery  to  produce  a  pleasing  result.  A  good  series  of  the  kind  is  shown  by  the 
Marquis  de  Cubas  (room  23). 

In  agreeable  contrast  to  these  later  developments  of  embroidery  are  a  few  earlier 
examples  of  the  highest  quality.  First  of  these  comes  a  cope  of  opus  anglicanum 
of  the  end  of  the  thirteenth  century  belonging  to  the  Cathedral  of  Toledo,  and 
stated  to  have  been  the  property  of  Cardinal  Gil  de  Albornoz  (1367).  It  is  of  the 
usual  semicircular  shape,  embroidered  in  many  colors  with  sacred  subjects  and  figures 
of  saints  under  canopies.  Along  the  straight  side  are  six  figures  of  bishops,  a  king 
and  queen,  and  the  rest  of  the  surface  is  entirely  covered  with  a  radiating  design, 
the  central  subjects  being  the  coronation  and  assumption  of  the  Virgin,  the  nativity, 
the  annunciation,  and  the  Virgin  and  Child,  and  on  either  side  of  the  outer  edge 
figures  of  the  following  saints:  John  the  Evangelist,  Edward  the  Confessor,  Lau 
rence,  Mary  Magdalen,  Ethelbert,  Dunstan,  Margaret,  Catherine,  Thomas  of  Canter 
bury,  Olave,  Stephen,  Helen,  Dionysius,  Edmund  the  King,  John  the  Baptist,  and  a 
bishop  without  name.  The  inner  circle  is  composed  of  eight  figures  of  Apostles 
SS.  Paul,  Simon,  Philip,  James,  Andrew,  Thomas,  Bartholomew,  and  Peter.  The 
names  are  inscribed  upon  scrolls  in  Lombardic  capitals.  In  the  spandrils  are  placed 
birds,  executed  in  brilliant  colors.  It  will  be  seen  that  certain  of  the  saints  are 
especially  English,  and  thus  help  to  confirm  the  cardinal's  description  of  his  own 
cope,  as  well  as  the  internal  evidence  of  the  design  and  method  of  work,  both  of 
which  point  to  the  conclusion  that  the  cope  is  of  English  work. 

The  Arclueological  Museum  of  Madrid  exhibits  (room  12,  219)  a  similar  "  capa 
pluvial"  of  the  same  date  and  work,  but  neither  so  rich  in  design  nor  so  interesting, 
nor  is  it  in  such  a  good  state  of  preservation.  This  example  has,  moreover,  been 
described  and  figured  in  Lady  Marion  Alford's  Needlework  as  an  Art  (London,  1886, 
pi.  59.)  The  Diocese  of  Vich  sends,  among  other  choice  objects,  a  very  perfect  and 
beautiful  abbatial  miter  (room  8, 100)  of  silk,  embroidered  with  the  Annunciation, 
the  two  figures  of  the  subjects  being  inclosed  in  quarterfoils  on  the  two  sides  of  the 
front  of  the  miter,  with  a  border  of  crockets  along  the  upper  edge,  and  of  fylfots 
along  the  lower.  The  composition  and  drawing  are  of  the  refined  style  found  at  the 
beginning  of  the  fourteenth  century,  and  the  work  was  probably  executed  in  France. 
Except  for  the  fading  of  the  colors  it  seems  in  perfect  preservation,  even  the  iufula} 
being  complete. 

From  the  Cathedral  of  Mondofiedo  have  been  sent  the  pastoral  staff  and  sandals 
of  the  Bishop  Don  Pelayo  II  of  Cedeira  (1199-1218),  which  are  of  interest  from  the 
date  being  fixed.  The  former  is  of  Limoges  champleve'  enamel,  of  the  usual  simple 
crook  form,  the  head  inclosing  a  figure  of  St.  Michael  killing  the  dragon,  and  having 
a  large  flattened  knop  supported  by  gilt  scrolls.  The  shoes  are  of  somewhat  inele 
gant  outline,  reaching  to  the  ankle,  made  of  stuff,  originally  purple  in  color,  with 
bands  of  gold  thread  across  the  instep  and  down  the  middle  of  the  foot  to  the  toe. 
The  soles  are  nearly  two  inches  thick,  somewhat  like  a  Chinese  shoe,  and  the  edges 
are  ornamented  with  stiff  interlacing  floral  scrolls  of  the  style  usually  found  in 
works  of  art  at  this  period. 

Although  they  are  not  church  vestments,  it  may  be  well  to  mention  here  the 
mantle,  berretta,  and  piece  of  the  coat  of  the  Infante  Don  Felipe  of  Castile,  brother 
of  Alfonso  the  Wise  and  of  Eleanor  of  Castile.  These  objects  were  taken  from  the 
tomb  of  the  infante  at  Villalca"zar  de  Serga  (Valencia).  The  mantle  is  of  a  rich 
woven  pattern,  in  gold  and  silk,  of  Moorish  design,  made  in  Granada,  with  the  word 
"blessing"  in  ornamental  Cufic.  The  cap  is  very  different  in  design,  though  it  still 
retains  much  of  the  Moorish  character.  It  is  cylindrical  in  form,  somewhat  longer 


78  COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID. 

at  the  back  than  in  front  and  is  entirely  covered  with  quarterfoils  inclosing  castles 
and  eagles,  displayed  alternately  red  on  gold,  and  gold  on  red.  The  colors  are  of 
course  scarcely  discernible,  but  both  the  cap  and  mantle  are  in  singularly  perfect 
condition  when  it  is  considered  that  they  come  from  a  tomb.  Both  these  objects 
were  exhibited  in  the  Spanish  Exhibition  at  South  Kensington  in  1881,  and  they  are 
of  considerable  interest  from  their  early  date. 

The  display  of  church  plate  is  of  the  greatest  interest,  and  the  more  so  that  it  is 
almost  entirely  of  Spanish  work.  There  can  be  no  doubt  that  so  rich  a  collection 
of  material  for  the  study  of  Spanish  gold  and  silver  smiths'  work  has  never  been 
before  brought  together.  A  great  portion  of  the  objects  exhibited  is  naturally  of 
the  late  sixteenth  and  early  seventeenth  centuries,  but  many  fine  pieces  of  earlier 
and  more  interesting  periods  are  to  be  found. 

The  silver  chalice  and  paten  of  late  thirteenth  or  early  fourteenth  century  from 
Toledo  Cathedral  are  remarkable  among  these,  both  for  the  beauty  of  the  work  and 
for  the  unusually  large  size  of  both  objects.  The  chalice  is  more  than  a  foot  in 
diameter  at  the  base,  and  17  inches  in  height,  while  the  paten  is  16  inches  in 
diameter.  The  latter  is  sunk  in  the  center,  the  depression  having  twelve  foliations 
around  the  edge,  and  within  it  is  engraved  the  Crucifixion  with  the  Virgin  and  St. 
John,  the  whole  inclosed  within  a  stiff'  floral  border.  The  chalice  has  a  plain  bowl, 
widening  rapidly  upward  (and  in  this  it  differs  conspicuously  from  Spanish  chalices 
of  later  date),  the  knob  is  ornamented  with  the  evangelistic  symbols  in  repousse", 
and  the  stem  is  quite  plain,  except  for  two  bands  of  quarterfoil  tracery.  The  base  is 
in  design  much  like  that  of  the  Dolgelly  chalice,  viz,  it  has  three  concentric  bands 
of  flat  lobes  or  scollops  in  slight  relief,  upon  which  are  engraved  figures  of  angels, 
and  the  edge  is  molded  in  twelve  foliations,  supported  upon  a  slight  tracery  of 
quarterfoils,  and  in  each  foliation  is  a  figure  of  an  apostle.  The  chalice  is  as  early 
in  date  as  any  in  the  exhibition,  and  its  large  size  renders  it  the  most  remarkable. 
It  is  stated  in  the  catalogue  that  it  was  probably  used  on  Holy  Thursday,  when  two 
hosts  are  consecrated,  one  being  reserved  till  Good  Friday,  when  it  is  consumed  by 
the  priest.  This  second  host  is  usually  kept  in  a  chalice-of  large  size  and  ancient 
work. 

Another  chalice  and  paten  of  much  the  same  date  is  sent  from  the  Cathedral  of 
Santiago,  and  possesses  additional  interest  from  the  decoration  of  the  knop  being  in 
niello.  The  paten  is  of  similar  design  to  that  from  Toledo,  but  the  central  subject 
represents  Our  Lord  seated  within  an  engraved  quaerfoil,  the  engraved  design  being 
all  within  a  depression  of  eight  foliations.  The  bowl  of  the  chalice  is  again  of  the 
shallow  form,  and  the  stem  is  slender  and  somewhat  longer  than  is  found  in  English 
and  other  northern  chalices.  The  knop  has  circular  medallions  with  nielloid  scrolls, 
but  without  any  sacred  emblems.  The  base  is  plain,  with  the  exception  of  a  narrow 
engraved  borderof  stiff  scroll  work,  and  on  one  side  is  engraved  a  group  of  the  Virgin 
and  Child  seated,  with  a  female  figure  kneeling  in  adoration  at  the  side.  The  pres 
ence  of  this  group  is  the  only  instance  in  the  exhibition  of  the  practice  so  common 
in  English  chalices,  of  placing  a  cross  or  other  sacred  symbol  upon  the  side  of  the 
chalice  to  be  held  next  the  priest  during  the  celebration  of  mass.  The  catalogue 
attributes  this  chalice  and  paten  to  the  twelfth  century. 

Of  later  chalices  there  are  a  great  number  dating  from  the  early  sixteenth  century 
to  the  middle  of  the  seventeenth,  a  period  which  would  include  by  fur  the  greatest 
proportion  of  all  the  church  plate  exhibited.  It  will  be  sufficient  to  notice  three  of 
the  sixteenth  century  as  being  fine  examples  of  their  kind,  and  at  the  same  time 
characteristic  of  the  style  peculiar  to  the  period. 

The  first,  from  the  Cathedral  of  Seville  (No.  49),  is  remarkable  in  having  a  cover, 
which  fits  closely  into  the  bowl,  and  has  a  central  socket  into  which  the  foot  of  some 
object  has  been  placed,  perhaps  a  short  cross.  The  bowl  is  deep,  and  has  round  the 
base,  outside,  a  row  of  pear-shaped  settings  containing  knot- work  medallions  of 
cloisonn^  enamel,  the  patterns  being  an  inheritance  from  the  Moorish  artists,  and  their 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID.  79 

prototypes  are  seen  in  perfection  upon  the  sword  of  Boabdil  belonging  to  the  Mar 
ques  de  Viane.  The  stem,  knop,  and  foot  are  Gothic  in  design,  the  tracery  being 
fairly  pure  in  style,  but  the  foot  is  ornamented  with  embossed  designs  of  the  rich 
floriated  style  common  in  Spanish  and  Portuguese  objects  of  the  Renaissance.  This 
mixture  of  Gothic  and  Renaissance  motives  is,  in  fact,  the  remarkable  characteristic 
of  the  church  plate  of  the  Peninsula  in  the  sixteenth  century,  and  the  exhibition  fur 
nishes  numberless  examples  of.it.  This  chalice  has  upon  the  foot  the  arms  of  an  arch 
bishop  in  enamel. 

The  second  chalice,  of  about  the  same  date,  from  the  Cathedral  of  Valencia  (No. 
50),  is  of  a  somewhat  different  design  and  in  many  details  recalls  the  drawings  of 
cups  by  Holbein,  though  here  again  the  border  at  the  foot  is  of  Gothic  tracery.  But 
for  an  unfortunate  heaviness  of  the  base,  this  vessel  would  be  of  very  graceful  design. 
It  is  singularly  secular  in  its  details,  which  are  chiefly  composed  of  festoons  of  flowers 
and  fruit  and  cherubs,  and  upon  the  knop  tiny  cupids  riding  dolphins  The  only 
indications  of  its  sacred  character,  apart  from  its  shape,  are  six  circular  medallions 
let  into  the  foot,  which  are  engraved  with  the  Crucifixion  and  other  designs  of  the 
same  character.  These  have  once  been  enameled,  but  the  enamel  has  now  entirely 
disappeared,  owing  to  the  vessel  having  been  passed  through  the  fire  to  freshen  the 
metal,  a  practice  which  seems  to  have  been  common  in  Spain,  as  a  large  proportion 
of  the  enameled  details  on  church  ornaments  of  all  kinds  are  now  bare  metal,  owing 
to  this  somewhat  barbarous  practice. 

The  third  chalice,  from  the  church  of  Osuna,  has,  perhaps,  a  more  peculiar  feature 
than  either  of  the  others,  in  having  the  bowl  and  knop  surrounded  with  small  bells, 
ten  on  the  former  and  six  on  the  latter.  It  is  unusually  rich  in  detail,  with  the 
customary  mixture  of  Gothic  elements  with  florid  Renaissance  foliage.  The  knop 
is  composed  of  rich  canopy  work,  beneath,  or  rather  inside,  which  are  seated  figures 
of  Apostles,  and  upon  the  foot  are  highly-embossed  scenes  from  the  Passion.  The 
inscription  on  the  paten  is  a  curious  instance  of  the  misspelling  of  Latin,  Pax 
Domini  sit  senpir  bobiscvm. 

Among  the  paxes  are  several  deserving  of  special  mention. 

The  Cathedral  of  Valencia  sends  the  most  beautiful  of  these.  It  is  of  fine  gold, 
elaborately  chased  and  enameled  in  brilliant  colors.  The  front  is  in  the  form  of  a 
chair,  in  which  is  seated  the  Infant  Savior,  the  whole  of  the  figure  being  enameled; 
the  back  of  the  chair  is  covered  with  elaborate- scroll  work  of  beautiful  design  and 
filled  with  enamel:  the  lower  part  of  the  chair  beneath  the  seat  is  hollow  and  has 
two  small  doors,  which  open  and  display  a  group  modeled  in  the  round,  and  repre 
senting  the  Nativity.  The  pediment  above  the  back  of  the  chair  is  edged  with  two 
elegant  scrolls  in  open  work,  and  at  the  base  of  the  pediment  on  each  side  is  a  figure 
of  a  warrior  standing.  The  back  is  minutely  engraved  and  enameled  with  sacred 
subjects,  the  Adoration  of  the  Magi,  Christ  among  the  Doctors,  etc.  This  specimen 
is  by  far  the  most  remarkable  of  all  the  paxes  exhibited,  and  its  attribution  to  the 
hand  of  Cellini  is  much  more  reasonable  than  is  generally  the  case  with  works 
assigned  to  that  artist.  A  certain  delicacy  and  refinement  in  the  designs  points 
rather  to  Italy  than  to  Spain  as  the  country  of  its  origin,  though  whether  it  is 
really  by  Cellini  is  a  far  more  difficult  point  to  decide.  This  appears  in  the  will 
(A.  D.  1566)  of  Don  Martin  de  Ayala,  archbishop  of  Valencia,  who  bequeathed  it  to 
the  cathedral. 

A  pax  of  perhaps  greater  interest,  and  of  nearly  equal  beauty,  is  that  from  the 
Cathedral  of  Ciudad  Real.  The  interesting  feature  about  this  specimen  is  that  it 
has  for  its  central  subject  a  carving  in  black  stone  of  Byzantine  period,  representing 
the  Descent  into  Hell,  with  the  legend  above,  "H  Anactacie,"  i.  e.,  Resurrection, 
and  behind  the  figure  of  Our  Lord  stand  the  Emperor  and  Empress,  crowned,  and 
with  halos  round  their  heads.  The  frame  is  in  the  best  style  of  the  Spanish 
Renaissance,  of  silver  gilt  and  enameled,  and  its  bears  the  date  1565.  On  either 
side  are  square  projecting  stages,  supported  on  well-designed  caryatid  figures, 


80  COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID. 

and  containing  four  figures  of  saints,  and  at  the  top  is  a  frieze  in  relief  representing 
a  combat  between  horsemen  and  men  on  foot;  the  pediment  represents  the  Assump 
tion  of  the  Virgin,  with  figures  of  Virtues  at  the  sides,  and  the  apex  is  surmounted 
by  an  enameled  figure  of  Our  Lord  holding  the  orb.  The  back,  though  by  no  means 
so  richly  decorated  as  the  front,  is  of  great  beauty.  The  handle  is  formed  of  a 
female  caryatid  figure  with  wings,  surmounted  by  the  Cross  of  Santiago,  and 
toward  the  bottom  the  terminal  base  of  the  figure  divides  into  two  serpentine  scrolls, 
which  curve  toward  the  edges  of  the  pax.  For  beauty  of  line  this  charming  figure 
compares  favorably  with  any  work  of  the  period,  and  it  would  be  difficult  to  speak 
in  terms  too  high  of  the  masterly  character  of  the  design. 

Another  pax  possessing  unusual  features  is  that  from  the  Cathedral  of  Parazona. 
The  central  portion,  if  not  the  whole  pax,  is  certainly  of  north  Italian  work.  It  is 
of  silver  gilt,  and  has  in  relief  the  subject  of  the  Flagellation,  a  group  of  well 
modeled  figures  of  late  fifteenth-century  style.  The  peculiarity  of  the  work  is  that 
the  flat  background  is  painted  in  enamel,  with  a  mountainous  landscape,  in  the  style 
common  in  north  Italy  at  this  period,  and  of  which  there  are  several  good  examples 
in  the  British  Museum  collection.  The  inscription  at  the  bottom  of  the  central  sub 
ject,  "  Borgia-Car.  Mon.  Regal,"  would  seem  to  indicate  that  it  was  the  property  of 
Cardinal  Borgia,  archbishop  oOfonreale,  in  Sicily,  who  died  in  1503.  The  frame  is 
of  uncommon  design,  and  may  be  of  the  same  work  as  the  center,  but  it  is  possible 
that  it  was  added  in  Spain.  Two  pilasters  which  form  the  sides  are  somewhat  poor 
in  execution,  and  the  cresting  round  the  curved  top  of  the  pax  is  curiously  classical 
in  feeling,  and  consists  of  groups  of  two  winged  lion  monsters,  looped  together  at 
the  necks  and  tails,  the  junctions  of  the  latter  being  surmounted  by  palmettes. 
There  is  a  certain  clumsiness  about  the  design  which  is  scarcely  Italian. 

The  only  other  pax  worthy  of  special  note  is  that  from  the  Cathedral  of  Madrid- 
Alcala,  an  excellent  example  of  Spanish  Gothic  metal  work  of  the  late  fifteenth  or 
early  sixteenth  century,  without  any  trace  of  later  style.  The  subject  is  the  Descent 
from  the  Cross,  modeled  in  high  relief  and  enameled.  This  is  surmounted  by  an 
elaborate  canopy  filled  with  rich  tracery,  and  on  each  side  are  pinnacles  with 
buttressed  bases,  surrounded  with  figures  of  saints.  The  back  is  good  in  design, 
the  handle  being  a  plain  semicircle  pierced  to  represent  a  dragon,  while  the  edges 
are  bordered  with  bold  tracery  in  relief.  The  work  of  the  whole  is  excellent,  and 
little  is  wanting  to  make  it  a  beautiful  object,  but  a  certain  squatness  and  want  of 
elegance  of  form  in  the  general  design  suffice  to  make  it  fall  short  of  true  beauty. 

One  of  the  best  specimens  of  Spanish  Gothic,  and  a  remarkable  object  for  its  great 
size,  is  the  monstrance  from  the  Cathedral  of  Jativa,  which,  without  the  modern  sil 
ver  base  upon  which  it  is  now  placed,  stands  5  feet  high.  The  occasion  of  its  con 
struction  was  in  itself  notable.  Pope  Alexander  VI  was  a  native  of  Jativa,  and  had 
this  gigantic  monstrance  made  for  the  cathedral  from  the  first  consignment  of  silver 
received  from  America.  The  shape  is  very  graceful,  and  consists  of  a  stem  rising 
from  a  many-sided  base  and  supporting  a  shaped  oblong  platform,  the  edges  of  which 
are  bordered  by  a  light  arcade.  Upon  this  platform  rest  four  pillars,  which  sustain 
the  roof,  and  from  this  rise  three  slender  towers  pierced  with  tracery,  with  rich  can 
opy  work  at  their  bases.  The  actual  monstrance,  or  receptacle  for  the  Host,  is  a  cir 
cular  disk  of  a  size  proportionate  to  the  rest,  with  an  elaborate  open-work  border  of 
what  in  England  would  be  called  late  Tudor  style,  and  it  is  held  up  by  two  angels 
kneeling  at  opposite  sides.  The  effect  of  this  beautiful  object  is  much  destroyed  by 
the  whole  having  been  regilt,  and  by  the  enamels  in  the  foot  having  been  renewed; 
but  in  spite  of  this  drawback  it  remains  one  of  the  most  beautiful,  as  it  is  the  most 
conspicuous,  objects  of  ecclesiastical  art  in  the  exhibition. 

The  processional  crosses,  of  which  a  very  large  number  are  shown,  form  a  very 
interesting  and  instructive  series,  possessing  many  features  differing  from  similar 
objects  in  other  countries.  The  Marque's  de  Cubas  (room  23)  exhibits  a  good  collection, 
which  is  supposed  to  represent  all  the  types  from  the  eleventh  century  to  the  seven- 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION   AT   MADRID.  81 

teenth.  Whether  the  series  begins  so  early  is  perhaps  doubtful,  but  some  of  the 
examples  ru ay  well  be  of  the  twelfth  or, more  probably,  thirteenth,  century.  These  ear 
lier  crosses  are  flat  plates  of  copper,  gilt,  and  decorated  with  champleve  enamels  in  the 
style  of  Limoges,  but  neither  so  well  drawn  nor  so  perfect  in  execution  as  the  French 
examples,  though  it  is  by  no  means  improbable  that  the  Spanish  enamel  of  this  kind 
is  an  imitation  of  that  of  Limoges.  The  most  noticeable  peculiarity  in  design  in 
the  Spanish  crosses  of  this  period  is  the  presence  of  four  oval  plates  upon  the  four 
limbs  of  the  cross,  projecting  beyond  the  edges  of  the  limbs,  and  in  each  plate  is  a 
subject  in  enamel,  but  those  upon  the  horizontal  arms  seem  always  to  be  the  Peni 
tent  and  Impenitent  Thieves.  The  form  of  the  cross  remains  practically  the  same 
up  to  the  sixteenth  century,  and  the  four  oval  plates  are  frequently  found  at  that 
date,  though  these  two  are  then  no  longer  reserved  for  the  two  thieves,  but  are 
sometimes  devoted  to  figures  of  saints,  the  Evangelists,  etc. 

A  very  large  cross  from  the  diocese  of  Vich  merits  special  notice.  It  is  of  silver, 
nearly  5  feet  in  total  height,  the  surface  quite  plain,  except  for  a  circular  disk  upon 
each  arm,  in  the  center  of  which  is  a  six  foil  with  a  subject  in  translucent  enamel. 
This  cross  differs  so  much  from  all  the  others  that  it  might  be  thought  to  be  of  for 
eign  make,  but  the  probability  is  that  it  was  made  in  Catalonia,  and,  perhaps,  near 
Vich  itself,  where  the  influence  of  French  designs  would  be  more  felt  than  in  the 
more  southern  parts  of  Spain.  It  is  attributed,  and  I  think  rightly,  to  the  fifteenth 
century. 

The  Spanish  crosses  of  the  sixteenth  and  late  fifteenth  centuries  have  a  character 
fully  as  peculiar  and  national  as  those  of  earlier  date.  Those  of  the  sixteenth  cen 
tury  are  characterized  by  a  richness  of  detail  that  makes  them  look  at  a  little  dis 
tance  like  filigree  work,  but  a  closer  examination  shows  that  this  rich  effect  is  pro 
duced  by  a  multiplicity  of  canopies,  edgings,  and  pendants,  symmetrically  designed 
in  a  semigothic  style.  The  richest  and  at  the  same  time  the  best  in  general  design 
of  this  kind,  is  that  from  the  Cathedral  of  Osuna  (Seville),  though  many  others 
from  Salamanca,  Astorga,  and  other  cathedrals  are  very  good.  Nearly  all,  however, 
have  suffered,  and  their  enameled  details  are  destroyed  by  having  been  passed 
through  the  fire  to  render  them  bright. 

A  very  interesting  class  of  remains  to  be  found  in  Spanish  churches  is  that  of  the 
caskets  placed  upon  the  altar  and  used  as  reliquaries,  and  in  one  case  as  a  receptacle 
for  the  Host.  Many  of  these  are  of  pure  Moorish  work,  with  Saracenic  designs  and 
inscriptions.  The  earliest  and  most  important  of  these  is  a  large  casket  of  carved 
ivory  with  mounts  of  champleve"  enamel,  exhibited  by  the  Provincial  Council  of 
Palencia.  The  whole  surface  is  carved  in  relief  with  scrolls  of  conventional  leaves 
of  the  style  common  in  the  ornamentation  of  the  Alhambra,  the  stems  being  inter 
laced.  On  the  sides  are  hunting  scenes ;  on  the  body  of  the  casket  are  broad  bor 
ders  formed  of  pairs  of  birds  and  deer  alternating,  each  pair  facing,  and  above  them 
a  series  of  triple  arches.  The  cover  is  in  the  same  style  but  that  the  borders  are 
much  simpler,  and  in  one  panel  a  piece  from  another  casket  has  been  inserted.  The 
enameled  mounts  are  an  interesting  feature  and  form  an  important  landmark  in  the 
history  of  enameling  in  Spain.  The  patterns  of  these  are  the  simplest  geometrical 
designs,  and  the  colors  blue  and  white ;  but  there  is  every  appearance  of  these  being 
the  original  mounts,  and  if  this  be  the  case  they  must  be  of  the  middle  of  the  elev 
enth  century.  For  the  great  historical  value  of  this  object  consists  in  its  bearing 
the  date  of  its  manufacture,  A.  H.  441  (=A.  D.  1049-50),  the  name  of  its  maker, 
Abd-er  Rahman  ibn  Zeyyan,  who  made  it  at  Cuenca  for  Hosam-ud-Daulat  Abu 
Mohammed. 

Another  casket  of  nearly  equal  importance  comes  from  the  Cathedral  of  Gerona, 
where  it  is  usually  placed  upon  the  High  Altar.  This,  though  equally  of  Arab 
work,  is  very  different  in  style,  as  well  as  material.  It  is  entirely  covered  with 
plates  of  silver  gilt,  embossed  with  open  scrolls  inclosing  symmetrical  flowers,  the 
details  of  which  are  inlaid  with  niello.  Around  the  edge  of  the  lid,  as  in  the  pre- 
11.  Ex.  100 6 


82  COLUMBIAN   HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID. 

vious  example,  is  a  Cufic  inscription  stating  that  it  was  made  in  Cordova  by  the 
order  of  Al-Hakam  II,  the  Caliph  of  Spain,  more  celebrated  for  his  studious  habits 
than  for  warlike  achievements,  who  died  in  A.  D.  976.  The  inscription  states  that 
Al-Hakam  ordered  it  for  his  son  and  gives  the  name  of  the  maker  (Riaiio,  p.  12). 
But  for  this  inscription  the  style  of  the  ornament  would  probably  have  led  to  the 
casket  being  assigned  to  a  later  date. 

These  two  caskets  are  without  any  mixture  of  western  motives  in  their  decora 
tion,  and  are  of  special  interest  in  the  history  of  art  industries  from  the  precision  of 
their  date  and  country  of  manufacture. 

Among  the  altar  caskets  one  of  the  most  beautiful  is  a  cylindrical  ivory  box  from 
the  Cathedral  of  Saragossa.  It  is  of  Oriental  work,  the  sides  pierced  with  delicate 
tracery,  and  with  bands  of  Arabic  inscriptions  in  relief  round  the  edge.  These 
boxes,  though  by  no  means  common,  are  well  known,  and  two  in  the  British  Museum 
have  always  been  thought  to  be  of  Persian  origin,  and  it  is  possible  that  the 
example  now  in  question  may  be  also  of  Persian  work.  It  has,  however,  an  enrich 
ment  of  bands  of  delicate  filigree  work,  passing  over  and  around  it,  which  are  cer 
tainly  Moorish  and  of  the  late  fifteenth  century.  This  is  decided  by  their  similarity 
in  style  and  work  to  the  mounts  of  the  sword  of  Boabdil  belonging  to  the  Marques 
de  Viane.  In  both  specimens  there  are  Arabic  inscriptions  outlined  in  thin  wire 
running  over  the  surface,  a  peculiar  method  that  seems  to  have  been  employed  only 
by  the  Moors,  and  about  this  period.  At  the  Cathedral  of  Saragossa  this  is  used  to 
contain  a  cylindrical  pyx,  which  is  also  exhibited.  The  pyx  is  quite  plain,  of  silver 
gilt,  but  upon  the  flat  cover  is  engraved  and  enameled  a  coat  of  arms  surrounded 
by  an  inscription. 

A  painted  ivory  casket,  of  the  style  usually  called  in  England  Sicilian,  is  shown 
by  the  Royal  Academy  of  History.  This  bears  upon  it,  many  times  repeated,  the 
arms  of  Aragon- Sicily,  and  is  said  to  have  belonged  to  the  King  Don  Martin  of 
Aragon,  who  died  A.  D.  1410.  The  ornamental  scrolls  between  the  shields  are  of 
unusual  beauty  and  freedom,  and  a  band  of  carved  Cufic  letters  of  an  ornate  char 
acter  gives  it  an  Oriental  aspect,  which  is  but  faintly  seen  in  the  other  designs. 
Though  the  painting  is  not  in  the  best  state  of  preservation,  this  box  is  a  charming 
specimen  of  the  semi-moorish  art  of  Sicily. 

The  mudejar  style,  that  is,  the  combination  of  Moorish  or  Saracenic  and  Christian 
art,  is  perhaps  even  better  shown  in  a  pair  of  wooden  doors  Avith  gilt  bronze  fittings 
from  the  Cathedral  of  Seville.  The  paneling  of  these  might  be  from  a  Cairene 
mosque,  so  purely  Saracenic  are  their  designs,  while  their  borders  are  composed  of 
Biblical  texts  in  well-carved  black  letter,  and  the  bronze  fittings  are  in  accord  Avith 
the  ornament.  The  purity  of  the  two  styles  is  the  remarkable  feature  of  these 
doors,  each  keeping  unmixed  its  own  peculiar  characteristics  and  yet  remaining  in 
perfect  harmony.  The  A7ery  early  and  interesting  "Arquilla  de  los  Reyes,"  the 
reliquary  of  King  Alfonso  III  (el  Magno)  and  his  Queen  Xirnena,  should  properly 
have  been  mentioned  earlier,  but  that  its  style  and  Avork  are  quite  foreign  to  the 
Moorish  taste.  Alfonso  the  Great  reigned  as  King  of  the  Asturias  and  Leon  from 
866  to  910  A.  D.,  and  the  shrine  is  therefore  interesting  as  an  authentic  monument 
of  a  period  of  which  few  remains  exist,  though  it  can  scarcely  be  said  to  have  high 
claims  as  a  Avork  of  art.  It  is  of  the  usual  oblong  form  with  pyramidal  lid,  and 
nearly  covered  with  silver  plates  embossed  and  otherwise  ornamented.  Upon  the 
lid  is  the  inscription  "  Aldefonsvs  •  Rex  -f-  Scemena  Regina,"  Avith  a  figure  of  the 
Agnus  Dei  between  the  two  names.  Upon  the  sloping  sides  are  embossed  the  sym 
bols  of  the  Evangelists,  Lucas  and  Johaii  being  upon  the  front  slope  (the  eagle  very 
like  a  doAre),  and  the  angel  of  St.  Matthew  on  the  left,  with  the  word  "  Angelvs"  in 
place  of  the  name  of  the  Evangelist.  On  the  slope  at  the  back  is  a  cartouche  or 
frame  of  the  last  century,  with  the  names  of  the  Saints  Diodorus  and  Deodatus* 
whose  relics  Avere  doubtless  contained  in  the  shrine.  The  front  is  in  two  stages, 
each  consisting  of  six  round-headed  arches  formed  of  cloisons,  some  of  which  still 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT   MADRID.  83 

contain  the  triangular  or  pear-shaped  slabs  of  glass  and  stone,  with  which  origi 
nally  all  were  embellished.  Within  the  arches  are,  upon  the  upper  ranges,  embossed 
trees  or  plants  more  or  less  symmetrical,  and  in  the  lower,  figures  of  angels  facing 
the  middle,  thr^e  in  each  direction.  The  execution  is  throughout  of  the  rudest 
character,  the  figures  of  the  angels  being  reduced  to  the  most  elemental  representa 
tions  of  the  human  figure,  and  their  wings  more  like  leaves  than  any  feathered  limb. 
The  presence  of  the  cloisonne  work,  as  a  survival  of  Visigothic  methods,  gives  the 
object  a  peculiar  interest,  though  it  should  at  the  same  time  be  pointed  out  that  it 
is  not  cloisonud  enamel.  There  can  be  no  doubt  that  the  stones  or  glass  were  cut 
and  placed  in  position  without  the  application  of  heat,  and  do  not  therefore  con 
stitute  enamel 

Some  other  altar  ornaments  of  different  styles  and  dates  are  deserving  of  mention. 
The  Cathedral  of  Astorga  sends  a  very  beautiful  globular  vessel  of  rock  crystal, 
engraved  in  the  East  with  elegant  scrolls  in  relief.  This  is  attributed,  and  probably 
with  justice,  to  the  eleventh  century;  its  beauty  is,  however,  much  lessened  by  a 
seventeenth  century  gilt  mount,  which  has  transformed  it  into  a  tall  two-handled 
vase. 

An  equally  beautiful  object,  but  of  far  different  character,  is  the  crystal  Navecilla, 
a  crystal  ship  on  wheels,  with  elaborate  Gothic  mounts  of  silver  gilt,  from  the 
Cathedral  of  Toledo.  It  is  about  15  inches  in  length,  the  body  of  the  vessel  made 
of  rock  crystal,  above  which  is  a  considerable  superstructure  of  silver  gilt,  in 
which  the  ribs  of  the  ship  are  indicated.  At  the  prow  and  stern  the  bulwarks  are 
formed  of  a  band  of  elegant  tracery  surmounted  by  a  cresting  of  leaves.  The  figure 
head  is  a  wivern  in  full  relief,  and  the  keel  is  formed  of  a  band  of  boldly  modeled 
leaf  work.  All  the  lines  of  the  construction  are  very  graceful,  and  the  composition 
is  pleasing  as  well  as  unusual.  It  is  said  to  have  been  the  property  of  Dona  Juana 
la  Loca,  and  probably  became  the  property  of  the  cathedral  as  a  votive  offering. 
Another  ship,  of  which  the  body  is  formed  of  a  large  turbo  shell,  is  shown  from 
Saragossa,  but  this,  though  very  quaint,  and  of  perhaps  a  somewhat  earlier  date, 
can  not  be  compared  for  beauty  with  the  crystal  ship  of  Toledo. 

The  Cathedral  of  Huesca  exhibits  three  very  fine  chasses  of  Limoges  champleve' 
enamel,  one  of  which  is  of  unusually  good  quality  and  early  date,  though  not  old 
enough  to  have  been  the  property  of  Don  Ramiro  II,  of  Aragon,  who  reigned  from 
A.D.  930  to  950,  and  their  traditional  history  will  therefore  scarcely  pass  muster. 

Although  the  cathedrals  and  other  religious  establishments  of  Spain  have  only 
sent  a  small  proportion  of  their  marvelous  riches  to  the  exhibition,  and  many 
interesting  and  well-known  objects  are  not  to  be  seen  there,  yet,  on  the  other  hand, 
many  things  have  been  sent,  which  from  their  size  no  one  would  expect  to  find  else 
where  than  in  their  natural  resting  place.  To  this  latter  category  belongs  the 
recumbent  effigy  of  Maurice,  Bishop  of  Burgos  and  founder  of  the  cathedral,  from 
which  it  is  now  sent.  It  is  a  life-sized  figure,  now  resting  upon  a  wooden  base, 
round  which  is  written  "  Pius  hujus  ecclesie  Pontifex  et  Fiindator  Mauricius  obiit 
A.D.  1240,  4  Oct."  This  may  be  a  copy  of  an  older  inscription,  but  the  date  of  the 
death  is  two  years  later  than  that  given  by  the  modern  authorities.  The  effigy 
is  modeled  in  wood,  covered  with  thin  plates  of  bronze  or  copper,  cut  with  some 
regard  to  the  lines  of  the  design  and  nailed  on  round  the  edges,  and  the  whole 
appears  to  have  been  once  gilt.  The  vestments  are  covered  with  a  carefully 
engraved  lozenge  diaper  of  fleur-de-lis  and  castles,  and  the  end  of  the  effigy,  at  the 
feet,  has  an  elaborate  design  consisting  of  castles  of  Castile,  and  possibly  some  other 
devices ;  but  from  the  position  of  the  figure  and  the  worn  state  of  this  part,  it  was 
not  possible  to  determine  this  point. 

The  borders  of  the  vestments  and  the  miter  are  edged  with  settings  now  empty, 
but  which  once  contained  stones  or  glass  pastes.  The  hands  are  raised,  the  left  one 
in  such  a  position  as  it  would  assume  if  it  held  a  crozier,  and  the  right  in  the  atti 
tude  of  benediction.  The  hands  seem  to  be  solid  bronze,  and,  from  the  finger  nails 


84  COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION   AT    MADRID. 

being  seen,  would  appear  to  be  bare,  but  the  presence  of  a  jewel  on  the  back  of  the 
right  hand  shows  that  they  are  intended  to  be  gloved;  upon  the  two  fingers  raised 
in  benediction  are  two  rings,  upon  the  first  and  second  joints  respectively.  They 
are  cast  with  the  hand,  and  are  set  with  simple  square  stones  within  a  quarterfoil. 
The  face  is  a  mask  of  thick  bronze,  stopping  short  at  the  hair  and  the  ears,  and  it 
has  every  appearance  of  being  an  actual  portrait.  The  head  rests  upon  a  plain 
cushion,  enriched  on  the  upper  face  with  champleve"  enamel.  The  pattern  upon 
this  is  a  lozenge  diaper  filled  with  open  crosses.  The  monument  as  a  whole  is  a 
most  dignified  and  impressive  composition,  and  it  has  an  additional  interest  apart 
from  its  great  intrinsic  merits,  and  the  remarkable  character  of  the  ecclesiastic  it 
represents,  in  the  fact  that  the  tradition  in  Toledo  is  that  he  was  of  English  birth. 
He  was  a  trusted  and  valuable  adviser  to  his  King,  San  Fernando  III,  whom  he 
aided  with  counsel  in  matters  far  removed  from  his  episcopal  functions. 

This  tomb  must  have  been  in  part,  if  not  entirely,  of  French  work,  as  the  enameled 
portions  differ  from  any  examples  of  Spanish  champleve  enamel,  and  on  the  other 
hand,  agree  in  style  with  the  known  examples  of  similar  work  made  at  Limoges. 
This  is  not  surprising,  for  the  bishop  was  a  traveled  man,  and  had  relations  with 
many  of  the  European  states,  and  with  France  he  could  scarcely  fail  to  have  been 
very  intimate.  It  is,  moreover,  an  established  fact  that  the  workmen  at  Limoges 
did  go  into  foreign  countries  to  execute  such  work,  even  to  England. 

The  collection  of  arms  and  armor  is,  as  would  be  expected,  of  great  interest  and  of 
considerable  extent.  From  the  royal  collection  many  pieces  of  historical  interest 
are  shown,  the  jousting  suits  of  Charles  V  and  Philip  II,  three  swords  stated  to  be 
those  of  Boabdil,  Pizarro,  and  Cortez,  a  steel  turban  inlaid  with  gold  and  silver 
formerly  belonging  to  Barbarroja,  as  well  as  numerous  suits  and  single  specimens  of 
interest  in  themselves.  Private  collectors  also  have  contributed  largely,  the  Conde 
de  Valencia  sending  a  series  of  swords  of  high  quality,  while  the  Marques  do  Casa- 
Torres  has  filled  one  of  the  smaller  galleries  with  an  excellent  collection  of  arms  and 
some  good  suits  of  armor,  and  Senor  Don  Jose"  Estrech,  of  Barcelona,  has  a  well- 
arranged  series,  intended  to  show  the  history  of  arms  and  armor  from  the  eighth 
century  down  to  the  present  time.  The  Marques  de  Mondejar  also  shows  one  of  the 
well-known  papal  swords,  this  specimen  having  been  presented  by  Pope  Innocent 
VIII  in  1486  to  Don  Ifrigo  Lopez  de  Mendoza,  second  Conde  de  Tendilla,  ambassador 
at  Rome. 

The  collection  at  the  Royal  Armory  in  Madrid  is,  however,  so  rich  in  arms  and 
armor,  both  of  the  highest  excellence  in  themselves,  and  a  large  proportion  of 
them  of  an  historical  importance  equalling  their  technical  perfection  and  artistic 
merit,  that  it  is  an  ungrateful  task  to  attempt  a  detailed  description  of  those  in 
the  exhibition.  It  is  no  injustice  to  say  that,  fine  as  many  of  them  are,  they  can  not 
be  placed  in  competition  with  the  accumulated  treasures  of  the  Armeria  Real. 

It  seems,  for  this  reason,  a  better  plan  to  give  some  account  of  the  few  objects  of 
this  class  which  are  either  unrepresented  in  the  Royal  Armory,  or  have  interests  of 
a  different  kind. 

Of  these  the  most  remarkable  are  the  several  swords  stated  to  have  once  belonged 
to  Boabdil,  the  last  Moorish  king  of  Granada.  One  of  them  has  been  already  men 
tioned  as  coming  from  the  Royal  Armory,  but  it  is  plain  in  make,  and  its  principal 
interest  is  its  history.  It  is  far  otherwise  with  the  beautiful  swords  belonging  to 
the  Marques  de  Viaue  and  the  Marques  Campotejar,  and  another  sword,  belonging 
to  the  Archaeological  Museum  of  Madrid,  though  somewhat  older,  belongs  to  the 
same  class.  This  last  is  made  entirely  of  metal,  the  hilt  and  guard  being  of  bronze 
with  gilt  details,  the  blade  of  steel,  the  total  length  40  inches.  The  pommel  is 
globular,  flattened  on  the  two  faces,  on  each  of  which  is  a  circular  medallion 
engraved  with  ornamental  Cufic  characters;  the  grip  is  fusiform,  engraved  with 
circles  joined  together  by  a  single  twist,  and  containing  also  Cufic  letters.  The  guard 
is  of  the  peculiar  form  characteristic  of  the  Moorish  swords  of  the  late  fifteenth 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION   AT   MADRID.  85 

century,  viz,  rounded  shoulders  ending,  on  either  side  of  the  blade,  in  a  narrow 
limb  running  parallel  with  it,  the  outer  edge  of  the  limb  curving  inward  to  the  end 
where  it  suddenly  turns  outward  in  a  hook,  the  hollow  formed  by  this  curving  of 
the  limb  being  filled  up  in  this  case  with  a  plate  of  metal  pierced  with  circular 
holes.  The  faces  of  the  guard  are  quite  flat,  and  engraved  with  conjoined  circles, 
like  those  on  the  grip,  the  spaces  between  them  being  rilled  with  engraved  floral 
designs.  The  bands  forming  the  circles  are  in  all  cases  gilt.  The  blade  is  straight 
and  two-edged,  and  has  upon  one  face  the  stamp  of  the  armorer,  a  circle  containing 
badly  written  characters  which  have  not  yet  been  read,  but  they  are  conjectured  to 
be  Hebrew  from  the  fact  of  the  Jews  in  Spain  devoting  themselves  to  the  manufac 
ture  of  arms.  This  sword  came  from  the  Church  of  San  Marcelo,  the  warrior  saint, 
at  Leon,  and  was  there  long  connected  with  him.  It  is  believed  that  it  may  have 
been  a  gift  by  the  King  Ferdinand  the  Catholic  on  the  translation  of  the  body  of 
the  martyr  from  Africa. 

The  Boabdil  sword  of  the  Marques  Campotejar  is  of  the  same  general  type,  but  is 
infinitely  more  sumptuous  in  execution,  and,  in  addition,  it  retains  its  scabbard 
complete.  The  mounts  both  of  the  sword  and  scabbard  are  of  silver  gilt,  embossed 
and  richly  chased  with  formal  floral  designs  of  the  same  style  as  those  of  the  ivory 
casket  of  the  Cathedral  of  Palencia  (supra  p.  81),  though  of  course  the  sword  is  of 
a  much  later  date.  The  mounts  are  further  enriched  with  bauds  and  medallions  of 
translucent  cloisonne"  enamel,  a  feature  which  this  sword  has  in  common  with  that 
of  the  Marques  deViane.  An  interesting  and  to  some  extent  peculiar  circumstance 
connected  with  this  sword  is,  that  notwithstanding  the  pure  Moorish  character  of 
its  ornament,  yet  it  would  seem  to  have  been  the  work  of  a  Christian  artificer,  work 
ing  for  the  Moors  at  Granada.  The  bonds  of  amity  which  existed  between  Boabdil 
and  Ferdinand  for  some  years,  before  the  final  stand  made  by  the  Moors  for  the  pos 
session  of  Granada,  would  account  for  the  presence  in  the  Court  of  Boabdil  of  Chris 
tian  workmen,  who  doubtless  succeeded  in  serving  two  masters  in  different  capac 
ities.  Upon  the  plain  backs  of  one  of  the  two  tabs  to  which  the  sword  belt  was 
attached  is  stamped,  in  characters  of  the  period,  the  name  "  Ivan  Abad"  *  *  *, 
with  the  pomegranate  of  Granada  as  well  as  another  stamp,  not  easy  to  interpret. 
This  Christian  stamp  illustrates  a  remark  of  Sefior  Riaiio  (in  his  introduction  to  the 
Catalogue  of  Spanish  Works  of  Art  in  the  South  Kensington  Museum).  "The 
continued  contact  of  the  Christian  and  Mohammedan  races,  notwithstanding  the 
barbarism  of  the  time  and  the  difference  of  creed  did  not  oblige  them  to  live  per 
petually  as  enemies.  *  *  *  This  contact  could  not  fail  to  influence  works  of  art 
and  industry,  and  for  this  reason  many  archaeological  objects  of  the  Spanish  Middle 
Ages  possess  a  peculiar  character." 

The  third  sword  of  this  type  and,  like  the  last  one,  once  the  property  of  Boabdil,  is 
that  belonging  to  the  Marques  de  Viane,  who  exhibits  also  the  velvet  jacket,  another 
sword  and  a  dagger,  stated  to  have  been  taken  from  the  Moorish  king  at  his  defeat 
(m  1492)  and  given  by  Ferdinand  the  Catholic  to  one  of  the  ancestors  of  the  present 
owner.  One  of  these  is  the  most  perfect  example  in  the  exhibition  of  the  refinement 
and  richness  of  effect  of  which  Arab  art  is  capable.  It  combines  the  highest  efforts 
of  the  enameler,  the  carver,  and  the  goldsmith,  and,  doubtless,  the  blade  is  of  corre 
sponding  quality,  and  in  every  part  it  is  well  preserved.  The  actual  grip  is  of  ivory, 
the  rest  of  the  hilt  is  of  gold,  entirely  covered  with  granular  work  and  filagree,  in 
which  are  set  at  intervals  eight-pointed  and  cruciform  panels  of  translucent  cloisonne" 
enamel. 

The  ivory  grip  is  deeply  carved  with  geometrical  designs  forming  panels  of  various 
shapes,  filled  with  Arabic  inscriptions  alluding  to  the  weapon,  and  ornamental  leaves 
and  other  devices,  and  where  the  ivory  joins  the  metal  are  two  broad  bands  of 
cloisonne"  enamel  (the  cloisons  being  here,  as  upon  other  parts  of  the  mounting,  of 
gold)  composed  of  scroll  work  of  the  greatest  beauty  interrupted  by  shaped  panels 
containing  Arabic  inscriptions,  among  which  might  be  expected  the  name  of  the 


86  COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID. 

artist,  but  this  nowhere  appears.  The  pommel  is  spherical,  but  at  the  upper  end  is 
prolonged  as  a  straight  point,  and  is  entirely  covered  with  the  granular  work  and 
enameled  panels  mentioned  above.  This  granular  goldsmith's  work  is  of  the  same 
style  as  that  of  the  bands  of  the  Persian  casket  from  the  Cathedral  of  Saragossa, 
and  might,  in  fact,  be  the  work  of  the  same  artist.  The  ground  is  rilled  with  minute 
pellets  of  gold,  through  which  run  lines  of  Arabic  inscription,  outlined  in  flat  gold 
wire,  thus  leaving  the  interior  of  each  letter  empty.  The  enameled  crosses  upon 
the  pommel  are  changed  into  a  different  form  by  the  exigencies  of  the  shape  of  the 
pommel,  the  artist  finding  it  necessary  to  reduce  the  four  limbs  of  the  cross  to  three, 
and  the  corresponding  outlines  of  the  eight-pointed  panels  are  ingeniously  altered 
and  adapted  to  the  same  end.  The  surface  of  the  guard  is  ornamented  with  similar 
work,  and  it  is  only  necessary  to  mention  that  the  two  ends  running  parallel  with 
the  blade  terminate  in  the  heads  of  monsters,  from  each  of  which  springs  an  elegant 
openwork  border  of  spiral  scrolls  enameled  in  white  and  other  colors.  The  blade 
is  straight  and  has  the  stamp  of  the  armorer  upon  one  side.  The  sheath  is  of  red 
leather,  though  very  little  of  this  foundation  is  visible,  as  one-half  of  its  length  is 
hidden  by  mounts  matching  those  of  the  sword  itself,  and  these  fit  into  each  other 
so  closely  that  when  the  sword  is  in  the  scabbard  it  is  impossible  to  distinguish 
where  the  guard  ends  and  the  scabbard  mounts  begin.  This  sword  is  described, 
and  the  inscriptions  are  given,  by  Selior  Riano  (op.  cit.,  p.  84). 

The  enameled  details  upon  this  sword  are  of  peculiar  interest,  not  only  for  their 
intrinsic  merits,  which  are  very  great,  but  also  as  serving  to  decide  the  origin  of  the 
beautiful  stirrups  in  the  Forman  collection.  These  stirrups  were  exhibited  before 
the  Society  of  Antiquaries  of  London,  and  are  described  in  their  Proceedings  (Vol. 
XIV,  179).  It  is  sufficient  here  to  say  that  they  are  of  Moorish  form,  of  iron,  plated 
with  silver,  which  is  engraved  with  Oriental  designs;  while  upon  the  sides  are  semi 
circular  plates  of  silver  with  nielloed  designs  somewhat  in  the  style  of  the  arabesques 
of  Aldegrever.  Around  these  are  borders  of  cloisonne"  enamel  on  gold,  in  style  and 
execution  so  like  the  sword  just  described  that  there  can  be  little  question  as  to  their 
common  origin,  though  it  is  probable  that  the  sword  is  earlier  in  date  by,  perhaps, 
a  quarter  of  a  century.  The  niello  plates  of  the  stirrups  also  could  very  well  be  of 
a  Spanish  make,  as  the  use  of  niello  is  not  uncommon,  both  in  Moorish  and  Christian 
work  of  mediaeval  and  later  times.  An  example  of  this  is  near  at  hand  in  the  sec 
ond  sword  shown  by  the  Marques  de  Viane.  This  is  more  a  weapon  for  use  than  for 
parade,  and  is  of  simple  form,  by  no  means  beautiful,  though  the  details  are  planned 
and  carried  out  with  the  greatest  skill.  Like  the  other,  it  has  a  straight  blade, 
apparently  also  of  Christian  make,  or,  at  least,  not  Moorish.  The  handle  is  entirely 
of  ivory,  the  grip  cylindrical,  with  a  thicker  cylinder  above  and  below,  that  forming 
the  pommel  being  slightly  curved  inwards  at  the  sides.  The  whole  handle  is 
engraved  with  beautiful  scroll  work,  brought  into  relief  by  an  inlay  of  black  sub 
stance,  probably  akin  to  niello,  and  upon  the  sides  of  the  pommel  is  the  shield  of 
arms  of  the  kings  of  Granada,  as  seen  upon  the  azulejos  of  the  Alhambra.  The 
scabbard  is  in  keeping  with  the  modesty  of  the  sword,  being  a  plain,  leather  sheath, 
tooled  like  a  bookbinding  with  a  scale  pattern,  and  having  a  silver  mount  and 
chape,  the  former  engraved  and  nielloed  with  Arabic  inscriptions  and  the  shield  of 
Granada,  and  the  chape  engraved  in  a  similar  manner.  The  contrast  between  this 
simple  and  useful  weapon  and  the  gorgeous  blade  shown  beside  it  is  most  remark 
able  and  instructive,  and  the  fortunate  owners  of  them  both  may  be  congratulated 
on  the  possession  of  hereditary  treasures  of  a  kind  and  quality  but  seldom  seen. 

It  is  somewhat  surprising  to  find  among  the  ecclesiastical  objects  from  the  various 
cathedrals  so  few  painted  enamels  that  are  worthy  of  note.  A  good  triptych  belong 
ing  to  the  Cathedral  of  Saragossa  would  seem  to  be  from  the  hand  of  Nardon  Penicaud 
orof  his  school.  The  central  subject  is  the  Adoration  of  the  Magi,  painted  in  the  usual 
manner,  the  faces  somewhat  round,  and  here  and  there  the  small  raised  jewels  or 
rosettes  backed  with  foil.  Tue  Coude  de  Valencia  has  also  a  triptych  by  the  same 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION   AT    MADRID.  87 

artist,  who  seems  to  have  been  popular  in  Spain,  to  judge  by  the  comparative  fre 
quency  of  his  works.  Three  other  enamels  in  the  collection  shown  by  the  Coucle  de 
Valencia  de  Don  Juan  are,  however,  of  far  greater  interest  and  beauty.  The  first 
of  these  is  of  North  Italian  work  of  the  fifteenth  century,  a  circular  pectorial  medal 
lion,  with  a  hinged  front  displaying  both  sides  and  out  scenes  from  the  Passion 
painted  in  the  exquisite  style  characteristic  of  this  period  and  country,  and  of  which 
we  have  a  few  good  examples  in  the  British  Museum.  The  back  of  this  charming 
pendant  is  formed  of  a  plate  of  pearl  shell  engraved  with  the  Crucifixion,  and  every 
part  seems  in  perfect  preservation. 

The  two  other  enamels  are  of  Limoges,  the  more  important  being  a  brilliant  trip 
tych,  unsigned,  but,  doubtless,  by  Leonard  Limousin,  the  second  an  equally  brilliant, 
but  small  plaque,  painted  by  Pierre  Reymoud  in  1537,  with  the  Good  Shepherd  giv 
ing  crooks  to  the  shepherds,  and  the  exhortation  to  the  shepherds  is  inscribed  in 
two  panels  at  the  top.  The  triptych  represents  the  Last  Supper,  and  has  the  arms 
of  Lorraine  beneath,  quarterly  and  an  inescutcheon  of  pretence  of  Lorraine,  while 
on  the  wings  are  the  arms  of  Lorraine  (on  a  bend  three  alerions)  and  those  of  France, 
as  well  as  a  motto,  which  would  point  to  the  piece  having  been  made  for  a  person 
age  of  distinction.  The  Coude  de  Valencia  also  exhibits  a  large  and  interesting  series 
of  the  small  champleve"  enamel  plaques  from  horse  trappings,  most  of  which  have 
devices  of  an  armorial  character,  both  Moorish  and  Christain.  These  little  ornaments 
were  used  in  all  European  couutres  in  mediaeval  times,  and  a  large  number,  such  as 
are  to  be  found  here,  could  scarcely  fail  to  produce  some  interesting  results  if  time 
were  given  to  their  study. 

The  absence  of  any  large  number  of  Limoges  or  Italian  enamels  is  not  so  surpris 
ing  as  the  entire  want  of  Flemish  plate  of  the  period  of  Charles  V  or  earlier.  There 
are,  no  doubt,  some  pieces  which,  on  examination,  would  prove  to  be  of  Flemish  man 
ufacture,  but  there  is  certainly  nothing  like  a  display  of  such  objects,  and  it  seems 
scarcely  credible  that  great  quantities  of  church  plate  and  objects  of  domestic  use 
were  not  brought  from  Flanders,  a  country  where  art  of  this  kind  had  attained  to 
such  perfection. 

There  now  remains  to  notice  the  collections  of  pottery  which  are  confined  almost 
entirely  to  the  lustred  wares  so  well  known  and  so  highly  appreciated,  all  over  the 
world  for  their  decorative  qualities.  Before  describing  these,  however,  it  is  desir 
able  to  allude  to  an  altogether  unexpected,  though  by  no  means  unimportant,  exhibit 
of  mosque  lamps  of  pottery  and  glass  sent  by  the  Imperial  Ottoman  Museum  at  Con 
stantinople.  Of  the  pottery  lamps  the  most  curious,  though  the  least  ornamental, 
is  one  with  two  rows  of  handles,  covered  with  oil  gilding,  and  decorated  only  with 
two  narrow  bands  of  inscription  in  blue,  the  rest  of  the  surface  being  plain  white; 
probably  a  product  of  the  potteries  either  at  Cairo  or  Damascus.  Far  more  beautiful, 
and  of  unusually  large  size,  are  two  richly-colored  lamps  of  Rhodian  ware,  with 
bosses  round  the  lower  part  filled  with  elegant  arabesque  designs,  the  rest  of  the 
surface  covered  with  inscriptions  and  ornament.  The  red  and  turquoise  colors  are 
of  unusual  brilliancy,  and  the  execution  of  the  ornament,  as  well  as  the  outlines  of 
the  lamps  themselves,  leave  nothing  to  be  desired. 

Four  small  lamps,  painted  entirely  in  pale  blue,  though  neither  so  unusual  nor  so 
immediately  attractive,  are  fine  specimens  of  their  kind.  Their  principal  decora 
tion  consists  of  bands  of  ornamental  Cufic,  the  spaces  between  being  filled  with 
delicately-penciled  devices  that  recall  the  illuminated  Persian  manuscripts  of  the  fif 
teenth  century.  The  glass  lamps  seem  to  be  of  Venetian  manufacture,  and  probably 
of  the  fifteenth  or  early  sixteenth  century.  They  are  all  of  lace  glass  of  various 
patterns,  somewhat  coarse  in  make,  and  they  preserve  the  usual  form  of  the  mosque 
lamp.  In  addition  to  these,  there  are  two  trumpet-shaped  lamps  of  the  same  kind  of 
glass,  which  have  been  used  either  as  the  oil  receptacle  of  a  pottery  lamp  or  perhaps 
independently,  as  they  would  be  too  large  for  any  but  the  largest  size  of  lamp. 
Some  of  these  Venetian  lamps  have  been  thought  by  their  Mussulman  owners  to  be 


88  COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID. 

too  simple  in  style,  and  accordingly  they  have  been  painted  with  flowing  scrolls  in 
gold,  which  gives  them  rather  a  tawdry  appearance. 

Of  Spanish  wares  the  only  collections  of  any  note  are  those  of  the  Conde  de  Valen 
cia  de  Don  Juan,  Sefior  Don  Guillermo  de  Osnia,  and  of  the  Archaeological  Museum 
of  Madrid.  Unfortunately,  the  latter  collection  must  be  dismissed  with  but  little 
notice,  for  the  objects  were  arranged  in  panels  upon  the  walls  of  the  room,  reaching 
to  the  ceiling,  and  it  was  therefore  barely  possible  to  see  them,  and  quite  out  of  the 
question  to  examine  any  of  them  at  all  closely.  One  of  the  plates  is  said  to  have 
an  Arabic  word  written  upon  it,  a  most  unusual  thing,  bat  as  it  was  at  least  twelve 
feet  from  the  floor  it  was  not  possible  to  verify  this  statement,  which  has  already 
been  doubted.  Among  the  objects  nearer  at  hand  was,  however,  one  of  the  famous 
Alhambra  vases,  a  fine  specimen,  standing  more  than  4  feet  high,  but,  unfortu 
nately,  wanting  one  of  its  handles.  It  is  decorated  in  yellow,  or  pale  luster,  and 
blue,  with  a  profusion  of  arabesque  designs  and  inscriptions,  one  of  the  latter  refer 
ring  to  its  use  as  a  water  jar.  This  vase  came  from  the  parish  church  of  Hernos 
(Jaeu),  where  it  was  used  as  a  holy-water  vessel.  A  similar  story  is  told  of  an 
equally  fine  vase,  now  in  the  museum  at  Palermo.  Another  jar  of  Toledan  make  is 
interesting  as  bearing  the  name  of  the  maker.  It  is  an  oviform  vessel  of  common 
clay,  nearly  three  feet  in  height,  unglazed,  and  with  two  projecting  ears,  or  handles, 
on  the  shoulders.  The  ornament  consists  of  impressions  from  oblong  stamps,  with 
animals,  monsters,  etc.  Near  the  neck  are  impressed  three  stamps,  inscribed  in  black 
letter  "En  toled"  me  feci  dj°  perez."  This  dates  probably  from  the  sixteenth  century 

The  collections  of  the  Coude  de  Valencia  and  Senor  de- Osnia  are  shown  together, 
and  comprise  a  superb  series  of  the  lustered  wares  of  the  various  Spanish  factories,  a 
number  of  tiles,  interesting  for  their  devices  as  well  as  for  the-technical  processes  of 
their  manufacture,  and  a  large  and  unique  series  of  a  curious  ware  believed  to  have 
been  made  in  Andalusia  in  the  fifteenth  and  sixteenth  centuries,  but  of  which  the 
history  is  at  present  somewhat  uncertain.  Among  the  lustered  wares  the  most  remark 
able  pieces  are  two  dishes  painted  in  blue  and  luster,  with  figures  in  fantastic  cos 
tumes  of  the  fifteenth  century,  one  of  the  dishes  representing  a  fishing  scene,  carried 
round  the  dish  in  a  quaint  fashion.  Two  covered  bowls  are  also  worthy  of  remark, 
both  from  their  rarity  and  the  originality  of  their  design,  the  covers  being  of  the 
same-  shape  as  the  bowls,  but  somewhat  larger  in  the  mouth,  and  when  placed 
together  the  form  is  that  of  a  barrel  with  narrow  ends.  Many  other  pieces  of  this 
beautiful  series  deserve  mention,  if  space  permitted.  Tho  Aiidalusian  ware,  how 
ever,  is  less  known,  and  therefore  deserves  more  particular  notice.  Though  it  can 
scarcely  be  said  to  possess  so  great  a  charm  as  the  lustered  wares,  yet  it  has  an  origi 
nality  and  vigor  which  is  rarely  found  in  any  but  the  earliest  productions  of  Valencia 
and. Malaga.  It  recalls  in  appearance  the  Italian  sgramato  wares,  though  the  proc 
ess  of  manufacture  is  of  quite  a  different  character.  The  method  employed  is, 
however,  not  quite  clear,  but  seems  to  have  been  to  draw  the  outlines  of  the  design 
in  some  substance  which  was  thrown  off  in  the  furnace,  leaving  little  or  no  trace  of 
its  presence,  but  which,  before  the  firing,  possessed  an  antipathy  to  the  colored 
glaze  used  to  fill  up  the  design,  so  that  these  glazes  could  be  applied  close  up  to  the 
edge  of  the  outlines  without  in  any  instance  impinging  upon  them.  In  no  case  is 
the  clearness  of  the  outline  interfered  with,  though  it  is  rare  to  find  an  instance  of 
the  glaze  being  otherwise  than  close  to  its  edge.  The  glazes  are  thick  and  heavy, 
probably  with  a  base  of  tin,  and  the  colors  used  are  rich  and  full,  amber,  green, 
slaty  blue,  yellow,  and  manganese.  The  collection  comprises  five  large  dishes, 
twenty-four  small,  an  oviform  vase,  two  large  panels  with  the  arms  of  Castile-Leon 
and  Aragon-Sicily,  as  well  as  tiles.  The  designs  of  the  dishes  are  vigorously,  if  some 
what  coarsely,  drawn,  and  include  a  head  of  a  young  man  in  the  costume  of  the  late 
fifteenth  century,  a  deer  and  other  animals,  heraldic  lions,  and  motives  derived  from 
plants  and  trees.  Some  of  the  tiles  have  inscriptions  in  black  letter,  and  the  ovi 
form  vase  bears  the  legend,  "Mjel  rosado  coad,'7  honey  of  roses.  It  may  be  of  inter- 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION   AT    MADRID.  89 

est  to  mention  that  this  ware  is  being  imitated  in  Spain  at  the  present  time,  and  a 
good  many  examples  of  these  imitations  are  to  be  found  in  the  shops  in  Madrid ;  and 
though  the  character  of  the  work  lends  itself  easily  to  imitation,  there  are  essential 
differences  between  the  old  and  the  new. 

It  should  be  stated  that  in  addition  to  the  classes  of  objects  described  above,  the 
exhibition  contains  a  very  large  and  important  collection  of  charters,  illuminated 
manuscripts,  and  printed  books.  Among  the  latter  is  a  considerable  series  printed 
on  vellum;  the  former  include  a  number  of  early  charters  of  the  orders  of  the 
Knights  of  St.  John  of  Jerusalem,  the  Holy  Sepulcher,  Santiago,  and  of  Calatravas, 
an  early  manuscript  of  the  treatise  on  astronomy  by  Alfonso  the  Wise,  believed  to 
be  the  original,  besides  many  other  important  works  from  the  National  Library  and 
other  public  institutions. 


DESCRIPTION  OF  THE  OBJECTS  EXHIBITED 


THE  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM,  THE  UNITED  STATES  INDIAN 
INDUSTRIAL  SCHOOL,    THE    UNITED   STATES   NAVY  DEPARTMENT, 
THE  UNITED  STATES  ARMY  MEDICAL  MUSEUM,  THE  UNIVER 
SITY    OF    PENNSYLVANIA,    THE    ACADEMY    OF    NATURAL 
SCIENCES  OF  PHILADELPHIA,  THE  NUMISMATIC  AND 
ANTIQUARIAN   SOCIETY  OF  PHILADELPHIA,  THE 
UNITED    STATES    MINT,    AND    THE    UNITED 
STATES    POST-OFFICE     DEPARTMENT 

AT   THE 

COLUMBIAN  HISTORICAL  EXHIBITION  IN  MADRID, 


91 


CATALOGUE  OF  THE  DISPLAY  FROM  THE  DEPARTMENT  OF 
PREHISTORIC  ANTHROPOLOGY,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL 
MUSEUM. 


By  THOMAS  WILSON,  Curator. 


The  Department  of  Prehistoric  Anthropology  of  the  National  Museum 
was  represented  at  the  Exposicion  Historico- Americana,  Madrid,  1892, 
by  about  5,000  objects,  selected  from  the  department,  and  intended  to 
present  a  synopsis  of  aboriginal  industry.  The  objects  were  exposed 
in  nineteen  double  slope- topped  cases,  which  were  distributed  through 
out  the  main  hall  assigned  to  the  United  States  at  the  Exposition.  The 
objects  were  classified,  so  far  as  possible,  in  such  way  as  to  show  a 
series  of  implements  and  objects  in  each  case  or  in  each  portion  of  a 
case.  General  labels  descriptive  of  the  series  were  printed  in  Spanish 
and  distributed  in  their  appropriate  places.  A  description  of  the 
objects  displayed,  together  with  the  names  assigned  them,  the  material 
used,  the  mode  of  manufacture  and  probable  purpose,  is  attempted 
to  be  set  forth  in  the  following  pages. 

PALEOLITHIC  AGE. 

The  first  appearance  of  man  on  earth  has  been  assigned  in  Europe  to  the  Quater 
nary  Geologic  period ;  in  the  United  States  to  the  close  of  the  Glacial  Epoch,  though 
this  has  been  denied. 

The  Paleolithic  implements  are  the  first  known  works  of  man.  They  have  been 
found  over  the  world  in  the  Quaternary  deposits,  associated  many  times  with  the 
remains  of  extinct  animals  belonging  to  that  geologic  period.  The  different  epochs 
of  human  culture  of  the  Paleolithic  age  have,  in  western  and  southern  Europe,  received 
the  designations  of  Cave-bear,  Mammoth,  Reindeer,  Bison  epochs,  after  the  animals 
which  characterize  them,  and  after  the  deposits,  Alluvial  and  Cavern,  and  all 
after  the  localities,  Chelleen,  Moustierian,  Solutrien,  Madalenien  epochs.  They  are 
periods  represented  in  this  display. 

ALLUVIAL  PERIOD. 
CHELLEEN  EPOCH. 

Block  of  cemented  sand  and  gravel  from  the  Quaternary  gravels  of  the  river 
Marne  at  Chelles,  east  of  Paris,  in  which  Paleolithic  implements  have  been 
found.  Pieces  of  worked  flint  are  to  be  seen  in  it,  while  other  fragments  from 
the  loose  sands  beneath  are  by  its  side.  This  station  has  given  its  name  to  the 
earliest  epoch  of  the  Paleolithic  age. 

Seven  Chelleen  implements  from  the  Quaternary  gravels  of  southern  England. 
Similar  implements  have  been  found  on  the  surface.  They  are  of  the  flint  of  the 
country,  and  have  been  chipped  to  their  present  shape.  Many  of  them  show 
signs  of  use.  They  are  almond-shaped,  thick  in  proportion  to  their  width,  and 
have  the  cutting  edge  at  the  point. 


94  COLUMBIAN   HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT   MADRID. 

Four  Chelleen  implements  from  the  Quaternary  gravels  of  the  river  Somme  at  St. 
Acheul  and  Ameius,  northern  France ;  of  flint,  pointed,  almond-shaped,  crust  of 
pebble  left  for  grip,  and  with  cutting  edge  at  the  small  end.  (Fig.  1.) 


Fig.  1. 

PALEOLITHIC  IMPLEMENT  OF  FLINT. 
Chelleen  Epoch,  Alluvial  Period.     St.  Acheul,  France. 

Thirty  Chelleen  implements  from  different  localities  in  northern,  central,  southern, 
and  northwestern  France.  They  are  of  flint  and  have  the  same  general  form  as 
those  mentioned  from  England. 


Fig.  2. 

PALEOLITHIC  IMPLEMENT   (QUARTZITE.) 

From  near  Madras,  India. 

Three  Chelleen  implements  from  central  France,  of  the  usual  thick  almond  form. 
They  are  of  flint,  which,  from  weathering  or  exposure  to  the  chalk  bed,  have 
become  whitened.  In  the  highlands  of  the  interior  these  are  sometimes  found 
on  or  near  the  surface. 

Two  Chelleen  implements  from  the  gravels  of  the  river  Garonne,  near  Toulouse,  made 
from  quartzite  bowlders.  They  are  rudely  chipped,  and  thick,  and  the  cutting 
edge  is  at  the  point  as  in  other  paleolithic  implements.  They  resemble  the 
specimens  from  Piney  Branch,  near  Washington,  D.  C. 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID. 


95 


Two  smaller  Chelleeu  implements  of  quartzite,  from  the  celebrated  workshop  of 
Bois-du-Rocher  in  Brittany.  Discovered  by  MM.  Micault  and  Fornier.  These  are 
more  in  the  form  of  disks,  chipped  on  both  sides  and  to  an  edge  all  around. 

Paleolithic  implements  have  been  found  in  isolated  localities  throughout  northern 
Italy  and  in  Spain  and  Portugal.  These  specimens  are  from  Lake  Garda  in  the 
Tyrol.  (See  Cartaillac  for  locality.) 

Twenty  Paleolithic  implements  of  flint,  which,  with  many  others,  were  found  in  the 
foothills  on  the  left  border  of  the  Nile,  Egypt,  by  Prof.  H.  W.  Haynes,  of  Boston. 
He  received  a  bronze  medal  from  the  Association  Francaise  for  his  discovery. 

Four  Paleolithic  implements  from  the  Laterite  beds  near  Madras,  southwestern 
Hindostan,  Asia.  (Fig.  2.)  Similar  ones  have  been  found  near  Nerbuddah,  north 
western  Hindostan.  They  are  of  quartzite,  rudely  made,  but  have  the  usual 
characteristics  of  thickness  and  the  cutting  edge  at  the  smaller  end.  Also  3 
specimens  found  near  Yokohama,  Japan,  possibly  Paleolithic. 


CAVERN  PERIOD. 

Six  specimens  of  quartzite  chips  and  implements  of  human  art  work,  from  Cresswell 
Caves,  Yorkshire,  England,  associated  with  remains  of  Mammoth,  Rhinoceros, 
and  other  extinct  animals.  Collected  by  Prof.  W.  Boyd  Dawkius,  of  Manchester, 
England. 


Fig.  3. 

MOUSTIERIAN  POINT,  SPEAK  OR  OTHERWISE 

(FLINT). 
From  Cavern  of  Le  Moustier. 


Fig.  4. 

OPPOSITE  VIEW  OF  FIG.  3. 


Five  specimens  of  red  earth  from  lower  stratum  of  Rents  Cavern,  Torquay,  contain 
ing  tooth  of  Cave-Bear,  with  a  section  of  the  overlying  stalagmitic  deposit.  In 
this  were  found  teeth  of  Elephant,  Rhinoceros,  and  Hyena,  associated  with 
Chelleen  implements.  Collected  by  Mr.  W.  Pengelly,  of  Torquay,  England. 

MOUSTIERIAN  EPOCH. 

Seven  Moustierian  points  from  Cavern  of  Moustier,  France  (Figs.  3-4).  Scrapers 
the  same,  with  cutting  edge  on  the  side  and  not  at  the  end  (Figs.  5-6).  Cave- 
bear  tooth. 


96 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL   EXPOSITION   AT    MADRID. 


SOLUTRIEN  EPOCH. 

Twenty-five  specimens  of  flint,  9  of  bone,  from  Solutre',  near  Chalons-Sur-Sa6ne, 
France.  Horse  bones  abounded.  Reindeer  appear  during  this  epoch.  The 
chipped  edge  of  flint  scrapers  is  changed  from  the  side  to  the  end.  Two  kinds 
of  flint  points,  presumably  for  weapons,  are  found;  one  small,  rechipped  only 
on  the  back,  with  stem  and  shoulder  on  one  side,  the  other  the  leaf  shaped,  long, 
broad,  and  very  thin,  some  are  16  inches  wide  and  but  three-eighths  of  an  inch 
thick.  This  was  an  epoch  of  fine  flint  chipping. 

MADALENIEN   EPOCH. 

Eighteen  specimens  of  flint,  15  of  bone.  From  the  Rock-shelter  of  La  Madeleine, 
on  the  V6zere,  Dordogne,  France.  Flint  chipping  continued  during  this  epoch ; 
scrapers,  knives,  points,  and  flakes  are  found.  Bone  points,  daggers,  and  har 
poons  were  common.  The  man  of  this  epoch  was  an  artist.  More  than  400 
specimens  of  engraving  on  bone,  horn,  ivory,  and  stone  have  been  found  in  the 
Caverns  of  this  period. 


Fig.  5. 

MOUSTIERIAN  SCRAPER,  SHOWING  BULB  OF  PER 
CUSSION  (FLINT). 
'From  Chez  Pourfe. 


Fig.  6. 
OPPOSITE  SIDE  FIG.  5. 


EUROPEAN   PREHISTORIC    SKULLS   OF   THE    PALEOLITHIC    AGE. 

Cast  of  the  Neanderthal  Skull.  The  original  was  found  near  Dusseldorf,  Germany, 
and  is  now  at  the  University  of  Bonn,  discovered  by  Drs.  Schaifhausen  and 
Fuhlrott  in  1857.  Although  the  forehead  is  low  and  retreating,  the  skull  is  not 
small;  its  estimated  capacity  is  1,220  centimeters.  Its  cephalic  index  is  0.72. 
Many  persons  are  of  the  opinion  that  it  belongs  to  the  Moustierian  rather  than 
the  Chelleen  Epoch.  Its  great  antiquity  has  been  disputed,  but,  nevertheless, 
Prehistoric  anthropologists  have  given  its  name,  possibly  for  want  of  a  better, 
to  the  earliest  known  type  ot  the  human  race. 

Cast  of  the  Olmo  Skull,  from  the  celebrated  paleontological  deposit  of  the  Val 
d'Arno,  near  Florence,  Italy.  It  was  found  many  feet  beneath  the  surface  asso 
ciated  with  worked  flints,  horse  teeth,  and  mammoth  tusks,  all  of  which,  with 
the  original  skull,  are  in  the  Zoological  Museum  at  Florence.  The  skull  is 
claimed  to  have  belonged  to  the  Moustierian  Epoch  of  the  Paleolithic  Age.  It 
is  too  fragmentary  to  be  measured. 

Cast  of  Laugerie  Basse  Skull,  found  by  M.  Massenat,  of  Mailmont,  near  Brives 
(Correze),  France,  in  1872,  while  excavating  the  celebrated  prehistoric  caverns 
of  Laugerie  Basse  on  the  V6rzere.  Dordogne,  France.  The  skeleton  was  entire 
and  in  place.  It  was  on  its  side,  the  legs  drawn  up,  the  hands  placed  on  the 
side  of  the  head  and  neck.  It  was  considered  that  he  had  been  killed  under  a 
detached  and  fallen  rock.  It  is  in  the  possession  of  M.  Massenat.  The  Cavern 
belongs  to  the  Madelenien  epoch  of  the  Paleolithic  Age. 


Columbian  Historical  Exposition  at  Madrid. — Wilson. 


PLATE  I. 


- 


*?  WR 


•; 


PALEOLITHIC  IMPLEMENTS. 

Points  of  the  Solutrian  epoch,  leaf -shaped,  and  shouldered  on  one  side.     Cavern  period. 


Columbian  Historical  Exposition  at  Madrid. — Wilson. 


PLATE  II. 


PALEOLITHIC  IMPLEMENTS. 

Fig.  1.  Flint  scraper,  with  rounded  end.     La  Madeleine,  Dordogne,  France. 
Fig.  2.  Flint  flake;  probably  a  saw  or  knife.     La  Madeleine,  Dordogne,  France. 
Figs.  3  and  4.  Flint  gravers.     La  Madeleine,  Dordogne.  France. 
Figs.  5  and  0.  Flint  points  or  drills. 


Columbian  Histori'cai  Ex&ositoi  at  Madr.d.  —  Wilson. 


PALEOLITHIC  IMPLEMENTS. 

Fiff.  I.  En.aravina:  of  pike  on  canine  tooth  of  b^ar.    Grotto  of  Duruthy.  southwestern  . 

Fic.  e.  Enirraving  of  seal  on  canine  tooth  of  bear.    Grotto  of  Dorothy,  southwestern  France. 
Fig.  3.  Enffravings  of  a  man.  horses,  aurochs,  and  snake  or  eel  on  reindeer  horn.     La  Madeleine, 
Dordogne,  France. 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID.  97 

Cast  of  the  Engis  Skull,  discovered  by  Dr.  Schmerling  in  the  Cavern  of  Engis,  near 
Liege,  Belgium,  in  the  year  1833.  It  was  of  this  skull  that  Professor  Huxley 
said  that  it  might  have  belonged  to  a  savage  or  a  philosopher. 

NEOLITHIC  OR  POLISHED  STONE  AGE. 

The  name  Neolithic  was  given  by  Sir  John  Lubbock  to  the  later  stone  age  to  dis 
tinguish  it  from  the  earlier,  the  Paleolithic  or  Chipped  Stone  Age.  Many  of  the 
stone  implements,  after  being  chipped  or  pecked  into  shape,  were  smoothed  or  pol 
ished  by  grinding.  Some,  such  as  scrapers,  arrow  and  spear  heads,  were  always 
chipped  and  not  polished.  This  period  introduces  a  new  civilization — that  of  a 
sedentary  and  agricultural  people,  with  flocks  and  herds,  plants,  fruits,  textiles,  and 
pottery.  Tribal  organizations  were  formed,  religious  sentiments  manifested,  the 
dead  buried,  and  funeral  monuments  erected. 

Forty-four  flint  objects  from  workshops  in  Great  Britain  and  Ireland,  showing  the 
mode  of  manufacture.  Cores  and  flakes  of  black  flint  fitted  together  as  in  the 
original  block,  with  knapping  hammer,  from  modern  gun-flint  workshops  at 
Brandon,  Suffolk.  (Fig.  7.)  Prehistoric  blades  and  flakes,  scrapers,  discs, 
hatchets,  chisels,  and  poignards,  polished  and  partly  polished,  from  Cissbury, 
southern  England,  and  from  Ireland.  Arrowheads  of  various  forms. 


Fig.  7. 
FLINT  CORE,  WITH   ITS  BLADES  AS  STRUCK,  IN  PLACE. 

Brandon,  England.     Evans's  Ancient  Stoue  Implements  of  Great  Britain. 

Nineteen  worked  flint  implements  from  the  Prehistoric  workshops  of  Grand  Pres- 
signy,  near  Tours,  France.  Large  cores  (livres  du  beurre),  hammers,  blades, 
flakes,  daggers,  and  points.  All  of  the  yellow  flint  of  Grand  Pressigny. 

Eighteen  implements  and  objects  from  the  Prehistoric  flint  quarries  and  workshops 
of  Spiennes,  Belgium.  Unpolished  hatchets,  cores,  blades,  flakes,  hammers,  etc. 

Thirty-three  flint  implements,  many  of  them  from  Prehistoric  workshops  in  Scandi 
navia.  Cores,  hammers,  blades,  flakes,  scrapers,  crescents,  daggers,  arrow  and 
spear  heads. 

Sixty-two  flint  implements  and  objects  from  eastern  and  northern  Italy.  Small 
cores,  flakes,  scrapers,  discs,  points,  and  beautiful  arrowheads. 

Ten  flint  and  obsidian  cores  and  flakes.  From  Syria,  2  specimens ;  Island  of  Crete,  4 
specimens;  Island  of  Milo,  4  specimens. 

Seventy-one  flint  flakes  and  points  discovered  by  Mr.  W.  Flinders  Petrie  at  Kahun 
in  the  Fayum,  Lower  Egypt,  in  1889.  Many  of  these  show  signs  of  use.  They 
belong  to  the  time  of  Ameuentop  III,  of  the  Twelfth  Dynasty,  about  2650  B.  C., 
and  are  probably  the  earliest  Prehistoric  specimens  to  which  an  historical  date 
can  be  given. 

H.  Ex.  100 7 


98 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID. 


Seventeen  obsidian  cores  and  blades  from  Mexico  and  Central  America  (fig.  8).  The 
blades  are  thin,  sharp,  and  beautifully  made.  Large  Avorked  flakes,  scrapers, 
arrow  and  spear  heads  of  flint  and  obsidian. 


Fig.  8. 

OBSIDIAN  CORE  AND  FLAKES. 


Twelve  specimens  of  drilled  axes  from  Europe.  These  are  plentiful  in  the  Swiss 
lakes  and  in  Scandinavia.  In  Europe  the  drilled  axes  take  the  place  of  the 
American  grooved  axes.  These  specimens  show  different  kinds  of  drilling,  and 
different  stages  of  progress.  Some  were  drilled  from  one  side,  others  from 
both.  Some  have  been  drilled  with  a  hollow  bit,  and  a  number  of  entire  cores 
thus  made  are  shown.  These  implements  belonged  to  the  Neolithic  period,  but 
continued  into  the  Iron  Age. 

Six  chipped  stone  hatchets  from  Europe  and  Asia.     These  have  been  first  chipped 

into  shape  ready  for  grinding,  and 
then  polished.  The  series  shows 
the  process  of  manufacture.  The 
first  (fig.  9)  is  rudely  and  the  sec 
ond  (fig.  10)  finely  chipped;  the 
third  (fig.  11)  is  partly  and  the 
fourth  (fig.  12)  entirely  polished; 
the  fifth  (fig.  13)  is  rechipped  to 
an  edge  and  the  sixth  (fig.  14) 
reground. 

Stone  hatchets  in  process  of  manufac 
ture,  chipped  but  not  yet  ground  or 
polished,  from  the  United  States 
of  America.  Similar  objects  be 
longing  to  prehistoric  times  are 
found  in  nearly  every  country. 
Polished  stone  hatchets  are  representa 
tive  implements  of  the  Neolithic 
period  throughout  the  world. 
They  vary  greatly  in  size.  They 
were  intended  for  the  same  general 
purpose  as  the  grooved  ax,  and  the 
same  remarks  as  to  material  and 

mode  of  manufacture  apply.  On  the  coast  and  among  the  islands  similar  hatchets 
were  made  of  shell  (fig.  16).  Polished  stone  hatchets  were  inserted  in  wooden 
handles,  though  in  the  Lake  Dwellings  of  Switzerland  horn  was  used  as  {in  inter 
mediary.  Nearly  every  country  is  represented.  Eighteen  specimens  from  Europe; 
9  specimens  from  Asia;  11  specimens  from  the  United  States  and  Canada  (fig. 
15);  2  specimens  from  Mexico;  6  specimens  from  Central  America;  6  specimens 
from  West  Indies;  5  specimens  from  South  America.  Total,  57  specimens. 


Fig.  9.  Fig.  10. 

POLISHED  STONE  HATCHETS  OF  FLINT. 
Showing  process  of  manufacture,  Europe  (after  Mortillet). 


Columbian  Historical  Exposition  at  Madrid. — Wilson. 


PLATE  V. 


Columbian  Historical  Exposition  at  Madrid.— Wilson. 


PLATE  VI. 


PALEOLITHIC  (?)  IMPLEMENTS  FROM  THE  DISTRICT  OF  COLUMBIA.    QUARTZITE. 

Chipped  on  both  sides. 
(Half  natural  size.) 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID. 


99 


UNITED   STATES  OF  AMERICA. 

EVIDENCES    OF   THE   EXTREME   ANTIQUITY   OF    MAN. 

The  existence  of  man  on  the  American  continent  during  a  stage  of  culture  corre 
sponding  to  the  Paleolithic  period  in  Europe  has  been  the  subject  of  much  dispute 
among  American  anthropologists  and  geologists.  The  investigations  in  this  respect 
in  the  United  States  of  America  have  not  been  so  profound  as  in  Europe,  and  anthro 
pologists  are  not  unanimous  concerning  the  conclusions  to  be  drawn  therefrom.  The 
contemporaneity  of  the  periods  in  the  two  hemispheres  has  not  been  universally 
accepted,  nor  has  the  relationship  of  the  men  who  made  or  used  the  implements  been 
established. 
Implements  similar  in  form,  style,  and  manufacture  to  those  of  the  Paleolithic  age 

from  European  countries  have  been  found  in  the  United  States,  which,  if  found 

in  Europe,  would  be  accepted  as  belonging  to  that  age.     These  have  been  found 

by  the  hundred  in  every  section  of 

the  United  States  on  the  surface  and 

at  varying  depths  in  the  gravels  of 

several  rivers,  and  in  the  Pleistocene 

deposits.  Flint,  argillite,  andquart- 

zite  were  the  materials  mostly  used. 

The  implements  are  rude  and  thick 

and  always  chipped.     Twenty-one 

implements  from  every  part  of  the 

United  States  are  shown. 
Fossil  human  thorax.     Seven  vertebra 

with    corresponding  ribs  and  ster 
num,  from   Osprey,  Sarasota   Bay, 

Manatee  County,  Fla.      The  bones 

are  fossilized.     They  were  found  on 

the  seashore  incased  in   indurated 

ferruginous   sandstone.       The  two 

pieces  of  stone  belong  together  and 

form  one  subject ;  they  were  broken 

in  extraction.     The  sandstone  was 

overlaid  by  surface  deposits  1|  to  3 

feet.     Geologists   assign  it  to  the 

Quaternary     period.        Found     by 

Judge  John  G.  Webb. 
Fossilized  human  skull,  turned  to  iron.    From  Osprey,  Manatee  County,  Fla.    Found 

in  1868  at  a  depth  of  2  or  3  feet  in  the  undisturbed  subsoil  in  proximity  to  a 

shell  heap.     The  skull  was  accidentally  broken  at  its  discovery.     The  skeleton 

was  in  place.     The  bones  were  sent  forward,  but  some  of  them  were  lost.     Part 

of  them  are  now  in  the  Peabody  Museum.     The  skull  and  other  bones  were 

turned  to  limouite   (hydrous  sesquioxide  of  iron)  by  process  of  fossilization. 

The  measurements  of  the  skull  are :  Glabella  to  occipital  protuberance,  170  mm. ; 

breadth  above  the  auditory  meatuses,  131  mm.;  breadth  of  the  forehead  at  tem 
poral  ridges,  102  mm.     Found  by  Judge  John  G.  Webb. 
Fossilized  human  thigh  bone,  changed  to  iron.     A  piece  of  limonite  (hydrous  ses- 

quioxide  of  iron)  containing  a  portion  of  a  human  thigh  bone  which  has  itself 

been  changed  to  limonite.    From  Sarasota  Bay,  Florida.    Collected  by  Col.  Joseph 

Wilcox,  of  Philadelphia. 
.Rock  formation  from  Sarasota  Bay,  Florida,  containing  fossilized  shell  of  (1)  Venus, 

(2*)  Pecten,  (3)  Fasciolaria  tulipa,  and  others  overlying  the  limouite  formation 

containing  the  human  remains  from  the  same  locality.     These  shells  belong  to 

the   Quaternary  Geologic  period  as  well  as  to  the  recent.     Collected  by  Col. 

Joseph  Wilcox,  of  Philadelphia- 


Fig.  11. 


Fig.  12. 


POLISHED  STONE  HATCHETS  OF  FLINT. 

Showing  process  of  inanufiicture,  Kurope  (after  Mortillet). 


100 


COLUMBIAN   HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID. 


Fossil  pyrula  shell,  bearing  a  prehistoric  engraving  of  a  mastodon.  This  shell  was 
found  in  a  peat  bed  near  Claymont,  Del.,  by  Mons.  Surault.  It  was  associated 
with  prehistoric  objects  of  stone  and  bone.  It  bears  an  engraving  or  etching  in 
outline  of  a  Mastodon,  and  has  every  appearance  of  antiquity.  The  species  of 
shell  is  native  to  the  Atlantic  coast  of  the  Southern  United  States. 
Chert  implements  of  human  manufacture  said  to  have  been  taken  from  the  Equus  beds 
of  San  Diego,  Tex.  The  Equus  beds  belong  to  the  Quaternary  Geologic  period 
and  contain  fossil  bones  of  the  Mylodon,  Megalonyx,  Equus,  Elephas,  and  other 
extinct  animals.  Late  investigations  by  Mr.  IT.  C.  Mercer  causes  the  belief  that 
these  implements  were  on  and  not  in  the  Equus  deposits. 

Prehistoric  implements  found  in  the  auriferous  gravels  under  Table  Mountain,  Cali 
fornia.  In  past  geologic  ages,  the  Stanislaus  River  ran  in  a  diiferent  channel,  2  or 
3  miles  distant  from  the  present  channel,  and  at  nigh  2,000  feet  greater  altitude. 
This  ancient  channel  was  of  coarse  gravels  brought  down  from  the  mountain, 
and  they  contain  the  gold  that  has  given  the  State  the  name  of  El  Dorado.  The 

gravels  reached  a  thickness  in  many  places 
of  200  feet,  and  became  indurated,  possibly 
the  result  of  an  outflow  of  volcanic  mud  or 
cement.  After  this  an  eruption  of  volcanic 
basalt  ran  down  the  stream,  filled  the  chan 
nel,  and  covered  it  and  the  adjacent  country 
with  a  sheet  of  lava  hundreds  of  feet  in 
thickness.  It  is  sometimes  divided  into 
layers.  This  eruption,  aided  possibly  by 
subsequent  glaciers,  displaced  the  stream 
and  drove  it  to  its  present  channel.  All 
this  happened  at  such  a  distant  period  of 
time  as  that  the  new  channel  has  since  been 
eroded  nigh  2,000  feet  below  the  lava  cap. 
The  gravels  in  the  ancient  channels  are  now 
pierced  by  shafts  and  tunnels  in  search  of 
gold.  These  explorations  are  declared  to 
have  brought  to  light  human  and  animal 
remains  and  objects  of  human  industry, 
which,  if  true,  demonstrates  the  high  an 
tiquity  of  man  in  America. 

Mortars  and  pestles.  From  under  the  lava  beds  of  Table  Mountain,  California.  This 
mortar  and  pestle  were,  with  other  stone  mortars  and  several  obsidian  spearheads, 
found  by  Mr.  J.  H.  Neale  in  the  Montezuma  Tunnel,  1,500  feet  distant  from  its 
mouth  and  300  feet  under  the  solid  lava  cap  of  Table  Mountain.  Collected  by 
Dr.  R.  I.  Bromley,  of  Sonora,  Cal.,  and  Mr.  George  F.  Becker,  Geological  Survey, 
Washington,  D.  C.  (Bui.  Geol.  Soc.  Amer.,  Vol.  II,  p.  189.) 

Calaveras  skull.  From  "The  auriferous  gravels  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  California.'7 
(Mem.  Museum  Comp.  Zoology,  Harvard  College,  by  J.  D.  Whitney.)  This  broken 
skull  was  found  in  Calaveras  County,  Cal.,  February,  1866,  in  the  auriferous 
gravels  132  feet  beneath  the  surface,  in  a  shaft  while  digging  for  gold.  There 
were  four  layers  of  volcanic  lava  over  it,  40,  30,  15,  and  9  feet,  respectively,  with 
intermediate  layers  of  gravel.  According  to  Professor  Whitney  it  was  a  Plio. 
cene  deposit;  others  have  denied  this  and  have  assigned  it  to  a  much  later  date, 
but,  without  discussing  the  age  of  the  deposit,  it  is  believed  to  be  of  high  antiquity 
and  belonged  to  a  past  geologic  period.  The  authenticity  of  the  skull  has  been 
attacked,  but  favorable  evidence  is  accumulating;  objects  of  undoubted  human 
industry  are  being  found  in  the  same  horizon,  and  disbelief  in  its  genuineness  is 
passing  away.  The  original  skull  is  in  the  Museum  of  Comparative  Zoology  at 
Harvard  College,  Cambridge,  Mass. 


Fig. 13. 


Fig.  14. 


POLISHED   STONE   HATCHETS   OF  FLINT. 


Showing  process  of  manufacture,  Europe  (after  Morti 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID. 


101 


Polished  stone  pestle.  This  implement  came  from  the  cemented  auriferous  gravel 
under  the  basalt  or  lava  cap  of  Table  Mountain,  California.  The  finder  was  Mr. 
Clarence  King,  then  director  of  the  Geological  Survey  of  the  United  States. 
He  found  it  in  place  while  searching  for  fossils.  It  is  fine-grained  diabase.  No 
doubt  can  exist  as  to  the  authenticity  of  the  implement,  its  being  of  human 
industry,  or  its  extraction  from  the  original  place  of  deposit. 

Stone  implements  from  the  auriferous  gravels  of  California.  These  are  enigmas  of 
prehistoric  science  in  North  America.  If  any  reliance  can  be  placed  in  human 
testimony,  we  must  believe  that  these,  with  mortars  and  similar  objects  to  the 
number  of  several  hundred,  have  been  found  under  volcanic  lava  beds,  and  that 
they  belong  to  a  past  Geologic  period.  If  thus  found,  they  are  among  the 
earliest  known  implements  made  by  man,  and  yet  they  would  seem  to  be  of  the 
Neolithic  or  Polished  Stone  civilization,  and  so  would  belong  to  prehistoric  man 


56 


Fig.  15. 

POLISHED  STONE  HATCHETS. 

56,  hematite,  Ohio;  57,  greenstone,  Indiana;  58,  syenite,  Illinois;  59,  greenstone,  Tennessee;  60,  chloritic  slate,  Tennessee  mound; 
61,  yellow  flint,  Louisiana;  62,  greenstone,  North  Carolina. 

in  the  present  Geologic  period.  The  objects  are  mortars  and  pestles  of  hard 
stone,  obsidian  leaf-shaped  implements,  steatite  bowls,  ladles,  and  platters, 
hammers  or  sinkers  with  a  pecked  groove  around.  These  contradictions  must 
await  the  investigation  of  the  geologist  and  paleontologist  as  Avell  as  the 
archaeologist. 

Obsidian  spearhead  from  the  Walker  River  Canyon,  in  the  extinct  Quaternary  Lake 
Lahontan.  Found  by  Mr.  W  J  McGee,  of  the  Geological  Survey,  in  undis 
turbed  clay  deposits,  25  feet  beneath  the  surface,  and  "associated  in  such  manner 
with  the  bones  of  an  elephant  or  mastodon  as  to  leave  no  doubt  as  to  their  having 
been  buried  at  approximately  the  same  time."  (Geological  History  of  Lake 
Lahontau,  Vol.  XI,  p.  246.)  Professor  Gilbert,  chief  of  the  geologic  work,  says 
( Anthrop.  Journal,  Washington,  Vol.  II,  October,  1889,  p.  312) :  "  This  object  was 
indubitably  made  by  man ;  was  from  a  well-determined  date  (the  second  occupa 
tion  by  an  ice  sheet  of  the  Laurentian  basin).  It  was  found  in  situ  and  by  a 
trained  observer,  who  recognized  the  importance  of  his  discovery  before  he  dis 
turbed  the  matrix  inclosing  the  implement." 


102 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID. 


The  second  obsidian  spearhead  was  found  in  the  debris  of  an  excavation  in  Mono 
Lake,  California,  in  marJsof  the  same  age  as  those  of  the  Walker  River  Canyon, 
and  which  Mr.  McGee  says  are  " presumptively  Quaternary." 

The  third  obsidian  spearhead  was  found  projecting  from  the  face  of  a  precipice  of 
Columbia  (early  Quaternary)  loam  at  tlie  head  of  Chesapeake   I'.ay,  Maryland. 
These  objects  were  all  collected  by  Mr.  McGee,  who,  while  admitting  their  evident 
human  origin,  does  not  accept  them  as  evidence  of  the  contemporaneous  exist 
ence  of  man. 

Obsidian  spearheads.      These,  with  other  prehistoric  implements,  are  found  in  abun 
dance  in  the  sandy  bed  of  an  extinct  lake  in 

254-  southeastern  Oregon.    It  has  been  named  Fossil 

Lake,  from  the  number  of  fossil  remains  of  birds 
and  animals  found  therein  belonging  to  the 
Quaternary  Geologic  period.  The  implements 
are  so  intimately  associated  with  the  fossils  as 
to  indicate  their  contemporaneous  deposit. 
Two  specimens,  collected  by  Prof.  E.  1).  Cope. 
Section  of  prehistoric  rock  -  shelter,  Claymont 
(Naaman's  Creek),  Del.  The  structure  is  shown 
in  the  sectional  drawing.  There  was  a  cavity 

255 


Fig.  16. 

SHELL  HATCHETS. 
Like  those    of  polished  stone:  254,  Florida;  255,  Kentucky. 

in  the  solid  rock  20  or  30  feet  wide  and  5  or  fi  feet  deep.  It  has  been  occupied  by 
prehistoric  man,  and  the  various  layers,  with  their  debris,  show  the  different 
periods.  Layers  B,  D,  F,  and  H  contained  prehistoric  implements,  of  which 
those  in  the  three  trays  B,  D,  and  H  are  samples.  The  upper  layers  contained 
arrowheads,  pottery,  and  objects  identical  with  the  neolithic  culture,  while  the 
lower  layers  contained  large,  rude  implements  resembling  those  of  paleolithic 
culture.  Collected  by  Dr.  Hilborn  T.  Cresson,  of  Philadelphia. 

Tray  I,  Layer  B  : 

Paleoliths,  quartzite 2 

Paleoliths,  argillite 6 

Tray  II,  Layer  D  : 

Small,  rudely   chipped   implements,   arrow    and    spear  heads,  broken 

points,  flakes,  etc 35 

Tray  III,  Layer  H  : 

Small,  rude  implements  of  quartzite,  jasper,  etc.,  arrow   and   spear 
heads,  scrapers,  worked  flakes,  lower  part  of  polished  hatchet,  and 

fragment  of  pottery 38 

(See  Proceedings  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  Vol.  XXIV,  p.  141  et  seq.) 

Rough,  chipped,  unpolished  stone  axes  or  adzes,  notched  on  both  edges,  many 
specimens  showing  that  the  notches  were  used  by  means  of  a  withe  or  thong 
apparently  for  the  attachment  of  a  handle.  They  are  mostly  of  porphyritic 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION   AT    MADRID. 


103 


felsite  (fig.  17),  quartzite  (fig.  18),  and  hard  clay  slate.     These  are  found  princi 
pally  on  the  Atlantic  seaboard  from  Massachusetts  to  Georgia,  though  they  have 


Fig.  17. 

RUDE  NOTCHED  AX. 

District  of  Columbia.     Quartzite.     Half  natural  size. 


Fig.  18. 

RUDE  NOTCHED  AX,  PORPHYRITIC  FELSITE. 
Ki.leigh,  N.  C. 


been  found  in  the  West.     They  may  have  been  the  precursor  or  ancestor  of  the 
grooved  stone  axe  of  North  America. 


104 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID. 


PREHISTORIC    IMPLEMENTS    OF   USUAL   FORM. 

Scrapers.  These  are  of  various  forms  and  material  (fig.  19).  (a)  Disk  shaped,  chip 
ped  both  sides  and  all  around.  (6)  Long  round  end,  the  scraping  edge  beveled 
from  one  side,  the  lower  surface  being  formed  by  a  continuous  fracture.  This  form 
is  common  all  over  the  world  and  has  continued  without  change  from  prehistoric 
into  modern  times,  the  Eskimo  of  to-day  using  similar  implements  inserted  in 


Fig.  19. 

SCRAPERS. 

38,  gray  flint,  Texas  ;  39,  hornstone,  Ohio  ;  40,  yellow  jasper,  Ohio,  with  arrowhead  stem  ;  41,  chalcedony,  Texas,  chipped  round. 


wooden  or  ivory  handles.  (Mason,  Aboriginal  Skin  Dressing,  Rep.  IT.  S.  National 
Museum,  1889,  p.  553,  PI.  LXXII  to  LXXIX.)  (c)  Forms  peculiar  to  the  United 
States  are  stemmed,  notched,  and  shouldered,  and  their  similarity  to  arrow  and 
spear  heads  suggests  a  secondary  use  of  broken  specimens.  The  scraping  edges 
of  these,  unlike  class  &,  are  chipped  from  both  sides.  Twelve  specimens. 

75 

76 


Fig.  20. 

GROOVED  STONE  AXES. 

72  greenstone,  Massachusetts,  groove  all  around;    73,  greenstone,  Arizona,  flat  back;   74,  greenstone,  South  Carolina,  groove  all 
around,  projecting  ridges;  75,  Wisconsin,  oblique  groove;  76,  greenstone,  Alaska,  square  with  flat  b:ick. 

Grooved  stone  axes  (fig.  20)  are  distributed  throughout  the  United  States,  and  are 
not  found  in  Europe.  The  groove  is  transverse  and  was  for  the  attachment  of  a 
handle  by  a  thong  or  withe.  The  material  differs  with  the  locality,  but  granite, 
trap,  and  rocks  that  would  not  flake  were  used.  Water-worn  pebbles  served  as 
well  as  quarried  rock.  They  were  chipped  or  pecked  into  shape  according  to 
material,  and  if  smoothed  or  polished  it  was  done  by  rubbing  or  grinding. 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION   AT    MADRID. 


105 


Grooved  stone  axes  have  been  classified  as  follows:    (1)  Grooved  either  wholly 
or  partially,  some  with  projecting  wings.     (2)  Flat  back  for  insertion  of  tight 
ening  wedge.     (3)   Double  bitted.     (4)  Hematite  from  valleys  of  Mississippi 
River  and  its  tributaries.     (5)  Actinolite  from 
the  Pueblos  of  the  Southwest.      (6)   Winged 
and  horned,  from  the  West  Indies  and  Central 
America.     (7)  Longitudinal  flutings  on  the  bit. 
Eighteen  specimens. 

Eight  specimens  of  grooved  stone  axes  from  Central 
and  South  America  and  West  Indies.  There  is 
a  certain  resemblance  between  the  grooved  axes 
of  these  countries  and  those  of  the  United 
States,  while  they  bear  no  resemblance  to  Euro 
pean  implements.  They  are  chipped  or  pecked 
into  shape  and  then  ground  or  polished  as  in 
the  United  States.  The  grooves  are  different, 
forming  wings  or  horns,  while  the  edge  is  prac 
tically  the  same. 

Mauls.  Large,  quartzite  pebbles  bearing  a  groove 
for  attachment  of  handle  by  means  of  a  withe 
(fig.  21).  These  were  used  in  the  mines  and 
quarries  to  break  open  the  rock.  They  are 
principally  from  Lake  Superior  and  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

Adzes.     These  are,  apparently,  only  a  variation  in  form  and  use  from  the  grooved 
ax  and  polished  stone  hatchet  and  gouge.     They  are  rare.     Their  distribution 


Fig.  21. 

GROOVED  MAUL  OP  GRANITE. 
Colorado.     Weight,  11  pounds. 


Fig.  22. 

CHISELS,  GOUGES.  AND   ADZES. 

63,  chisel,  dionte,  Ohio;  64,chisel,  lydite,  New  York  ,  65,  chisel,  basalt,  Unalaska  ;  66,  gouge,  hornstone,  New  York  ;  67,  gouge,  Penn 
sylvania  ,  68,  gouge,  greenstone,  Massachusetts ,  69,  adz,  hornstone,  British  Columbia  ;  70,  adz,  greenstone,  Oregon ;  71,  adz,  serpen. 
tine,  Nortnwest  Coast. 


in  the  United  States  seems  to  be  limited  to  the  northeast  Atlantic  and  northwest 
Pacific  coast  (fig,  22,  69-71). 


106 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID. 


Gouges.  These  are  similar  to  the  grooved  axes  and  polished  stone  hatchets  in  mate 
rial,  mode  of  manufacture,  and  in  every  way  except  form.  They  were  probably 
handled  and  used  in  the  same  manner.  Those  of  the  southern  coast  and  the 
West  Indies  are  of  shell.  They  are  more  plentiful  in  the  Atlantic  States,  and 
are  perhaps  confined  to  that  area  (fig.  22,  66-68). 

Chisels.  These,  as  will  be  apparent  from  examination  of  the  figures,  are  but  varia 
tions  of  the  polished  stone'hatchet.  Indeed,  if  the  hatchet  without  a  handle  be 
taken  in  the  hand  and  used  in  connection  with  the  mallet,  no  reason  is  seen  why, 
except  in  size,  it  and  the  chisel  may  not  have  served  the  same  purpose.  They 
are  brought  to  a  smaller  or  narrower  edge  than  was  the  hatchet.  The  sides, 
whether  round  or  square,  are  nearer  parallel,  while  the  head  is  not  pointed  but 
is  large  enough  to  receive  a  blow  from  the  mallet.  Nos.  63  (diorite  from  Ohio) 
and  64  (lydite  from  New  York)  are  typical  chisels  from  the  interior  eastern 
States,  while  64  (of  basalt  and  of  a  peculiar  shape)  is  marked  in  the  collection  as 
an  "  ice  chisel,"  from  Unalaska  Island. 

Bunts.  An  arbitrary  name  given  to  this  object, 
having  no  relation  to  any  supposed  use. 
They  resemble  somewhat  the  chipped  and 
unpolished  stone  hatchet.  They  are  of  white 
chert  of  Missouri  and  Illinois,  but  are  peculiar 
in  that  they  are  flat  on  one  side,  showing 
the  fracture  from  the  nucleus  unwrought,  all 
chipping  being  on  the  opposite  side,  after  the 
manner  of  scrapers. 

Caches.  Chipped  implements  of  leaf-shaped  and 
other  forms  have  been  found  en  cache  in 
various  parts  of  the  United  States.  Most  of 
them  are  leaf-shaped  in  form,  though  some 
are  oval  and  others  round.  Many  are  of  Hint, 
quite  thin,  and  finely  finished;  others  of 
quartzite,  are  larger  and  naturally  ruder. 
Some  of  chalcedony  have  been  wrought  into 
spearheads  with  stem  and  barb.  They  are 
larger  than  usual  and  evidently  completed 
weapons.  No  explanation  yet  given  will 
satisfactorily  account  for  them  in  their  con 
dition.  They  were  placed  in  the  cache  in 
different  positions,  but  always  with  reg 
ularity,  on  the  fiat,  or  edge,  in  circles  or 
parallelograms,  separate  or  overlapping. 
The  number  in  the  caches  vary  from  10  to 
100  or  200,  though  that  in  Mound  No.  2, 
Hopewell  farm,  near  Chillicothe,  Ohio, 
contained  7,232.  (See  fig.  9,  Mr.  Mercer's 
report. ) 

Sixty-one  argillite  leaf-shaped  implements,  part  of  a  cache  of  95  found  at  Marshall- 
ton,  Chester  County,  Pa.,  by  Mr.  Edward  T.  Ingram,  in  1890  (fig.  23).  The 
cache  is  sought  to  be  reproduced  and  the  implements  shown  as  in  the  original 
deposit.  The  top  layer  was  disturbed  by  the  plow. 

A  cache  of  leaf-shaped  quartzite  implements  from  the  bank  of  the  River  Wautanga, 
Carter  County,  northwest  Tennessee.  It  consists  of  18  pieces,  7£  to  9  inches  in 
length,  3  to  3£  in  width,  and  five-eighths  to  seven-eighths  in  thickness.  They 
were  buried  2  feet  below  the  surface,  laid  on  the  flat  side  and  arranged  in  a  cir 
cle  with  the  points  to  the  center,  the  cache  being  about  2  feet  in  diameter.  The 
hole  in  which  they  were  deposited  was  dug  through  the  soil  and  into  the  hard 
yellow  clay.  Nothing  was  found  associated  with  them,  although  there  was  an 
aboriginal  cemeterv  in  the  neighborhood.  Deposited  bv  Thomas  Wilson. 


•f 

Fig.  23. 


AKGIKLITK   LEAF-SHAPED   IMPLEMKNT. 


Cache  in  Chester  County,  Pa. 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID. 


107 


53 


Fig.  24. 

CHIPPED  FLINT  DISK. 
Cache  in  Cas.s  County,  111. 


A  cache  of  clialcedoiiic  spearheads  from  the  valley  of  the  Little  Missouri,  Pike 
County,  southwest  Arkansas.  The  excavation  in  which  they  were  buried  was 
in  yellow  clay  at  2  or  3  feet  deep.  They  were  laid  side  by  side  with  edges 
overlapping.  They  varied  in  size  from  5^  to  9  inches  in  length,  2£  to  3£  in  width, 
and  one-half  to  five-eighths  in  thickness.  Deposited  by  Thomas  Wilson. 

Chipped  flint  disks.  These  are  peculiar  to  the 
Mississippi,  Ohio,  Tennessee,  and  Cumber 
land  River  valleys.  Their  use  is  unknown. 
They  are  of  coarse,  black  flint,  made  from 
nodules,  are  always  chipped,  never  pol 
ished,  and  the  edges  sometimes  show  signs 
of  wear  (fig.  24).  They  have  usually  been 
found  cached  in  mounds  and  other  pre 
historic  works.  These  implements  have 
been  found  in  Ohio  in  caches  contain 
ing  8,000  specimens,  in  Illinois  of  5,000, 
3,500,  down  to  50. 

Prehistoric  quarries  and  workshops  at  Flint 
Ridge,  in  Licking  County,  Ohio,  near  the 
eastern  boundary,  equidistant  from  the 
towns  of  Newark  and  Zanesville.  Flint 
Ridge  is  a  stratum  of  flint,  continuous  with 
the  ferruginous  limestone  of  southeastern 
Ohio,  lying  on  the  Putnam  Hill  sandstone 
of  the  Ohio  survey.  The  stratum  of  flint 
is  from  4  to  8  feet  in  thickness  and  from  4 
to  10  feet  beneath  the  surface.  It  is  about 
8  miles  east  and  west  and  2  miles  north  and 

south.  It  is  irregular  in  shape,  having  been  much  eroded  by  small  streams.  The 
prehistoric  quarries  were  made  by  sinking  shafts  through  the  surface  clay  and 
then  working  out  the  flint  by  means  of  fire  and  water.  The  pieces  were  broken 
up  and  carried  to  the  workshops  in  the  immediate  neighborhood  and  there  worked 
into  utensils  and  implements,  making  or  leaving  the  debris  of  material  both  of 
which  are  here-shown: 

Hammers 8 

Material 4 

Large  chipped  implements  (rude) 14 

Small  chipped  implements  (rude) 40 

Leaf  shaped  implements  (thin) 16 

Perforators,  scrapers,  arrowheads,  etc 37 

Cores...* 16 

Flakes 41 

176 

Trays,  containing  flint  chips,  implements,  arrowheads,  etc.,  showing  the  distribution 
of  material  in  the  workshops. 

Some  localities  of  the  neighborhood  were  strewn  with  ruder  and  heavier  material, 
while  others  had  a  profusion  of  small  and  fine  chips,  flakes,  and  debris.  The  latter 
were  mostly  on  the  high  blutfs  overlooking  the  valleys  below,  and  from  which 
position  one  could  see  far  over  the  adjoining  country.  On  these  points  the  flints, 
chips,  flakes,  etc.,  were  in  such  profusion  as  to  prevent  the  grass  forming  a  sod. 
I  chose  one  of  these  spots  and  dug  it  out  10  by  12  inches  square,  14  inches  deep 
to  the  bottom  of  all  flint  debris  and  then  washed  out  the  earth.  The  flints 
were  7  inches  deep  and  the  earth  7  inches  —  half  and  half.  The  specimens  from 
this  hole  are. shown  in  the  two  trays  in  the  case.  They  are  as  follows: 


108 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION   AT   MADRID. 


Complete  and  perfect  arrowheads . 
Leaf-shaped : 

Perfect 

Imperfect 


9 
16 


Cores :  Finely  wrought 

Rude  lumps  of  flint 

Debris: 

Hard-burnt  clay,  small 2 

Pebbles,  not  flint,  small 13 

Bits  of  wood,  small 5 

Chips  and  spawls,  flint 3, 149 


51 


25 
15 

lit 


3,169 
Total  contents  of  hole 3,294 

Hammer  stones  are  smooth,  flat,  or  oval  pebbles,  nodules  or  rude  pieces  of  broken 
stone,  usually  of  the  material  nearest  at  hand,  used  as  hammers  or  pounding 
stones  for  striking  flakes,  chips,  etc.,  from  a  core  or  nucleus,  or  for  pounding  or 
pecking  (attrition),  by  means  of  which  stone  implements  are  made  into  the 
desired  shape  (fig.  25).  They  are  usually  taken  loosely  in  the  hand  and,  if  a 
rude  piece,  by  turning  so  as  to  present  a  new  surface  for  each  blow,  the  corners 
are  gradually  worn  off,  and  the  hammer  becomes  round ;  if  a  smooth  pebble,  the 
edges  become  roughened.  Specimens  which  have  served  as  hammers  show  a 
small  cup  marking  or  depression  on  one  or  both  sides,  which  have  been  thought 
to  be  for  reception  of  thumb  and  finger.  Their  distribution  is  general  throughout 
all  prehistoric  ages  and  countries. 


82 


81 


Fig.  25. 

HAMMER  AND  PITTED  STONES. 


80  to  82,  %  size.     80,  quart 


,  Ridge,  Ohio. 


Pitted  stones  are  mostly  flat  or  oval  pebbles,  the  larger  proportion  of  which  in  the 
eastern  United  States  are  of  quartzite  (fig.  25).  They  are  similar  in  size  and 
appearance  to  some  hammer  stones.  They  receive  their  name  from  a  worked 
depression- or  cup-marking  in  the  center  of  one  or  both  sides,  which  have  been 
thought  by  some  persons  to  be  (1)  for  holding  with  thumb  and  finger  for  use  as 
a  hammer;  (2)  made  by  hammering  on  another  stone  as  a  punch;  (3)  by  cracking 
nuts.  They  are  probably  related  to  cup  stones  proper,  and  like  them  their  use 
not  satisfactorily  determined. 

Cup  stones.  Stones  large  and  small  are  found  marked  by  a  depression,  smooth  or 
rough,  varying  in  diameter  from  1  inch  to  4  or  5,  and  in  depth  from  a  slight 
hollow  to  a  hemisphere  (fig.  26).  Small  pebbles  may  have  but  one  such  depres 
sion  or  one  on  each  side,  when  they  are  called  pitted  stones,  but  larger  pebbles, 
even  bowlders  of  many  tons,  or  solid  rock,  as  in  the  Carpathian  and  Himalaya 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID. 


109 


mountains,  have  hundreds  of  these  markings,  when  they  are  called  "  cup  stones." 
The  National  Museum  has  one  from  Wheeling,  W.  Va.,  with  fifty-three  cup  mark 
ings  thereon.  Their  distribution  is  general  throughout  the  prehistoric  world 
and  their  use  or  purpose  has  never  been  satisfactorily  determined. 


160 


Fig.  26. 

CUP  STONES. 

160,  sandstone,  Pennsylvania;  160a.  sandstone,  Kentucky. 


CLASSIFICATION   OF   ARROW    AND    SPEARHEADS. 

The  primary  divisions  of  arrow  and  spearheads  or  knives  are  as  follows: 
I.  Leaf  shaped,  classes  A,  B,  C. 
II.  Triangular. 

III.  Stemmed,  classes  A,  B,  C. 

IV.  Peculiar  forms,  classes  A,  B,  C,  D,  E,  F,  G. 

I.  Leaf  shaped.  This  division  includes  elliptical,  oval,  oblong,  and  lanceolate 
forms  bearing  any  relation  to  the  shape  of  a  leaf,  and  without  stem,  shoulder, 
or  barb. 


110 


COLUMBIAN   HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION   AT    MADRID. 


Class  A  is  pointed  at  both  ends.  They  are  widest  from  one-third  to  one-fourth 
the  distance  from  the  base.  Eleven  specimens. 

Class  B  is  more  oval,  more  or  less  pointed,  with  concave,  straight,  or  convex  base. 
Five  specimens. 

Class  C  is  long,  narrow,  with  parallel  edges,  concave,  straight,  or  convex  bases, 
and  belongs  principally  to  the  Pacific  Coast.  Five  specimens. 

II.  Triangular.  This  division  includes  all  specimens  which,  according  to  geo 
metric  nomenclature,  are  in  the  form  of  a  triangle,  whether  the  bases  or  edges 
be  convex,  straight,  or  concave.  They  are  without  stems  and,  consequently, 
without  shoulders,  although  in  some  specimens  the  extreme  concavity  of  the 
base  produces  barbs.  Eleven  specimens. 


A 


A  B 

LEAF  SHAPED 


TRIANGULAR. 


A 

STEMMED 


C  D 

PECULIAR  FORMS 

Fig.  27. 

FORMS  OF  ARROW  AND  SPEARHEADS. 


III.  Stemmed.     This  division  includes  all  varieties  of  stems,  whether  straight, 
pointed,  or  expanding,  round  or  flat,  whether  the  bases  or  edges  are  convex, 
straight,  or  concave. 

Class  A  is  lozenge  shaped,  stemmed,  but   not   shouldered   nor    barbed.     Eight 

specimens. 

Class  B  is  stemmed  and  shouldered,  but  not  barbed.     Sixteen  specimens. 
Class  C  is  stemmed,  shouldered,  and  barbed.     Nine  specimens. 

IV.  Peculiar  forms.     This  division  includes  all  forms  not  belonging  to  the  three 
others,  and  provides  for  those  having  peculiarities,  or  which  are  restricted  in 
number  or  locality. 

Class  A,  beveled  edges.     Seven  specimens. 
Class  B,  serrated  edges.     Six  specimens. 
Class  C,  bifurcated  stems.     Seven  specimens. 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION   AT    MADRID. 


Ill 


Class  D,  long  barbs,  square  at  ends,  peculiar  to  England,  Ireland,  and  Georgia, 

United  States.     Six  specimens. 
Class  E,  triangular  in  section,  peculiar  to  the  province  of  Chiriqui,  Panama. 

Eight  specimens. 
Class  F,  broadest  at  cutting  ends — traiichant  transversal — peculiar  to  Western 

Europe.     Nine  specimens. 
Class  G,  slate  and  polished,  peculiar  in  North  America  to  the  Eskimo  country, 

and  to  New  England  and  New  York.     Ten  specimens. 


Fig.  28. 

CEREMONIAL  OBJECTS?  OR   "BANNER  STONES." 

83,  Serpentine,  Virginia;  84,  serpentine,  Pennsylvania;  85,  striped  slate,  Wisconsin;  86,  striped  slate,  Indiana;  87,  striped  slate, 
Pennsylvania  ;  88,  brown  jasper,  Louisiana;  90,  striped  slate,  Indiana ;  91,  ferruginous  quartz,  Indiana;  92,  striped  slate,  Indiana. 

SUPPOSED    CEREMONIAL   OBJECTS. 

Banner  stones,  drilled  tablets,  boat-shaped  and  bird-shaped  objects,  etc.  The  names 
given  to  these  objects  are  no  indication  of  their  use,  which  is  only  conjectural. 
They  are  all  American,  and  are  found  in  mounds  and  aboriginal  graves,  some  of 
them  so  associated  with  human  skeletons  as  to  indicate  their  use  as  personal 
ornaments.  They  may  .have  served  as  charms,  amulets,  or,  as  the  general  name 
above  suggests,  foi  occasions  of  ceremony.  Some  have  been  drilled  for  suspen- 


112 


COLUMBIAN   HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION   AT    MADRID. 


siori,  the  holes  showing  signs  of  wear,  others  apparently  for  a  handle,  although 
it  would  be  too  small  for  service  as  a  weapon.  Some  are  soft  and  fragile,  while 
others  are  extremely  hard.  The  edges  show  no  signs  of  use.  No  early  Indian 
traveler  or  historian  mentioned  them,  and  they  had  apparently  fallen  into  disuse 
before  the  advent  of  the  white  man. 

Banner  stones  (fig.  28)  present  a  great  variety  of  forms  and  an  equal  uncertainty 
of  use.  They  are  supposed  to  have  been  for  ceremony  or  ornaments,  or,  with  long 
handles, 'to  have  served  as  badges  or  insignia  of  rank  (baton  de  couimandement). 
They  were  not  weapons,  since  most  of  them  are  of  soft  material,  usually  of  slate, 
are  fragile  and  would  break  under  even  a  slight  blow ;  have  no  cutting  e  ge, 
while  the  hole  is  too  small  for  a  serviceable  handle.  A  few  are  of  hard  material 


Fig.  29. 

BOAT-SHAPED   (?)   OBJECTS. 
134,  striped  slate,  Ohio;  135,  greenstone,  Kentucky. 

like  quartz,  jasper,  etc.,  nevertheless  they  are  impracticable  alike  for  battle  axes 
or  casse  tetes.  The  specimens  show  the  process  of  manufacture.  They  were 
hammered  or  pecked  into  form,  and  then  polished  before  being  drilled.  The 
drilling  is  excellent.  The  broken  specimens  show  a  secondary  use,  having  been 
drilled  and  used  since  the  fracture.  They  belong  principally  to  the  interior, 
though  they  have  been  found  on  the  Atlantic  coast  line. 


£11 


Fig.  30. 

BIRD-SHAPED   (?)   OBJECTS. 
210,  striped  slate,  Pennsylvania ;  211,  striped  slate,  Ohio  mound. 

Boat-shaped  objects  (fig.  29).  The  title  indicates  our  want  of  knowledge  concerning 
their  purpose.  Different  uses  have  been  assumed  for  them,  such  as  twine-twisters, 
handles  for  carrying  parcels,  or  for  tightening  cords,  but  all  without  evidence. 
Some  of  the  objects  are  solid,  others  are  hollowed  out  like  a  boat,  and  are  finely 
finished.  Most  of  them  have  two  perforations  equidistant  from  the  center.  The 
material  is  syenite,  chlorite,  slate,  and  galena.  They  are  found  principally  in 
the  valleys  of  the  Mississippi  and  its  tributaries.  Six  specimens. 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID. 


113 


Bird-shaped  objects  (fig.  30).  A  class  of  objects,  bird-like  iu  form,  but  passing  grad 
ually  into  other  conventionalized  forms.  They  generally  stand  on  flat  bases  and 
are  pierced  with  a  diagonal  hole  at  either  end.  In  some  cases  the  eyes  are  not  rep 
resented:  in  others  they  are  marked  by  bead-like  protuberances  expanding  into 
disks.  Some  specimens  were  not  intended  to  represent  either  birds  or  animals, 
but  are  in  the  form  of  a  bar  with  both  ends  alike.  Various  theories  of  their  use 
have  been  advanced  as  knife  handles,  corn  huskers,  etc.,  but  none  are  satisfac 
tory.  They  may  have  served  for  gaming.  The  material  is  usually  banded  or 
striped  slate,  though  hard  stones  were  employed.  Five  specimens. 


Fig.  31. 
PIERCED  OR  DRILLED  TABLETS. 


127  slate    Vew 
3l:ite,  Tennessee. 


•,ped 


Drilled  tablets  (fig.  31)  are  Hat,  thin  pieces  made  of  striped,  or  banded  slate,  or  chlo 
rite.  They  have  one  or  two  holes  drilled,  some  from  both  sides  others  from  only 
one.  The  edges  of  the  holes  are  many  times  worn  by  cord  or  sinew  but  are  fre 
quently  sharp  and  without  signs  of  wear.  They  are  found  in  mounds  or  graves 
on  the  breasts  and  arms  of  skeletons.  They  may  have  served  as  badges,  orna 
ments,  or  charms.  Ten  specimens. 

Discoidal  stones  (fig.  32)  are  always  round  in  outline ;  the  sides  may  be  convex,  flat,  or 
concave.  In  some  specimens  the  concavity  has  been  deepened  until  the  cup  became 

H.  Ex.  100 8 


114 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID. 


a  hole  and  the  implement  a  ring.  They  vary  in  diameter  from  2  to  6  inches,  and 
are  usually  of  hard  stone,  worked  by  pecking  or  grinding,  or  both,  but  with  such 
perfection  ns  to  excite  admiration.  The  larger  ones  were  used  by  the  Indians  in 
a  game  called  "Chungkee,"  described  by  early  writers.  Thirteen  specimens. 
Sinkers,  pendants,  or  charms  (fig.  33).  These  names  indicate  the  supposed  use  of 
these  objects.  They  are  usually  pear  shaped,  are  of  hematite  or  some  hard  stone, 
well  wrought  and  finely  polished.  Many  have  a  slight  groove  near  the  smaller 
end,  while  more  have  no  groove.  They  are  in  greater  abundance  in  the  interior 
than  on  the  borders  of  lakes  or  oceans.  Others  having  greater  'appearance  of 
sinkers  are  pebbles,  round  or  oval,  with  a  well-defined,  ground  or  polished  groove 


DISCQIDAL  OB  CHUNGKEE   STONES. 

116,  ferruginous  quartz,  yellow, >h  brown,  Tennessee;   117.  ferruginous  quartz,  brown,   Tennessee;   118,  greenstone,  Illinois,  mound; 
119,  Ohio;  120,  quartzite,  Ohio,  121,  quartzo.se,  Georgia;  122,  argillaceous,  Pennsylvania;   123,  ferruginous  quartz,  Texas. 

in  the  center,  evidently  for  the  use  of  a  cord  or  thong.  Still  others,  and  more 
numerous,  found  in  large  numbers  on  the  banks  of  rivers  and  lakes  in  the  eastern 
United  States,  are  naught  but  a  flat  pebble  with  rude  notches  on  each  edge  or 
occasionally  with  a  hole  drilled  in  the  center. 

Perforators  (fig.  34).  These  are  peculiar  to  the  United  States.  They  are  always  of 
hard  stone,  usually  flint,  the  point  or  borer  is  sharp,  the  shaft  is  chipped  nearly 
round,  is  never  polished,  frequently  3  and  even  4  inches  long,  and  with  slight 
taper.  The  top  or  handle  is  chipped  broad  and  thin  and  fits  easily  in  the 
thumb  and  finger,  as  if  for  use  as  a  gimlet.  Its  form  is  such  that  it  might  have 
been  used  as  arrow  or  spear  head.  The  point  is  frequently  rounded  off  and  worn 
smooth,  as  though  from  use.  They  may  have  been  used  as  an  awl  to  bore  hides 
or  skins,  as  a  gimlet  to  bore  holes  in  wood,  or  attached  to  a  shaft  for  drilling 
stone.  These  suggested  uses  have  not  all  been  accepted  wi  Ji  unanimity.  If 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID. 


115 


103 


Fig.  33. 

PLUMMETS,   SINKEKS,   OR  CHARMS. 

100,  hornblende,  Ohio;  101,  red  hematite,  Tennessee;  102,  amygdaloid,  Arkansas;  103,  greenstone,  Ohio;  104,  greenstone,  California; 
105,  quartzite,  Massachusetts;  106,  greenstone,  Massachusetts;  10",  granite,  Rhode  Island;  10S,  steatite,  Georgia;  109.  talcose  slate, 
Rhode  Island;  110,  sandstone,  Oregon;  111,  quartzite,  Pennsylvania;  112,  graywacke,  New  York;  113,  quartzite,  Pennsylvania;  l!4, 
micaceous  slate,  California;  115,  sandstone,  Ohio. 


116 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION   AT    MADRID. 


used  as  perforators  of  hide  or  wood,  why  not  employ  a  pointed  bone ;  if  for  drill 
ing  a  stone,  why  are  they  not  found  in  Europe,  where  so  much  drilling  was  done? 
Their  possible  use  as  blunt  arrows  has  been  suggested  and  some  claim  them  as 
charms,  also  as  hairpins.  Twenty-two  specimens. 


32 


33 


Fig.  34. 

PERFORATORS  OR  DRILLS. 

32,  red  jasper,  Ohio:  33.  brown  jasper,  Oregon:  34,  white  flint,  Missouri;  35,  gray  (lint,  Ohio;  36,  hornstone,  Tennessee;  37,  gray  semi- 
opal,  California;  318,  gray  flint,  Santa  Cruz,  California. 

The  aborigines  of  America  were  adepts  in  drilling  stone.  They  drilled  holes,  large 
and  small,  straight  and  crooked,  regular  and  irregular,  parallel  and  conical,  from 
one  side  or  end  or  from  both,  with  tools  of  wood  and  of  copper,  solid  or  hollow. 
They  drilled  hard  stone  like  quartz,  jasper,  etc.,  as  effectually  as  soft  stone. 
Specimens  of  drilling  are  shown  in  pipes,  and  in  the  supposed  ceremonial  objects, 
but  not  in  axes  or  hammers. 


Fig. 35. 

STONE  TUBES. 

Tennessee;  170,  chlorite,  Te 


Tubes  and  pipes  of  stone,  principally  serpentine  and  steatite  (fig.  35.)  They  were 
drilled  and  the  hole  enlarged  at  one  end  so  as  to  form  a  pipe,  and  were  used  by 
the  aborigines  for  smoking  tobacco.  They  have  been  found  in  ancient  graves 
on  the  Pacific  coast  with  the  mouthpieces  of  cane  fastened  with  asphaltum. 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID. 


117 


Stone  beads  and  ornaments  (fig.  36)  are  found  in  graves  of  Indians  and  are  of  every 
kind,  style,  material,  and  mode  of  manufacture.  Most  of  them  nave  been  drilled 
for  suspension.  Eleven  specimens. 

The  pipes  of  North  America  demonstrate  the  ability  of  the  aborigines  to  represent 
by  modeling  or  sculpture  living  animals  in  clay  or  stone  (figs.  37-41).  The  use 
of  tobacco  created  the  necessity  for  pipes,  and  their  part  in  Indian  ceremonies 
gave  an  opportunity  for,  as  well  as  incitement  to,  art  and  skill  in  making  these 
representations.  Accordingly  the  pipes  are  of  every  practicable  material  and 
represent  all  possible,  as  well  as  some  impossible,  animals  and  objects. 

Perforated  stones,  club  heads,  digging  sticks,  riattas,  from  Santa  Cruz,  Santa  Barbara, 
Santa  Rosa,  the  Catalina  Islands,  and  the  coast  of  Southern  California  (figs.  42 
and  43) .  These  were  drilled  through  the  center  and  some  served  for  club  heads  or 
weights  for  digging  sticks,  while  others  more  modern  were  riattas  for  stretching 
and  smoothing  lariats.  They  pass  by  degrees  from  thick  and  heavy  to  thin  and 
flat.  By  enlargement  of  the  hole  they  become  rings.  Some  of  the  holes  are  much 
worn,  others  unworn.  Four  specimens. 


201 


200 


202 


Fig.  36. 

STONE   BEADS   AND   ORNAMENTS. 


200,  serpentine,  Santa  Barbara,  Cal.  ;  201,  202,  stentr 
Cana',  New  York  ;  206,  sandstone,  Rhode  Island  ;  207, 


mite,  Oriskany 


dstone,  Pennsylvania  ;  208,  hematite,  Virgi 


Mortars  and  grinding -stones  (fig.  44).  'Mortars  were- in  common  use  throughout  the 
United  States,  apparently  .in  all  epochs  of  time.  They  are  usually  of  stone  of 
common  hardness,  though  .among  the  pioneers  wood  was  employed.  They  are 
sometimes  dressed  011  the  outside  as  well  as  on'the  inside;  at  other  times  a  rude 
round  or*oval  bowlder  was  used.  They  are  of  all  sizes,  holding  from  a  quart 
to  a  bushel.  The  larger  and  finer  specimens  are  found  in  California.  The 
grinding  stone  (metate)  is  peculiar  to  Mexico,  where  it  has  continued  in  use 
until  the-present  time. 

Pestles  and  hammers  (figs.  45  and  46).  Pestles  are  in  great  variety  long  and  short, 
rude  and  finished,  cylindrical  and  conical,  decorated  and  pl::in.  The  various 
forms  are  well  distributed  from  ocean  to  ocean.  Those  with  cross  handles  and 
projecting  ears  are,  .however,  peculiar 'to  the  northwest  coast. 

Steatite  vessels  (fig.  47).  Steatite  quarries,  opened  and  worked  by  the  aborigines, 
have  been  found  on  the  Appalachian  chain  of  mountains.  These  quarries  contain 
vessels  in  various  stages  of  completion,  together  with  the  tools  employed  in  their 
manufacture.  The  vessels  were  frequently  blocked  out  in  the  quarry  and  car- 


118 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID. 


ried  home  to  be  finished.  The  oblong  or  oval  form,  with  projecting  ears  for  the 
handles,  prevails  in  the  Eastern  United  States,  while  the  larger  round  and  more 
perfectly  finished  vessels  are  more  frequent  on  the  Pacific  Coast. 

Stone  picks  for  steatite  quarrying  (fig.  48).  Some  were  grooved  for  a  handle,  as  the 
ax,  while  others  were  held  in  the  hand.  Both  were  used  in  mining  steatite  and 
in  the  manufacture  of  vessels.  The  material  was  soft  and  easily  worked,  and 
the  traces  of  the  pick  poin-ts  are  plainly  to  be  seen  on  the  partially  completed 
vessels.  The  grooved  picks  were  peculiar  to  the  Atlantic  Coast. 


177 


118 


Fig.  :57. 

STONE   PIPES. 

Mounds  in  Ross  County,  Onio:  177,  platform  or  "monitor";  178,  Indian  (?)  head  and  head  dr 
with  man's  head);  183,  red  sandstone,  ^  human  head  and  body);  184,  chlorite,  (wolf).  (?) 


179,  beaver;   182,   porphyry,  (bird 


Collection  of  69  specimens  from  Warren  County,  Ohio,  consisting  of  finely  chipped 
spearheads,  daggers,  knives,  leaf-shaped  implements,  perforators,  etc.,  of  flint, 
principally  from  Flint  Ridge;  carved  stone  pipes,  bird  and  boat  shaped  objects, 
perforated  tablets,  sinkers,  pendants  or  charms  of  stone  and  hematite,  small  pol 
ished  hematite  hatchets,  and  copper  spool-shaped  objects.  Exhibited  by  Mr. 
Warren  K.  Moorehead,  of  Xenia,  Ohio.  This  collection  is  especially  valuable,  as 
it  comes  from  one  locality  and  represents  one  phase  of  aboriginal  culture. 

Hematite  objects.  Hematite  is  the  anhydrous  sesquioxide  of  iron.  It  was  variously 
employed  by  the  aborigines.  They  worked  it  as  they  did  stone,  and  gave  it  a 
high  polish.  It  served  for  grooved  axes,  polished  hatchets,  sinkers,  pendants, 
or  charms,  and  for  muller'and  paint  stones. 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID. 


119 


Mailers,  paint  stones,  and  cups  (fig.  49).  The  harder  hematite  was  made  into  mullers 
for  grinding  paint,  though  other  stone  was  employed.  The  forms  were  various, 
but  the  conical  prevailed.  Other  varieties  of  iron  oxide,  limonite,  red  and  brown 
ocher,  served  as  paint  for  personal  decoration.  It  was  preserved  in  small  cups, 
usually  of  steatite. 


Fig. 38. 

STONE  AND   CLAY  PIPES. 

186,  (argillaceous),  Pennsylvania;  187,  serpentine  (loon)  (?),  West  Virginia  ;  188,  argillaceous  (parrot ),  New  York  ;  189,  argillaceous, 
Ohio  ;  190,  chlorite  (platform)  (?),  Virginia;  191,  serpentine,  New  York;  192.  steatite  (lizard),  Pennsylvania;  193,  steatite,  North  Caro 
lina;  194,  serpentine  (4  human  faces  or  masks),  Texas;  195,  limestone,  Kentucky;  196,  clay.  Georgia;  197,  serpentine  (tube),  California; 
198,  clay  (coiled  snake),  New  York;  199,  clay  (raven)  (?•),  New  York. 

Digging  implements  (figs.  50-52).  These  are  peculiar  to  the  United  States.  They 
are  of  silicious  material,  chiefly  the  novaculite  of  Arkansas  or  the  white  flint  of 
Illinois  and  Missouri,  and  are  made  entirely  by  chipping.  Many  are  worn  appar 
ently  by  use,  but  some  show  a  polish  or  luster  not  yet  explained.  They  are  more 
frequent  in  tlie  Mississippi,  Ohio,  and  Tennessee  valleys  than  elsewhere.  There 
are  three  forms  of  these  implements : 


120  COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION   AT    MADRID. 

1.  Large  flat  objects  of  a  regular  oval  outline,  chipped  to  an  edge  all  around, 

but  used  only  on  the  larger  end,  which  show  a  polish  as  though  from  use 
in  digging  in  earth  or  sand.  Average  size,  from  12  to  18  inches  long,  4  to 
6  wide,  and  three-fourths  to  1  inch  thick  (fig.  50;. 

2.  Smaller  flat  objects,  triangular  in  outline,  shortest  side  slightly  rounded  and 

chipped  to  an  edge,  occasionally  showing  signs  of  wear ;  7  to  9  inches  long, 
4|  to  5  wide,  and  three-fourths  to  1  inch  thick  (fig.  51). 

3.  Still. smaller,  flat,  nearly  round,  in  outline,  sharp  all  around  at  the  edge, 

truncated  on  the  top  or  poll,  and  notched  as  though  for  lashing  to  a  handle 
with  a  thong  or  withe,  though  no  signs  of  wear  appear ;  5  to  7  inches  long, 
4  to  6  wide,  and  three-fourths  to  1  inch  thick  (fig".  52). 


185 


Fig.  39. 
CALUMET  PIPE. 

Steatite,  Kentucky. 

Stone  swords  were  made  by  the  aborigines  of  the  United  States.  They  were  chipped 
and  never  polished ;  they  differed  from  the  leaf-shaped  implement  in  that  they 
were  longer  and  heavier ;  they  differed  from  daggers  in  that  they  were  not  chipped 
so  as  to  form  a  handle.  Some  were  as  long  as  16  inches,  and  others  reduced  to  8. 
The  handle  was  wrapped  with  skin,  cloth,  grass,  or  the  like.  The  specimen  here 
shown  from  the  Hupa  Indians,  is  but  5£  inches  long,  and  the  handle  is  wrapped 
with  otter  skin  (fig.  53),  which  possibly  has  some  ceremonial  or  medicine  sig 
nificance.  It  was  collected  by  Capt.  P.  H.  Ray,  U.  S.  A. 

Stone  daggers  (fig.  54)  are  different  from,  and  not  to  be  confounded  with,  the  leaf- 
shaped  implements,  which  may  have  had  wooden  handles,  and  have  been  used 
indifferently  as  knives  or  spearheads.  The  daggers  resemble  the  same  weapon 
from  Scandinavia,  and  are,  like  them,  always  chipped,  and  rarely  or  never  pol 
ished.  The  handles  have  been  worked  out  of  the  solid.  They  are  rare  in  the 
United  States. 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID. 


121 


Knives  and  flakes.  These  are  of  silicified  wood  from  California.  In  form  they 
resemble  Mousterien  points.  Traces  of  bitumen  on  the  base  show  their  attach 
ment  to  handles,  while  their  general  form  indicates  their  use  as  knives.  Many 
specimens  have  been  thus  marked,  and  they  assist  in  determining  the  use  of  leaf- 
shaped  and  similar  blades,  so  common  throughout  prehistoric  times. 


CALUMET  PIPE. 

Chlorite  (owl),  Tennessee. 


Leaf-shaped  blades  of  black  flint.  These  are  beautiful  specimens  of  aboriginal  flint 
chipping.  The  largest  specimen  here  is  240  mm.  long,  125  mm.  wide,  and  1  mm. 
thick.  They  have  been  found  with  traces  of  bitumen  or  asphaltuui  for  the  attach- 


Fig.  41. 

CALUMET   PIPE. 

Chlorite  (-owl),  Kentucky. 

ment  of  handles.  They  are  peculiar  to  the  Pacific  coast  of  southern  California. 
In  the  classification  of  arrow — and  spear — heads,  theae  are  Class  C  of  the  leaf- 
shaped  implements. 

0 


122 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT  .MADRID. 


Stone  knives  with  wooden  handles  (fig.  55).  These  specimens  include  rude  flakes 
and  finely-wrought  blades.  They  are  fastened  with  bitumen  or  gum,  in  short, 
pointed  handles,  evidently  for  use  as  knives.  They  are  of  great  importance  to 
the  science  of  prehistoric  anthropology  as  showing  the  methods  of  attachment 
and  use  of  flint  flakes,  blades,  etc.,  in  common  use  in  prehistoric  times.  These 
are  found  principally  on  the  Pacific  Coast,  though  some  have  been  found  in 
Mexico  and  in  Tennessee. 


320 


Fig.  42. 

PERFORATED  STONE  CLUB   HEAD. 
320,  greenstone,  California. 


124 


126 


125 


Fig.  43. 

PERFORATED  STONE   RIATTAS. 


124,  hornblende.  Santa  Ca 
Island,  California. 


Slate  knives  are  flat,  thin,  with  a  semilunar  edge  and  with  a  straight  back  made 
thicker  and  heavier,  to  be  grasped  in  the  hand  (fig.  56).  They  chiefly  occur- 
along  the  coast  and  in  the  Northeastern  States.  Similar  implements,  likewise 
made  of  slate  with  a  curved  edge  and  a-lateral  tang,  have  been  found  in  Penn 
sylvania  and  in  Indiana.  Varieties  of  these  implements  have  been  used  in  his 
toric  times  bvthe  Indians  of  the  northwest  coast  as  fish  knives. 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID. 


123 


Spade-like  implements  of  compact  green  stone,  with  long,  heavy,  round  handles, 
have  been  found  in  the  southern  part  of  the  United  States  (fig.  57).  The  one 
here  shown  was  found  in  a  Tennessee  grave  mound  and  belongs  to  Dr.  Joseph 
Jones,  of  New  Orleans.  The  handle  at  the  largest  part  is  about  1|  inches  in 


153 


155 


I58 


Fig.  44. 

STONE  MORTARS  AND  METATES. 
153,  15.    and  155,  sandstone  bowlder,  hollowed,  St.  Nicholas  Island,  California;  156,  Dos  Pueblos,  California;  157,  Santa  Cruz  Island, 


California;  158,  metate  sandstone,  Utah  (figs.  45  and  46) ;  159,  i 


mite,  sandstone  rubber,  Navajo,  Arizr 


diameter,  nearly  or  quite  round,  but  flattened  at  the  broadened  end.  It  is  17£ 
inches  long.  The  edge  is  rounded  oft'  and  shows  no  signs  of  wear.  Its  purpose 
is  unknown.  Similar  implements  have  been  found  by  Mr.  Clarence  B.  Moore  in 
Florida  and  southern  Georgia  and  by  Dr.  Sterner  in  northern  Georgia. 


124 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID. 


There  is  a  class  of  Avell-fiuished  and  finely  polished  implements  of  which  compact 
greenstone  and  chlorite  and  calcite  were  favorite  materials,  the  use  of  which  is 
unknown  (fig.  58).  They  Avere  broad,  thin,  and  most  of  them  flat.  They  were  5 
or  6  inches  wide,  from  8  to  10  inches  long,  and  rarely  more  than  one-half  an  inch 
thick.  The  edge  was  rounded  off  so  as  to  render  cutting  impracticable.  They 
were  provided  with  an  indefinite  handle,  and  many  have  a  hole  drilled  at  the 
commencement  of  the  handle.  They  may  have  served  for  scraping  or  polishing, 
but  no  traces  of  use  have  been  found  which  would  indicate  their  purpose  other 
than  as  mentioned.  While  these  objects  are  rare  in  the  United  States  most  of 
them  have  been  found  in  the  South. 


IG3 


Fig.  45. 
PESTLES. 

163,  sandstone,   Dos  Pueblos,  California;   164,    sandstone,  Dos   Pueblos,    California];    165,   amygdaloid,   Crescent  City,   Califo 
mound;  166,  sandstone,  Rhode  Island  ;  167,  greenstone,  Alaska  ;  172,  greenstone,  Alaska. 


Shell,  horn,  and  bone  served  the  prehistoric  man  like  stone  and  copper  as  material 
for  implements  and  ornaments  (tigs.  59,  60).  They  were  made  into  axes,  hatchets, 
swords,  daggers,  poiguards,  wedges,  points,  perforators,  harpoons,  fishhooks, 
beads,  tubes,  masks,  and  engraved  gorgets.  Many  were  of  pe;irl-like  whiteness 
and  served  as  ornaments.  Thirty-nine  specimens  of  shell;  thirty-one  specimens 
of  bone  and  horn. 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID. 


125 


Copper  implements  (fig.  61).  The  North  American  Indians,  at  the  time  of  the  discov 
ery  of  the  continent,  were  in  the  Neolithic  period  of  civilization,  and  their  stone 
implements  were,  for  the  most  part,  polished.  It  is  commonly  believed  that  they 
had  no  knowledge  of  bronze.  Virgin  copper  was  found  in  divers  portions  of 
the  United  States,  chiefly  in  Lake  Superior.  The  Indians  treated  it  as  a  malle 
able  stone  and  hammered  it  into  implements  and  ornaments.  The  consensus  of 
opinion  is  that  the  Indians  could  not,  at  the  time  of  the  discovery,  smelt  or  cast 
metal,  though  this  has  been  doubted.  The  Conquistadores  saw  ornaments  and 
objects  of  copper  in  the  hands  of  the  natives,  and  had  great  disappointment 
that  it  was  not  gold.  Mr.  Frederick  S.  Perkins,  of  Wisconsin,  sent  to  the 
Exposition  at  Madrid  a  collection  of  prehistoric  copper  implements  and  objects, 
collected  principally  within  the  State  of  Wisconsin.  Some  were  found  in  mounds 
or  burial  places,  but  others  were  turned  up  by  the  plow.  The  distribution  of 
copper  objects  is  general  throughout  the  valleys  of  the  Mississippi  River  and  its 
tributaries,  with  extensions  toward  the  Atlantic  Coast.  The  common  objects 
are  axes,  hatchets,  hammers,  knives,  drills,  gravers,  spear  and  arrow  heads,  brace 
lets,  disks,  gorgets,  tubes,  beads,  plates.  Some  have  been  perforated  and  others 
elaborately  ornamented  with  figures  made,  sometimes  by  puncture,  other  times 
repousse. 


161 


161.  syenite,  Santa  Cr 
Ohio  ;  1/0,  greenstone,  B 


Fig.  46. 
PESTLES   AND   HAMMERS. 

ml,  California;  162,  sandstone,   Dos  Pueblos,   Californi 


North  American  sculptures  (fig.  62) .  The  aborigines  of  the  United  States  were  appar 
ently  possessed  of  a  great  penchant  to  represent  the  human  face  or  form  in  stone. 
They  were  made  both  in  hard  and  in  soft  rock.  The  implement  which  probably 
did  the  most  service  was  the  hammer,  and  the  operation  performed  by  attrition 
or  pecking.  The  sculpture  was  in  some  specimens  afterwards  smoothed  and 
polished.  Whether  these  sculptures  were  used  as  idols,  for  decoration  or  orna 
ment,  or  as  totems,  has  never  been  satisfactorily  determined.  They  are  distributed 
throughout  the  United  States  east  of  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

The  stone  collars  of  Porto  Rico  are  puzzles  to  the  archaeologist.  No  suggestion  as 
to  their  use  has  proved  acceptable.  They  are  thus  named  because  of  their  resem 
blance  to  the  modern  object  of  horse  furniture.  Some  are  in  a  rude  state,  indi 
cating  a  rude  stage  of  manufacture.  The  finished  specimens  are  "right  and  left 
shouldered,"  as  though  to  be  used  in  pairs.  Nearly  all  are  decorated.  The  National 
Museum  possesses  the  largest  and  finest  collection  known.  Five  specimens. 


126 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID. 


Ze"int>s.  Stone  objects  peculiar  to  Porto  Rico  and  possibly  San  Domingo.  Found  in 
ancient  caves,  graves,  and  in  human  habitations.  They  are  entirely  prehistoric, 
having  been  in  possession  of  the  natives  at  the  advent  of  the  white  man.  Their 
use  is  unknown,  and  though  various  uses  have  been  suggested,  none  are  more 
satisfactory  than  that  of  fetich  or  spirit.  They  are  of  hard,  usually  volcanic 
rock,  pecked  and  smoothed  in  a  conical  or  mammiform  shape,  with  a  representa 
tion,  on  one  or  both  ends,  of  a  human  or  other  animal.  Eleven  specimens. 

WEST  INDIES. 

Stone  masks,  clubs,  hatchets.  These  are  generally  from  the  same  localities  as  the 
stone  collars  and  the  zemes,  and  are  believed  to  have  the  same  antiquity. 
The  hatchets  are  casts.  One  is  from  Tennessee,  displayed  here  for  comparison. 
Twelve  specimens. 


149 


144 


1*3 


146 


145 


Fig.  47. 

STEATITE   VESSELS. 


143,  steatite 


i  ;  H6,  DOS  Pueblos.  Californi 


ALASKA,  MEXICO,  AND"  CENTRAL   AND    SOUTH    AMERICA. 

Jade,  turquoise,  rock  crystal.  Jade  was  a  favorite  material  with  prehistoric  man, 
and  in  some  one  of  the  following  varieties  was  made  into  implements,  utensils, 
or  ornaments  in  nearly  every  part  of  the  inhabited  world.  Jadeite  was  plentiful 
in  Mexico  and  Central  America,  while  nephrite  is  indigenous  in  Alaska.  Jade 
is  a  generic  term  including  jadeite  (silica,  alumina,  soda),  specific  gravity  3.3; 
nephrite  (silica,  magnesia,  lime,  and  iron  oxide),  specific  gravity  2.9  to  3.1; 
fibrolite  (alumina,  silica),  specific  gravity  3.0  to  3.2;  saussurite  (silica,  alumina, 
lime),  specific  gravity  3.2  to  3.3;  actiuolite  (silica,  magnesia,  lime,  protoxide  of 
iron),  specific  gravity  3.0  to  3.2;  pectolite  (silica,  lime,  soda,  and  water),  spe 
cific  gravity  2.7  to  2.9.  Fifty-six  specimens. 

Obsidian  is  volcanic  glass.  Its  source  of  supply  was  in  the  Rocky  Mountains,  where 
it  was  in  profusion.  It  was  easily  worked,  took  a  keen  edge,  and  was  much 
employed  by  the  aborigines.  It  was  worked  principally  by  chipping,  though  it 
could  be  ground  and  polished.  It  served  for  ornaments  as  well  as  implements. 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID. 


127 


Its  chief  employ  was  in.  Mexico  and  Central  America,  where  have  been  found 
many  wonderful  specimens  of  sculpture,  cores,  Hakes,  and  leaf-shaped  blades, 
the  latter  thin,  sharp,  and  beautifully  chipped.  An  extensive  aboriginal  com 
merce  was  carried  on  in  obsidian.  A  thousand  specimens  have  lately  been 
exhumed  from  the  Hopewell  Mound,  Ohio,  a  thousand  miles  distant  from  the 
nearest  known  locality  where  obsidian  had  its  origin. 


Fig.  48. 

STONE  PICK   FOR   STEATITE  QUARRYING. 

Graywhacke.  Pennsylvania. 

Chiriqui  gold  ornaments  from  Panama.  The  Chiriqui  tribe  of  aborigines  occupied  a 
portion  of  the  Isthmus  of  Panama  between  Costa  Rica  and  Veragua.  Gold  orna 
ments  were  discovered  in  1859  in  prehistoric  graves.  Gold,  silver  (in  alloy), 
copper,  and  possibly  tin  are  represented.  Gold-silver  alloy  is  probably  a 
natural  compound.  Gold-copper  alloys  appear  to  range  between  purity  in  either 
metal.  Most  of  the  gold  objects  were  made  by  casting  in  molds  rather  than  by 
hammering.  Gilding,  or  at  least  plating,  was  practiced.  Gold  was  used  for 
ornaments  and  not  for  implements  or  utensils.  Ten  specimens  from  Chiriqui;  6- 
specimens  from  Central  America;  1  specimen  from  Mexico. 


114 


Fig. 49. 

MULLERS  FOR  GRINDING  GRAIN  AND  PAINT. 
1"3,  greenstone,  Georgia  ;  174,  hematite,  Ohio. 

Quimbaya  gold  ornaments  from  Antioquia,  South  America.  The  Quimbaya  tribe  of 
aborigines  was  found  by  the  Conquistadores  occupying  territory  10  or  15  leagues 
square  west  of  the  Cordilleras  and  east  of  the  river  Cauca,  with  the  rivers 
Tacurmbi  on  the  north  and  Zegues  on  the  south.  This  country  was  called  "El 
Dorado."  The  natives  were- adepts  in  working  metals.  The  gold  was  alloyed 
with  copper  from  10  up  to  50  per  cent,  and  perhaps  more.  It  was  wrought  by 
hammering,  casting,  and  possibly  by  soldering.  The  gold  ornaments  are  of  every 


128 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID. 


size,  from  1,710  grams,  down  to  u  single  gram,  and  of  gold  vases  13^  inches  high 
and  9i  wide  down  to  the  smallest.  The  gold  objects  buried  with  the  Cacique 
Yamba  weighed  30  kilos.  Four  hundred  and  fifty-two  gold  objects  from  Colom 
bia  were  displayed  by  that  Government  at  the  Madrid  Exposition ;  41  specimens 
from  Colombia;  and  1  from  Peru,  exhibited  by  the  U.  S.  National  Museum. 


54 


•Fig.  50. 

DIGGING   IMPLEMENT. 

Black  argillitic  stones  similar  to  that  showiij  covered  with  representations  in  bas- 
relief  of  human,  animal,  and  other  subjects,  are  found  in  that  country  and  have 
been  claimed  as  amulets  and  as  calendars  of  the  ancient  time  system.  (Century 
Magazine,  October,  1891,  pp.  885-889.)  They  were  sometimes  certainly,  and 
probably  always,  used  for  hammering  the  gold  in  repousse^  to  represent  the 
desired  object.  One  specimen. 


54  a 


Fig.  51. 
DIGGING   IMPLEMENT. 

Quartzite,  Illinois. 


MODELS   OF   PREHISTORIC    RUINS    IX   THE    UNITED    STATES. 

Great  Etowah  Mound,  Georgia.  This  mound  stands  upon  the  north  bank  of  Etowah 
Creek,  near  Cartersville.  Its  base  covers  a  space  of  about  3  acres,  and  stands 
at  a  level  of  23  feet  above  low  water  in  the  river.  The  body  of  the  mound 
has  an  irregular  form  and  is  longest  on  the  meridian,  its  diameter  in  that 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION   AT    MADRID. 


129 


direction  being  about  270  feet.  On  the  top  is  a  nearly  level  area  of  about  an 
acre,  the  average  height  of  which  is  a  bout  50  feet  above  the  base.  A  broad  ramp 
or  graded  way  winds  upward  from  the  plain,  around  the  south  face  of  the 
mound,  somewhat  more  than  halfway  to  the  top.  There  are  two  smaller 
mounds  close  by — one  on  the  south,  another  on  the  southeast — each  about  100 
feet  distant,  their  bases  nearly  square,  and  of  nearly  equal  dimensions.  Both 
are  truncated.  Most  of  the  material  of  these  mounds  is  the  rich  mold  of  the 
bottom  lands,  with  occasional  lumps  of  red  clay.  Prior  to  the  clearing  of  the 
land,  large  trees  flourished  on  the  top  and  on  the  slopes.  Scale :  1  inch  to  10 
feet,  1:120.  Area  represented,  about  3  acres.  , 

Ancient  earthworks,  Illinois.  This  model  represents  one  of  the  most  extensive 
works  of  the  Mound  Builders  in  this  country.  It  is  situated  in  the  Mississippi 
bottom,  15  miles  from  Anna,  in  Union  County,  111.  The  inclosing  wall  is  rudely 
square  in  outline  and  its  length  exceeds  3,200  feet.  It  incloses  an  area  of  about 
28  acres  and  is  from  2  to  4  feet  high,  with  a  width  of  from  20  to  25  feet.  The 
northeast  quarter  of  the  inclosure  is  bounded  by  the  creek  and  has  no  inclosing 
wall.  Within  the  iuclosure  are  found  four 
mounds  and  a  great  number  of  circular 
depressions,  or  "but  rings."  The  largest 
mound  is  about  12  feet  higb,  the  smaller  ones 
about  100  feet  in  diameter  and  5  to  9  feet 
high.  The  circular  excavations  are  nearest 
the  creek,  and  number  over  100.  They  vary 
in  diameter  from  20  to  50  feet,  and  in  depth 
from  1  to  3  feet.  Outside  of  the  bounding 
wall,  on  the  southwest  corner,  occurs  a  large 
mound,  150  feet  in  diameter  and  over  4  feet 
high.  Near  it  are  three  large  circular  depres 
sions  120  to  150  feet  in  diameter  and  from  5 
to  7  feet  deep.  Scale:  Horizontal,  1  inch  to 
30  feet,  1 :  30;  vertical,  1  inch  to  6  feet,  1 :72. 
Area  represented,  about  57  acres. 

Section  of  Little  Etowah  Mound,  Georgia,  This 
is  one  of  the  smaller  mounds  of  the  Etowah 
group,  in  Bartow  County,  Ga.  It  represents 
a  section  of  a  mound,  showing  the  interior 

construction — the  different  layers  of  earth  which  compose  it,  the  position  of  the 
stone  burial  cists  which  were  found  in  it,  the  position  of  bones,  etc.  (See 
Great  Etowah  Mound.)  Scale:  4  inches  to  5  feet,  1:15.  Area  represented, 
about  1.10  acre. 

Burial  pit  under  a  mound  in  Caldwell  County,  N.  C.  The  excavation  made  revealed 
the  fact  that  the  builders  of  the  mound  had  first  dug  a  circular  pit,  with  perpen 
dicular  margin,  to  the  depth  of  3  feet,  and  38  feet  in  diameter,  then  deposited 
their  dead  in  vaults  or  graves  built  of  water- worn  bowlders  and  clay  merely 
sufficient  to  hold  them  in  place.  Each  one  of  these  contained  a  human  skele 
ton.  There  were  five  skeletons  in  the  pit  which  were  uninclosed. 

Pueblos  of  the  United  States.  The  Pueblo  country,  so  called,  in  the  United  States 
of  North  America,  lies  in  Colorado,  Utah,  New  Mexico,  and  Arizona,  It  occupies 
the  territory  of  and  between  the  head  waters  of  the  Rio  Grande  on  the  east,  of 
the  San  Juan  and  its  tributaries  011  the  north,  the  Colorado  on  the  west,  and  the 
Gila  on  the  south.  This  territory  is  desert  in  large  acres.  The  pueblos  depend 
for  theirwater  on  springs  as  well  as  on  streams.  The  models  of  the  pueblos  of 
Zuiii,  Taos,  and  Wolpi  have  been  chosen  as  examples,  the  former  from  the  river 
plain,  the  latter  from  the  mesa,  or  high  table-land.  Zufii  is  on  the  Zuiii  River,  a 
tributary  of  the  Little  Colorado,  in  the  western  part  of  New  Mexico,  about  40 

H.  Ex.  100 9 


Fig.  52. 
DIGGING  IMPLEMENT. 

Gray  flint,  lilinoi*. 


130  COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION   AT    MADRID. 


WE- 


miles  southwest  of  Fort  Wingate,  and  belongs  to  the  Indians  of  that  name.     Taos 
is  situated  on  the  Taos  River,  a  tributary  of  the  Rio  Grande  in  New  Mexico, 
northward  about  200  miles  from  Santa  Fe.     It  was  occupied  by  Spaniards  in  the 
time  of  the  Conquerer  and  was  the  scene  of  a  sanguinary  contest  in  the  o-reat 
rebellion  of  1690.     Wolpi  (spelled  also  Hualpe)  lies  at  the  extreme  west  of  the 
Pueblo  country  and  belongs  to  the  Tusayaii  Indians  called  Moquis,  a  name  they 
do  not  accept,  preferring  that  of  Hopi.     Some  of  the  trans 
parent  photographs  in  the  windows  show  views  of  pueblos 
and  pueblo  life. 

The  first  knowledge  had  by  the  Europeans  of  New  Mexico  and 
Arizona  was  about  the  year  1530,  when  it  was  vaguely  called 
the  country  of  the  "  Seven  Cities."  In  1540  Vasquez  Coronado, 
governor  of  New  Galicia,  organized  an  army  of  300  Spaniards 
and  800  Indians,  and  set  out  for  the  north  to  conquer  the 
•'Seven  Cities  of  Cibola."  It  is  highly  probable  that  these 
" Seven  Cities"  were  located  in  the  valley  in  which  Zufii  is 
now  found.  At  any  rate  all  that  country  was  subjugated  and 
an  expedition  was  sent  out  to  the  northwest  to  conquer  other 
rumored  "cities"  in  that  direction.  Supposed  traces  of  this 
expedition  in  the  shape  of  Spanish  mail  armor,  Spanish 

bridles,  bits,  etc.,  have  been 
found  far  north,  in  Kansas, 
and  even  in  Minnesota,  In 
the  course  of  this  expedition 
seven  villages  were  subju 
gated,  and  priests  were  left 
with  them  to  inculcate  the 
religion  of  the  conquerors. 
This  region  was  called 
Tusayaii. 

At  a  general  insurrection  of  the 
natives,  which  took  place 
in  1680,  the  Spaniards  were 
expelled  from  Tusayan  as 
from  the  other  pueblos,  but 
while  all  the  others  were 
reconquered  within  a  few 
years  and  rechristianized, 
the  power  of  the  Spaniards 
never  was  reestablished  as 
far  west  as  Tusayan,  and 
since  1680  there  has  not  been 
a  priest  stationed  among 
them.  They  practice  to-day 
essentially  the  same  rites 
and  ceremonies  as  their 
forefathers  before  the  dis 
covery  by  Columbus,  and 
are  therefore  of  peculiar  in 
terest  in  prehistoric  science. 

Zuiii  is  the  largest  and  most  populous  of  the  existing  pueblos,  and  is  supposed  to 
have  contained  a  population  of  nearly  5,000.  There  are,  in  1880,  but  1,602.  The 
houses  are  built  of  small  stone  laid  up  as  a  wall  with  little  mud  mortar,  the 
interstices  chinked  and  the  wall  plastered,  still  with  mud  mortar.  The  Span 
iards  during  their  150  years'  occupation  taught  them  the  art  of  building  with 
adobe  or  sun-dried  bricks,  of  which  material  the  old  church  in  Zuiii  is  constructed 


(30190) 


Fig.  53. 

OBSIDIAN  DAGGERS. 

Hoopa  Valley,  California. 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID. 


131 


and  is  still  standing,  but  the  improvement  was  not  adopted.  The  houses  are 
usually  well  finished  inside,  are  neatly  washed  with  white  clay,  and  are  com 
fortable  habitations.  The  floors  are  occasionally  made  of  flagging,  but  are 


.* 


Fig.   54. 
CHIPPED  STONE   DAGGER  WITH   HANDLE. 

Gray  flint  Mound,  Alabama. 


usually  plastered  with  clay  adobe.  It  is  smooth  and  readily  kept  clean.  The 
roofs  are  constructed  of  cross  rafters,  filled  in  with  willow  brush.  Light  is 
admitted  through  windows  formerly  made  of  plates  of  mica,  for  which  glass, 
when  obtainable,  is  now  substituted.  The  houses  on  the  ground  are  usually 


Fig.  55. 
STONE   KNIVES  IN  WOODEN  HANDLES. 

Hoopa  Valley,  California. 


closed,  the  entrance  being  through  the  upper  stories,  which  are  reached  only  by 
means  of  ladders,  as  shown  in  the  model.  The  terraces  are  favorite  lounging 
places  for  the  inhabitants.  The  oval,  dome-shaped  structures  close  to  the  houses 


132 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION   AT    MADRID. 


are  adobe  ovens,  used  for  baking  the  sacred  or  feast  bread.  In  wicker  bird- 
coops  are  kept  eagles,  hawks,  and  turkeys,  which  are  regarded  as  sacred  birds, 
and  from  which  are  plucked  the  feathers  used  in  the  dance  and  ceremonials. 
Covered  ways  permit  access  to  several  parts  of  the  town.  The  streets  are  not 
broad  enough  to  permit  the.  passage  of  wagons,  and  the  transportation  is  by 
horses  and  donkeys. 

Wolpi  is  one  of  seven  contiguous  Tusayaii  villages.     These  villages  are  located  on 
the  flat  tops  of  tongues  or  points  of  the  mesas  projecting  into  and  overlooking 


Fig.  56. 

SLATE  KNIVES. 
93,  black  slate,  Pennsylvania;  94,  red  shale,  Pennsylvania;  95,  red  shale,  Indiana. 

the  valley  400  or  600  feet  below.  The  houses  are  built  in  long  rows,  several 
stories  in  height,  each  story  usually  set  back  so  as  to  form  a  terrace.  Their 
gardens  are  on  the  hillside  or  in  the  valley  below.  There  is  no  running  stream 
within  40  miles,  and  they  depend  for  their  scant  supply  of  water  on  the  springs 


99 


Fig.  57. 

SPADE-LIKE   IMPLEMENT. 

South  Carolina. 


and  we^ls  far  down  the  hills  or  in  the  valley.  The  Tusayans  of  these  pueblos 
number  about  2,000.  They  are  sedentary  and  peaceful,  and  live  much  as  do  the 
Zufiis.  They  may  not  all  have  the  same  origin,  for  one  of  the  pueblos,  Tewa, 
speaks  a  different  language  from  the  others. 

Cliif  ruin,  "Casa  Blanca."    This  prehistoric  ruin,  situated  in  Canyon  de  Chelly, 

Arizona,  is  a  combination  of  village  and  cliff  dwelling ;  whether  originally  so  is 

'   unknown.     The  lower  part  contains  a  large  circular  chamber  16  feet  in  diameter, 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID. 


133 


with  about  22  well-defined  rooms,  and  traces  of  others.  Some  of  the  walls  are 
adobe  and  are  very  thin.  The  upper  portion  of  the  cliff  is  situated  in  anatural 
cavity  in  the  rock,  measuring  about  94  feet  in  length  and  40  feet  in  depth.  It 
consists  of  13  rooms  and  is  built  out  even  with  the  edge.  One  of  the  rooms  is 
supported  by  a  well  made  buttress,  a  feature  rare  among  these  ruins.  Traces  of 
walls  which  once  extended  three  stories  up  from  the  ground,  almost  to  the  floor 


Fig.  58. 

SPADE-LIKE   IMPLEMENTS. 

%,  greenstone,  Kentucky  ;  97,  Arkansas  ;  93,  South  Carolina. 

of  the  upper  cavern,  can  still  be  seen  on  the  cliff  face,  and  access  to  the  upper 
portion  was  had,  doubtless,  by  means  of  terraced  roofs  of  this  part.  The  over 
hanging  cliff  extends  upward  for  nearly  a  thousand  feet  above  the  ruin.  The 
principal  room  in  the  upper  portion  is  two  stories  high  and  has  been  coated  with 
a  wash  of  white  clay  trimmed  with  yellow;  hence  the  name  of  Casa  Blauca. 
Scale,  1  inch  to  5  feet,  1 :  60.  Area  represented,  150  feet  high,  210  wide. 


134 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION   AT   MADRID. 


Ruined  Pueblo  of  Wejegi,  Chaco  Canyon.  This  ruin  is  011  the  north  side  of  the 
Chaco  Canyon,  New  Mexico,  close  under  the  cliff,  about  9  miles  above  the  junction 
of  the  Escavada.  The  interior  dimensions  of  the  ruin  are  about  170  by  118  feet. 
It  forms  three  sides  of  a  hollow  square,  and  presents  a  front  of  15  rooms  on  the 
longer  or  11  rooms  on  the  shorter  side.  In  the  north  row,  some  of  the  walls  are 
still  standing  to  heights  of  from  12  to  18  feet,  and  this  part  of  the  structure  was 
at  least  three  stories  high.  The  walls  are  of  stone,  shaped  as  shown,  and  laid 
up  with  mud  or  stone  mortar  of  mud  without  lime.  On  the  ground  plan  there 
are  93  rooms.  The  north  or  main  row  is  5  feet  deep;  the  east  and  west  wings 
are  each  4  rooms  deep.  The  rooms  on  the  ground  average  about  9  feet  square. 
There  are  no  openings  in  the  outer  wall.  There  are  two  circular  "estufas"  23 
feet  in  diameter,  in  the  corners  formed  by  the  intersections  of  the  wings  with 


252 


Fig.  59. 

SHELL  IMPLEMENTS. 
252,  Pyrula  shell,  Indiana,  mound;  253,  Pyrula  shell,  Kenturky,  niou 


;  256,  Haliotis  shell,  California. 


the  main  row,  completely  inclosing  the  building,  but  there  is  no  standing  wall 
remaining.  The  building  was  once  terraced  from  the  court  outward.  It  prob 
ably  contained  about  210  rooms,  and  on  the  basis  of  the  proportion  existing  in 
the  present  inhabited  pueblos,  probably  had  a  population  of  about  300  persons. 
Scale,  1  inch  to  5  feet,  1 : 60.  Area  represented,  about  1  acre. 

Ruined  tower,  Colorado.  This  ruin  is  within  a  mile  of  McElmo  Creek,  a  small  tribu 
tary  of  the  Rio  San  Juan,  in  southwestern  Colorado.  The  ruin  seems  to  have 
been  a  compact  village  or  community  dwelling,  consisting  of  two  circular  build 
ings  and  a  great  number  of  rectangular  apartments.  The  greater  part  of  the 
village  is  in  such  a  state  of  decay  as  to  be  hardly  traceable  among  the  sagebrush 
and  rubbish.  The  apartments  number  nearly  a  hundred  and  seem  generally  to 
have  been  rectangular.  The  walls  of  the  tower  only  are  standing,  and  the  only 
portion  represented.  It  is  constructed  of  roughly  hewn  stone,  and  is  one  of  the 
best  specimens  of  this  ancient  architecture.  Scale,  1  inch  to  2  feet,  1:24.  Area 
represented,  64  by  64  feet. 


COLUMBIAN   HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT   MADRID. 


135 


Mummy  Cave,  Canyon  del  Muerto,  Arizona.     This  ruin  receives  its  name  from  a  well 
preserved  mummy  discovered  in  a  cist  near  it.     It  stands  on  a  shelf  as  repre- 


Fig.  60. 
HORN  AND   BONK   IMPLEMENTS. 


sented  by  the  model,  but  has  been  much  reduced  from  its  original  width  by 
crumbling,  and  is  at  a  height  of  200  feet  from  the  bottom  of  the  cliff.  The  dwell 
ing  occupied  two  unequal  crescent-shaped  caverns,  and  follows  the  configuration 


136  COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION   AT    MADRID. 

of  the  rock.     At  the  junction  of  the  crescents  on  a  narrow  shelf  was  a  rectangular 
tower  three  stories  in  height,  the  walls  and  floors  of  which  were  ot  better  mate- 


234 


Fig.  61. 

COPPER  IMPLEMENTS  AND  ORNAMENTS. 

United  States. 


rial  and  construction  than  those  on  either  side.     The  village  contained  several 
constructions  which  might  have  been  "'estufas"  (sweat  houses  or  cisterns),  or 


COLUMBIAN   HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID. 
215  218 


137 


217 


Fig.  62. 

ABORIGINAL  TERRA  COTTA  AND  STONE  SCULPTURES. 
304,  clay  figure,  Alabama  ;  305,  .lay  figure  (wolf)  (?),  Alabama  ;  215,  limestone,  Tennessee;  216,  limestone  (human  head),  Virginia; 


217,   ferruginous  sandstone,  Ohio  ;  218,  volcanic  rock  (human  face),  Tuxpan,  Mexico;  219,  greenstone  (?),  Mexico;  220,  alabaster, 
Mexico:  221,  silicified  wood,  Yucatan. 


138  COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION   AT    MADRID. 

might  have  been  tanks  for  holding  a  supply  of  water.  No  means  other  than  is 
apparent  from  the  situation  have  been  suggested  as  to  how  the  water  was  obtained. 
The  walls  are  of  masonry.  The  stones  of  which  they  were  made  are  lying  about 
as  when  the  walls  were  destroyed.  The  village  might  have  contained  a  thou 
sand  inhabitants.  The  cave  and  cliff  dwellings  of  this  country  are  at  all  heights 
in  the  cliffs,  from  30  to  800  feet  from  the  bottom,  and  the  same  variation  in  height 
from  the  top  of  the  cliff.  These  towers  and  some  other  monuments  are  quite 
prehistoric,  and  were  in  the  present  ruined  condition  when  first  visited  by  the 
Spaniards,  and  have  never  been  occupied  in  historic  times  nor  by  any  known 
peoples.  Scale,  1  inch  equals  5  feet. 


BRONZE  AGE. 

EUROPE. 

The  Bronze  Age  is  so  named  because  the  principal  cutting  implements  were  made  of 
bronze.  It  succeeded  the  Neolithic  or  Polished  Stone  Age  in  Europe,  and  pre 
ceded  the  Iron  Age ;  and  had  a  duration  of  one  thousand  or  two  thousand  years, 
and  in  some  places  possibly  three  thousand  years.  No  written  history  of  the 
Bronze  Age  has  descended  to  us.  Bronze  is  a  composition  of  copper  and  tin  in 
the  proportion  of  about  10  to  1,  and  is  harder  than  either  of  its  components. 
The  supply  in  Europe  during  the  Bronze  Age  seems  to  have  come  from  the 
Orient.  Bronze  implements  were  made  by  hammering  and  casting,  and  the 
bronze  was  used  many  times  over  by  recasting.  No  less  than  fifty-seven  bronze 
foundries  have  been  discovered  in  France,  and  a  proportionate  number  in  Italy, 
the  one  at  Bologna  having  14,000  pieces  ready  for  melting.  Bronze  casting  was 
extended  to  include  all  manner  of  prehistoric  implements,  utensils,  and  orna 
ments,  and  continued  into  protohistoric  times,  Etruscan,  Grecian,  Roman,  etc., 
until  its  use  became  as  at  present.  Seventy-five  specimens  of  bronze  and  1 
mold  for  casting  knives  and  pins. 

Bronze  hatchets.  The  people  of  the  Bronze  Age  in  Europe  were  descendants  of 
those  of  the  Neolithic  Age,  and  their  bronze  hatchets  were  at  first  in  the  same 
general  form  as  the  polished  stone  hatchets  of  their  ancestors.  Copper  hatchets 
of  this  form  have  been  found,  which  has  given  rise  to  a  belief  in  a  Copper  Age 
preceding  Bronze.  Bronze  hatchets  passed  through  several  stages  of  evolution, 
though  the  steps  are  not  always  certain.  The  first  bronze  or  copper  hatchets 
were  hammered  straight  and  flat,  though  sometimes  with  projecting  wings  and 
stops  on  the  edges;  second,  hatchets  cast  in  molds  and  with  wings  and  stops; 
third,  the  wings  were  increased  in  size  and  hammered  over  to  clamp  the  handle ; 
fourth,  the  socket.  Stops  and  rings  appeared  in  some  of  the  styles.  Five 
specimens. 

Bronze  hatchet,  first  style.  Plain,  straight,  the  edges  thickened  by  hammering  to 
give  strength  after  the  fashion  of  a  T-beamof  the  present  day  (fig.  63).  Two  speci 
mens  in  this  tray  are  of  copper.  These  are  rare.  Many  of  the  bronze  hatchets  of 
this  epoch,  and  all  the  copper  ones,  were  made  by  hammering,  but  casting  was 
soon  introduced  and  became  universal.  They  were  inserted  in  a  long  handle  of 
wood,  and  doubtless  served  both  as  implements  and  weapons.  These  are  called 
in  France  hatchets  a  bords  droits.  Reproductions  of  molds  for  casting  are  in 
adjacent  trays. 

Bronze  hatchets,  second  style.  These  are  always  cast  and  always  handled.  They 
appear  to  have  been  an  evolution  from  the  first  style.  The  handle,  still  of 
wood,  was  either  naturally  or  artificially  bent  at  the  poll ;  was  split  and  inserted. 
The  stop  at  the  bottom  prevented  further  splitting,  while  the  ring  on  the  inner 
side  afforded  means  of  lashing  to  the  handle  (fig.  64).  They  are  called  in  France  a 
talons.  Reproductions  of  molds  for  casting  them  are  in  adjacent  trays. 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION   AT    MADRID. 


139 


Bronze  hatchets,  third  style.  These  are  likewise  always  cast  and  always  handled. 
The  handle  was  bent,  split,  and  the  hatchet  inserted  as  in  the  preceding  epoch. 
The  wings  were  cast  straight,  and,  on  insertion  of  the  handle,  were  closed  over  it 
on  each  side  and  hammered  down,  thus  holding  the  handle  firmly  (fig.  65).  No. 
25243  shows  a  -piece  of  the  original  wood  thus  inserted.  Reproductions  of  molds 
for  casting  them  are  ill  adjacent  trays. 

Bronze  hatchets,  fourth  style.  Always  cast  and  always  handled.  During  this  epoch 
of  the  Bronze  Age  this  form  was  the  ne  plus  ultra  of  bronze  hatchets.  They  were 
the  hardest,  best  composition,  and  held  their  edge  the  best.  They  were  most 
effective  whether  as  implements  or  as  weapons.  The  handle  was  inserted  in 
the  socket,  and,  as  usual,  bent  at  the  poll  and  lashed  with  a  ring.  The  square 
forms  were  peculiar  to  Brittany,  where  they  have  been  found  en  cache  (fig.  66), 
(M.  de  Mortillet  found  a  cache  of  100  at  Moussaye,  and  M.  de  Chatelier  one  of  92 
near  Pont  1'Abbe.)  They  were  occasionally  deteriorated  in  quality  and  size,  and 
were  placed  in  the  graves  as  votive  offerings  to  the  dead.  Representations  of 
molds  for  casting  are  in  adjacent  trays. 

Bronze  spearheads.     These  are  all  cast.     Their  use  continued  into  the  Iron  Age, 
and  even  into  historic  times. 
The  Etruscans   and  Romans 
used  them  as  well  as  did  their 
predecessors. 

Bronze  swords,  poniards,  daggers. 
These  continued  in  use  until 
a  late  period.  They  spread 
over  Europe  and  are  traceable 
by  their  different  styles. 
Nos.  101584-101586  are  from 
Sweden;  101121  from  Brit 
tany,  yet  this  form  of  grip  is 
often  found  in  Italy.  No. 
101342  belongs  to  the  Iron 
Age,  and  shows  the  scabbard 
and  the  netting  in  which  it 
was  held.  The  three  com 
plete  specimens  are  casts — 
originals  at  Konigsberg,  Prus 
sia.  Nos.  101584,  101585  are 
Swedish;  101125  is  from  Brit 
tany  ;  they  are  from  a  foundry 
of  the  Bronze  Age,  and  have  been  broken  into  bits  to  be  melted  and  recast. 

Bronze  sickles.  These  were  cast  in  molds  of  stone  or  bronze,  possibly  of  sand  or 
clay.  One  of  these  molds  is  in  the  adjoining  tray.  The  implement  was  attached 
to  a  wooden  handle  elaborately  carved  to  fit  the  hand.  (See  No.  139765,  right- 
hand  side  of  this  tray,  for  example,  found  by  Dr.  Gross  at  the  Station  of  Moer- 
ingen,  Lake  of  Bienne,  Switzerland;  a  cast,  the  original  of  which  is  in  the 
Government  Museum  at  Berne.)  The  sickles  were  lashed  firmly  to  the  handle, 
were  provided  sometimes  with  holes,  sometimes  with  rainures,  and  sometimes 
with  button-like  protuberances,  which,  when  the  implement  was  fitted  to  the 
handle,  served  to  fasten  it  firmly. 

Bronze  knives.  These  are  principally  from  the  Swiss  lakes.  The  small  labels 
indicate  stations  in  Lake  Neuchatel.  They  were  usually  cast  and  usually  hard 
ened  by  cold  hammering.  A  pair  of  molds  are  in  the  adjoining  tray.  Notice 
the  elegance  of  form  and  decoration,  superior  even  to  those  of  modern  times. 

Bronze  razors.  This  utensil  appeared  in  use  in  the  Larnaudian  epoch.  The  large 
crescent-shaped  were  continued  into  the  later,  possibly  the  Iron  Age.  They 
were  cast  and  then  hardened  by  cold  hammering.  Despite  their  appearance, 
thev  could  be  held  in  the  hand  with  as  much  firmness  as  the  modern  razor. 


Fig.  63. 

BRONZE  HATCHETS. 

K 11  rope 


140 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID. 


Bronze  hairpins.  At  the  station  of  the  Bronze  Age  at  Wallishofen,  Lake  Zurich, 
were  found,  in. 1884,  about  2,000  such  pins.  Some  were  16  inches  in  length  with 
a  head  as  large  as  a  walnut.  They  were  decorated  with  concentric  circles  and 
not  infrequently  colored  stones  more  or  less  precious  were  inserted. 
Bronze  fibuhe  (safety  pins).  These  were  used  during  the  Bronze  Age,  continuing 
throughout  the  Grecian,  Etruscan,  and  Roman  civilizations,  to  he  used  as  pins 
for  fastening  their  garments.  They  are  usually  found  on  opening  the  ancient 
graves  of  the  latter  peoples  about  the  shoulders  and  breast. 

Bronze  center  base  of  shield  (Roman  clipeus).  Remark  the  decoration  by  incised 
lines  in  concentric  circles.  Similar  objects  have  been  found  with  holes  on  one 
side  near  the  edge,  supposed  to  have  been  for  suspension.  The  shield  of  the 
Romans  (and  so  also  believed  of  the  Etruscans)  was  of  immense  size,  made 
sometimes  of  leather  or  hide,  and  covered  with  buttons  with  protruding  points 
for  spikes.  No.  101812  is  one  of  these  spikes. 

Bronze  strigile.  This  instrument  was  used  in  the  bath  and  by  athletes  for  scraping 
the  skin.  The  hollow  or  spoonbill  held  the  oil  poured  into  it  from  the  little 

flagon,  and  with  it  the  skin  was 
anointed.  Notice  some  with  closed 
handles  for  closed  rings.  No.  101402 
bears  the  private  mark  of  the  maker 
or  owner. 

Bronze  belt  of  a  warrior  (fragment). 
Found  in  a  tomb  near  Vulci.  Only 
one  end  or  front  part  has  been  pre 
served;  the  center  has  decayed  by 
contact  with  the  earth  under  the 
back  of  the  extended  corpse.  The 
holes  near  the  edges  secured  a  bind 
ing,  possibly  of  leather  or  cloth. 
Notice  the  small  nails  for  this  pur 
pose.  Tli3  point  is  split  and  spread, 
each  way  over  the  binding.  Here 
is  the  original  of  the  modern  McGill 
patent  split  spike  or  paper  fastener, 
specimens  of  which  lie  by  its  side. 
Steatite  molds  for  bronze  hatchets  (cast). 
Europe  Each  side  thereof  has  been  utilized 

for  a  similar  purpose.    Found  in  Cis- 

ternes-]#-Foret,  Puy-de-Dome,  by  M.  Brouillet.      Original   in  Musee  Clermont- 
Ferrand. 

Bronze  molds  for  bronze  hatchets.  A  pair  of  molds  complete  for  casting  winged 
hatchets.  The  wings  were  made  straight,  to  be  hammered  over  the  split  handle 
and  fasten  it  firmly.  The  ring  for  lashing  the  handle,  the  orifice  to  receive  the 
molten  metal,  and  the  vents  for  escape  of  air  are  phiinly  to  be  seen.  Part  of  the 
treasure  of  Vandrevauges,  near  Sarrelouis,  Alsace.  Gathered  by  Victor  Simon. 
Original  at  Musee  Saint  Germain,  Paris.  No.  8102. 

Bronze  molds  for  socketed  bronze  hatchets.  Cast  of  a  mold,  in  two  pieces,  for 
socketed  bronze  hatchets,  fourth  style.  The  ring  on  the  side  is  plainly  shown ; 
the  core  is  absent.  Found  at  Bricquebec,  Seine-Inferieure,  France. 
Terra-cotta  mold  for  bronze  hammers.  With  core  complete,  for  socketed  hammers. 
From  the  station  of  Moeriugen,  Lake  Bienue,  Switzerland.  Gathered  by  Dr. 
Gross.  Original  in  Government  Museum,  Berne,  Switzerland. 

Mold  for  a  bronze  knife,  with  a  socket.  Cast  of  a  mold,  with  core,  for  bronze  knives, 
with  a  socket  for  the  insertion  of  the  handle  instead  of  a  tang.  Complete  in 
three  pieces.  Found  by  Dr.  Gross,  Lake  Neufchatel.  Original  in  Government 
Museum,  Berne,  Switzerland. 


Fi. 


'.  65.  Fig.  66. 

BRONZE   HATCHETS. 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID. 


141 


ABORIGINAL   MODES    OF    HAFTING    STONE   IMPLEMENTS.       UNITED    STATES. 

Various  North  American  tribes  still  use,  though  to  a  limited  extent,  weapons  and 
tools  of  stone  and  bone,  hafting  them  according  to  the  methods  in  vogue  among 
their  forefathers.  Such  modern  specimens  illustrate  the  manner  in  which  the  stone 
axes,  celts,  adzes,  and  other  implements  of  earlier  date  were  rendered  serviceable 
by  the  addition  of  handles,  and  are  here  shown  for  purposes  of  comparison: 
FiG.  323.  Grooved  greenstone  ax,  with  a  hickory  withe  bent  around  the  groove.  The 

ends  of  the  withe,  which  form  the  handle,  are  firmly  bound  with  strips  of  raw 

hide  below  the  stone  head,  near  the  middle,  and  at  the  lower  part.     From  the 

Dakota  Indians. 
FIG.  324.  Polished  stone  hatchets  of  argillite,  chipped  thin  at  the  poll,  to  fit  into  the 

cleft  end  of  an  oaken  stick,  where  it  is  secured  by  twisted  cords  of  sinew.     From 

the  Indians  of  the  Missouri  Valley. 


323 


324 


Fig.  67. 

ABORIGINAL  METHODS  OF  HAFTING  STONE  IMPLEMENTS. 


FIG.  325.  War  club,  consisting  of  a  solidly  round  stone,  attached  to  a  long  handle 
with  rawhide  sewed  with  sinew,  and  a  looped  thong  in  the  end  for  the  wrist. 
From  the  Dakota  Indians. 

FIG.  326.  A  weapon  of  similar  character.  In  this  instance,  however,  the  handle  is 
much  shorter  and  the  round  stone  head  is  not  firmly  attached  by  flexible 
thongs.  The  rawhide  covering  of  the  weapon  (including  the  head  and  handle), 
consists  of  one  piece  taken  from  the  caudal  portion  of  an  ox,  a  part  of  whose 
tail  forms  an  ornamental  appendage  to  the  handle.  From  the  Apaches. 

FIG.  327. — A  war  club  with  a  well- wrought  and  polished  egg-shaped  head  of  yellow 
ish  limestone,  and  strengthened  by  a  casing  of  rawhide,  which  extends  about 
6  inches  below  the  head.  The  part  of  the  ashen  handle  that  encircles  the  stone 
is  ornamented  with  large-headed  brass  nails.  The  extremity  of  the  handle, 
again,  is  enveloped  by  a  tightly  fitting  covering  of  rawhide,  taken  from  the 
caudal  part  of  the  buffalo.  A  tuft  of  the  animal's  tail  has  been  retained  for 
decoration,  and  a  feather  of  the  wild  turkey  is  attached  to  the  hair  by  a  narrow 
strip  of  dressed  skin.  From  the  Blackfeet. 

FIG.  328. — A  weapon  of  the  same  description.  The  polished  head  is  smaller  and 
more  elongated  than  in  the  original  of  fig.  327.  The  handle  shows  the  usual 
casing  of  rawhide,  and  is  looped  for  a  wrist  strap.  From  the  Mississippi  River 
Valley. 


142  COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID. 

FIG.  329. — Dagger  knife,  chiefly  used  as  a  hunting  weapon.  It  consists  of  a  ground 
lancehead-shaped  blade  of  dark  slate,  inserted  and  riveted  by  means  of  a 
wooden  peg  into  a  barbed  ivory  socket,  which  is  attached  to  a  short  cylindrical 
handle  of  pine  wood.  From  the  natives  of  Nuiiivak  Island,  Alaska. 

FIG.  330. — Scabbard  of  the  dagger  knife  just  described.  Formed  by  two  hollowed 
pieces  of  pinez  which  are  held  together  by  a  binding  of  split  spruce  roots. 


CATALOGUE  OF  THE  ETHNOLOGICAL  COLLECTION  OF  THE 
UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM  OF  THE  SMITHSONIAN 
INSTITUTION. 


By  WALTER  HOUGH,  Assistant  in  the  Department  of  Ethnology. 


This  collection,  which  relates  to  the  present  condition  of  the  Indian 
tribes  north  of  Mexico,  is  a  part  of  that  intended  for  the  Chicago  exhi 
bition,  and  is  displayed  here  for  the  first  time. 

In  accordance  with  the  method  of  the  National  Museum,  by  which 
Dr.  Goode  and  his  colleagues  propose  to  unite  popular  education  with 
scientific  education,  the  specimens  exhibited  are  described  and 
explained,  so  far  as  possible,  by  means  of  maps,  diagrams,  illustrated 
books,  photographs,  and  labels. 

Although  in  forming  this  partial  collection,  under  the  personal  super 
vision  and  care  of  Prof.  O.  T.  Mason,  articles  of  the  greatest  importance 
from  their  artistic  or  unusual  character  have  been  selected  from  the 
collection,  their  scientific  and  comparative  order  has  not  been  changed. 

The  series,  consisting  of  more  than  5,000  photographs,  transparen 
cies,  lithographs,  paintings,  and  engravings  from  illustrated  books, 
represents,  as  a  whole,  the  various  phases  of  Indian  life,  and  form  a 
complete  museum  of  drawings. 

Independently  of  the  large  collection  of  works  on  this  subject  by 
American  authors  here  brought  together,  the  publications  of  the 
Smithsonian  Institution  and  the  Bureau  of  Ethnology  form  an  impor 
tant  library  for  study. 

The  exhibit  contains  sufficient  materials  for  writing  and  illustrating 
a  work  on  the  aborigines  of  the  northern  part  of  the  two  great  conti 
nents  discovered  by  Columbus. 

This  collection  has  also  for  its  object  the  display  of  the  method  of 
study  and  installation  of  the  Department  of  Ethnology  of  the  United 
States  National  Museum. 

All  human  activities  and  industries  should  be  regarded  as  a  part,  or 
small  part,  of  the  system  of  nature,  and  should  be  studied  in  accord 
ance  with  the  laws  and  operations  of  natural  history.  Every  article 
which  is  the  result  of  a  human  action  should  be  studied,  first,  in  the 
mode  of  its  manufacture  (ontogeny) ;  secondly,  in  its  relation  to  other 

143 


144  COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID. 

products  of  human  action  of  the  same  class  or  similar  classes  (phylog- 
eny);  thirdly,  in  its  historical  evolution;  fourthly,  in  its  geographical, 
original,  and  national  distribution. 

Visitors  are  requested  to  begin  the  examination  of  this  collection  at 
the  left  corner  of  the  glass  cases,  and  to  go  on  examining  from  left  to 
right,  and  from  the  top  to  the  bottom,  as  if  they  were  reading  a  book. 

CASE  I. 

Specimens  of  arrows  from  North  America. — This  collection  comprises  the  kinds  used 
by  the  aborigines  of  North  America. 

By  beginning  the  examination  of  the  specimens  contained  in  this  case  on  the 
left,  they  may  be  studied  in  their  order  from  Labrador  (including  West  Green 
land)  on  the  east  and  Alaska  on  the  west,  across  the  continent,  to  Mexico,  above 
the  Aztec  territory. 
Plate  armor.— Composed  of  three  layers  of  ivory  plates  1  inch  wide  and  6  inches  long. 

Every  plate  contains  6  holes,  through  which  passes  a  thong  made  of  deer  hide, 
which  fastens  them  together.  These  plates  are  arranged  like  scales,  in  order  to 
afford  better  protection  in  war  against  the  enemy's  missiles.  The  lower  part 
contains  43  plates,  and  the  middle  38.  The  upper  row  is  composed  of  2  sections : 
One  of  10  plates,  protecting  the  breast,  and  the  other  of  8  plates,  protecting  the 
upper  part  of  the  back.  The  armor  is  kept  in  place  by  leather  straps. 

This  armor  greatly  resembles  that  formerly  used  in  Japan,  which  fact  has  given 
rise  to  the  supposition  that  the  primitive  inhabitants  or  aborigines  of  Alaska 
had  some  relations  or  connection  with  the  Japanese.  Length  of  the  armor  When 
opened,  3  feet  8  inched.  Eskimo  of  Cape  Prince  of  Wales,  Alaska,  1892.  153491. 
Collected  by  H.  R.  Thornton. 

Plate  armor. — A  fragment  consisting  of  9  iron  plates,  resembling  those  of  the  Japa 
nese  suits  of  armor,  fastened  together  by  three  thongs. 

This  specimen  was  found  in  a  marsh  on  Cape  Prince  of  Wales,  near  the  ivory 
armor  (No.  153491)  before  described.     Each  plate  measures  4f  inches  in  length 
by  li  inches  in  width.     1892.     153492.     Collected  by  H.  R.  Thornton. 
Armor. — Composed  of  32  pieces  of  cedar  and  other  kinds  of  wood,  fastened  together 
by  a  fine  cord  of  sinew  and  other  material. 

The  breastplate  and  backpiece  of  the  armor  are  separate.  A  section  of  8  small 
pieces  protects  the  throat,  and  another  similiar  set  of  7  pieces  protects  the  nape 
of  the  neck.  The  armor  is  fastened  on  the  right  side  by  a  wide  leather  strap, 
and  on  the  left  by  a  strap  and  loop.  A  button  placed  on  the  front  of  the  collar 
probably  served -to  hang  the  quiver.  Length,  21|  inches;  width,  20  inches. 
Sitka,  Alaska.  9243.  Collected  by  Dr.  A.  H.  Hoff,  U.  S.  A. 

Wooden  armor. — Composed  of  74  pieces  of  Avood  of  equal  length  and  half  an  inch  in 
diameter. 

These  pieces  of  wood  are  woven  together  by  strips  of  leather  thongs  and  cot 
ton  cord,  alternating.  The  strips,  both  of  leather  and  cotton,  pass  in  front  of 
two  of  the  pieces  of  wood  and  behind  the  next  two,  and  repass  at  the  side  in 
the  same  way,  but  continuing  to  alternate;  that  is  to  say,  the  whole  forms  a 
twining  from  the  top  to  the  bottom  and  from  the  right  to  the  left,  which  inter 
weaving  produces  a  very  good  external  effect.  Length  of  the  wooden  pieces, 
23|  inches;  width  of  the  leather  strips.  2£  inches,  and  of  the  cotton  strips,  1£ 
inches.  Tlinkit  Indians  (Koluschan  stock),  Sitka,  Alaska,  1881.  49213.  Col 
lected  by  J.  J.  McLean. 

Armor. — Made  of  tanned  leather,  cut  into  fringes  on  both  sides,  and  ornamented 
with  blue  and  red  drawings. 

The  armor  is  attached  to  the  body  by  leather  straps.  This  armor  is  a  good 
protection  but  is  extremely  troublesome  to  the  warrior.  Hupa  Indians  (Atha 
pascan  stock).  California,  1886.  126908.  Collected  by  Lieut.  P.  H.  Ray,  U.  S.  A. 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID.  145 

War  club. — The  head  is  an  oval  stone,  fastened  to  the  wooden  handle  by  a  strip  of 
leather,  which  also  covers  the  entire  handle. 

The  leather  is  covered  by  a  sheet  of  tin  6  inches  longer  than  the  handle,  orna 
mented  with  beads  and  a  hanging  leather  strap  also  embroidered  with  beads. 
Length,  29  inches;  length  of  the  head,  6|  inches.  Yankton  Indians  (Siouan 
stock),  Yankton  Reservation,  Dakota.  8382.  Collected  by  Dr.  A.  B.  Campbell, 
U.  S.  A. 

Club  (slung  shot). — The  head  is  of  stone,  and  is  of  the  shape  of  an  egg;  the  handle 
is  of  wood.  The  whole  club  is  strongly  covered  with  leather. 

The  head  hangs  at  about  an  inch  from  the  handle,  suspended  by  the  same 
leather  which  covers  both.  The  handle  is  ornamented  with  strips  embroidered 
with  beads,  and  a  plume  of  horsehair  hangs  from  it.  Length,  23  inches;  diam 
eter  of  the  head,  2  inches.  Ute  Indians  (Shoshonean  stock),  Ute  Reservation, 
Colorado,  1891.  153047.  Collected  by  Theo.  Moller. 

Seal})  with  long  hair. — Taken  from  the  head  of  -an  Indian.  Mounted  on  a  wooden 
hoop  covered  with  red  flannel,  to  which  it  is  fastened  by  a  loop.  Length  of  the 
hair,  27  inches.  Sioux  Indians.  153950.  Collected  by  Mrs.  M.  M.  Hazen. 

Scalp. — Taken  from  the  head  of  an  Indian.  Mounted  on  a  wooden  hoop.  This  skin 
has  been  cut  and  stretched  in  order  to  make  the  scalp  larger. 

The  Indian  tears  the  scalp  from  his  conquered  victim,  seizing  him  by  the  hair 
with  the  left  hand,  and  with  a  knife  cutting  a  piece  of  skin  as  large  as  the 
palm  of  the  hand.  When  the  scalp  is  dry  he  sometimes  ornaments  it,  and  he 
preserves  it  as  a  trophy  of  great  value.  Length  of  the  hair,  25  inches.  Sioux 
Indians.  153952.  Collected  by  Mrs.  M.  M.  Hazeu. 

Scalp. — An  oblong  piece  of  skin  with  black  hair.  Length,  5|  inches.  Sioux  Indians. 
153954.  Collected  by  Mrs.  M.  M.  Hazen. 

Scalp. — Taken  from  the  head  of  an  Indian.  Mounted  on  two  hoops  covered  with  red 
flannel,  and  placed  one  inside  of  the  other.  A  cord  is  tied  to  the  larger  hoop. 
Length  of  the  hair,  12  inches.  Sioux  Indians.  153951.  Collected  by  Mrs.  M. 
M.  Hazen. 

Horse  tail. — Mounted  on  a  wooden  hoop,  imitating  the  shape  of  a  human  scalp,  sus 
pended  by  a  loop  of  red  flannel.  Length,  21  inches.  Sioux  Indians.  153954. 
Collected  by  Mrs.  M.  M.  Hazen. 

CASE  II. 

Specimens  of  bows  from  North  America. — This  collection  of  bows  contains  the  follow 
ing  specimens,  comprising  all  those  known  north  of  the  Aztec  territory :  The 
bow  with  a  backing  of  sinew  cord;  the  bow  made  of  pieces  of  bone  joined 
together ;  the  bow  covered  with  sinews  glued  to  the  back ;  the  simple  bow  made 
of  elastic  wood. 

Bow  with  a  backing  of  sinews. — Made  of  spruce  pine,  strengthened  at  short  intervals 
with  fastenings  of  sinew.  The  cord  of  the  bow  is  of  twisted  sinew.  Length, 
57  inches.  Eskimo  of  the  Yukon  Delta,  Alaska.  43679.  Collected  by  E.  W. 
Nelson. 

Mixed  bow. — Of  bone,  in  three  pieces  fastened  together  by  a  cord  of  sinew,  and 
strengthened,  in  addition,  by  small  pieces  of  bone  and  a  longitudinal  cable  of 
sinew.  Length,  3  feet.  Eskimo  of  King  William's  Land.  10280.  Collected  by 
Capt.  C.  F.  Hall. 

Bow  covered  with  sinew. — Made  of  wood;  the  back  is  covered  with  a  strong  band  of 
sinew,  plastered  with  glue  to  imitate  the  bark  of  a  tree.  It  has  curved  ends, 
ornamented  with  small  pieces  of  skins,  giving  it  the  appearance  of  Cupid's  bow. 
Length,  38  inches.  McCloud  River  Indians.  76373.  Collected  by  Lorin  F. 
Green. 

H.  Ex.  100 10 


146  COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID. 

Boiv  made  of  horn. — Made  of  several  pieces  of  buffalo  horu  joined,  and  covered  on 
the  back  with  sinews  cemented  with  glue.  Decorated  with  bands  of  red  flannel, 
fastened  with  thongs  of  buckskin,  covered  at  intervals  with  ornaments  of  small 
feathers.  Length,  3  feet.  Sioux  Indians  (Siouan  stock),  Missouri  River.  154015. 
Deposited  by  Mrs.  Mildred  McLean  Hazeii. 

Bow  covered  with  sinew. — Bow  of  hard  Avood,  with  the  back  covered  with  sinew 
cemented  with  glue  and  strengthened  with  fastenings  of  sinew  and  with  a  strap 
of  buckskin.  The  cord  of  the  bow  is  of  sinew,  fastened  to  one  end  by  six  half 
turns.  Length,  42  inches.  Ute  Indians  of  Utah  (Shoshonean  stock).  14886. 
Collected  by  J.  W.  Powell. 

Plain  bow. — Made  of  wood,  not  strengthened,  ornamented  with  paintings  on  only 
one  side  of  the  bow.  Sioux  Indians  (Siouan  stock),  Missouri  River.  8301. 
Gift  of  the  Army  Medical  Museum. 

Quiver,  'bow,  and  arrows. — The  cases  for  the  bow  and  the  arrows  are  separate;  they 
are  of  white  sealskin.  The  bow  is  of  antler,  and  is  composed  of  three  pieces, 
joined  together  by  clinched  rivets  of  iron,  and  fastened  together  in  the  center 
by  a  cord  of  sinew.  The  arrows  have  wooden  shafts  with  a  broad  iron  head, 
wide  and  smooth  notches,  and  two  feathers  placed  in  the  same  plane,  the  whole 
tied  with  sinew.  Eskimo  of  Cumberland  Gulf.  Quiver,  30014;  bow,  34055; 
arrows,  90138.  Collected  by  L.  Kumlien  and  Lucien  Turner. 

Quiver  and  bow. — Quiver  of  seal  skin,  with  the  hair  outside.  It  is  a  plain  bag,  with 
out  compartments,  for  the  bow  and  the  arrows.  The  bow  is  of  spruce,  strength 
ened  on  the  back  with  a  cord  of  sinew.  Eskimo  of  Point  Barrow,  Alaska. 
89240.  Collected  by  E.  P.  Herendeen. 

Quiver,  bow,  and  arrows. — The  cases  for  the  bow  and  the  arrows  are  of  fish  skin.  The 
bow  is  of  spruce,  strengthened  with  a  cord  of  sinew  ingeniously  stretched  on 
the  back  and  enveloping  the  whole  bow.  The  arrows  have  shafts  of  spruce,  a 
bone  head  fastened  in  the  groove  at  the  end  of  the  shaft  by  small  strands  of 
sinew;  two  feathers  are  fixed  in  the  groove,  in  the  same  or  in  different  planes, 
and  are  fastened  to  the  shaft  with  sinew.  Eskimo  of  Porcupine  River,  Alaska, 
1891.  153640.  Collected  by  J.  H.  Turner. 

Quiver,  bow,  and  arrows.— The  cases  for  the  bow  and  the  arrows  and  the  bandoleer 
are  of  sea-otter  skin,  lined  with,  red  flannel,  and  embroidered  with  beads  of 
.  many  colors,  and  have  long  fringes  of  sea-otter  skin  cut  in  strips.  The  bow  is 
of  horn;  compound;  the  pieces  of  horn  are  united  by  sinews,  and  the  whole  is 
overlaid  on  the  back  by  sinew  and  cement;  the  grooves  are  made  by  wrappings 
at  the  end  of  the  bow.  The  cord  is  of  fine  twisted  sinew.  The  arrows  have 
small  shafts,  three  feathers,  and  iron  heads.  Nez  Perce  Indians  (Shahaptian 
stock),  Idaho.  22287,  '29886,  23842.  Collected  by  William  H.  Danielson  and 
J.  B.  Monteith. 

Bow  and  quiver. — Quiver  of  sea-otter  skin,  lined  with  flannel,  and  ornamented  with 
beads  and  with  fringes  of  sea-otter  skin.  The  bow  is  of  pieces  of  horn,  united 
by  small  deerskin  thongs,  and  is  covered  on  the  outer  side  with  raw  hide 
cemented  with  gme.  Nez  Perce"  Indians  (Shahaptian  stock),  Idaho.  23843, 
21286.  Collected  by  Rev.  G.  Ainslee  and  J.  B.  Monteith. 

Quiver,  bou\  and  arroivs. — The  cases  for  the  bow  and  the  arrows  and  the  bandoleer 
(shoulder  belt)  are  of  mountain-lion  skin,  and  are  lined  with  red  flannel,  partly 
cotton,  and  ornamented  with  an  embroidery  of  beads.  The  bow  is  of  wood, 
plain ;  with  a  string  of  sinew.  The  arrows  have  plain  shafts,  iron  heads,  and  three 
feathers.  Arapahoe  Indians  (Algonkian  stock).  129873.  Collected  by  Lieut. 
H.  M.  Creel,  U.  S.  A.  Given  to  Lieutenant  Creel  by  Powder  Face,  the  head  chief 
of  the  Southern  Arapahoe. 

Quiver,  bow,  and  arrows. — The  cases  of  the  bow  and  the  arrows  are  of  oxhide.  The 
bag  is  of  leather;  the  bow  is  of  hard  wood,  plain.  The  arrows  have  plain  shafts 
and  three  feathers.  Comanche  Indians  (Shoshoneau  stock),  Indian  Territory. 
8818,  6964.  Gift  of  the  Army  Medical  Museum. 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID.  147 

Quiver,  bow,  and  arrows.— The  cases  for  the  bow  and  the  arrows  are  of  oxhide.  The 
bag  is  of  leather;  the  bow  is  of  hard  wood,  and  is  plain.  The  arrows  have 
painted  shafts,  an  iron  head,  and  three  feathers.  Tonkawa  Indians  (Caddoan 
stock),  Texas.  8448.  Collected  by  Dr.  H.  McElderry. 

War  shield. — Of  leather,  covered  with  deerskin  painted  yellow,  ornamented  with 
figures  and  drawings.  Edged  with  buffalo  hide  dyed  red,  and  ornamented  with 
woodpecker's  skins,  eagle's  feathers,  and  bands  of  leather  covered  with  red  flan 
nel.  Diameter,  16  inches.  Cheyenne  Indians  (Algonkiaii  stock),  Indian  Terri 
tory.  58616.  Given  by  Tich  Kamatse.  Belonging  to  Tich  Kamatse,  a  Cheyenne 
warrior,  formerly  in  the  service  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution. 

War  shield.—  Made  of  leather  covered  with  cotton  cloth  painted  yellow  and  green 
and  ornamented  with  drawings  representing  an  owl.  Border  of  red  flannel,  orna 
mented  with  eagle's  feathers.  Diameter,  17  inches.  Arapahoe  Indians  (Algon- 
kian  stock),  Wyoming,  1879.  127871.  Collected  by  Lieut.  H.  M.  Creel;  obtained 
from  Little  Raven,  head  chief  of  the  Northern  Arapahoes. 

War  shield. — Made  of  hide,  with  two  coverings  of  deerskin  painted  on  the  outside 
with  concentric  circles  in  yellow,  red,  green,  white,  and  blue.  Border  and  tas 
sels  of  red  flannel,  ornamented  with  eagle's  feathers  and  those  of  other  birds. 
Width,  15  inches.  Kiowa  Indians  (Kiowau  stock),  Indian  Territory.  73073. 
Gift  from  the  Army  Medical  Museum. 

War  shield. — Made  of  hide,  of  a  convex  form;  as  device,  it  bears  a  buffalo  head  and 
rays  painted  in  blue  and  black.  It  has  around  it  a  festoon  of  red  flannel,  to 
which  several  eagle's  feathers  are  sewed.  Diameter,  17  inches.  White  Mountain 
Apaches  (Athapascan  stock),  New  Mexico,  1836.  11319.  Collected  by  Governor 
W.  F.  M.  Arny. 

CASE  III. 

Plpestem. — Made  from  an  oak  sapling;  the  upper  half  is  wrapped  in  a  beautiful 
braid  of  quills  dyed  in  various  colors.  Length,  38  inches.  Width,  2f  inches. 
Sioux  Indians.  154006.  Collected  by  Mrs.  M.  M.  Hazen. 

Pipe.— The  stem  is  of  oak,  flattened;  the  upper  half  is  ornamented  with  a  covering 
of  braid  made  of  quills,  and  a  horsehair  plume.  The  bowl  is  made  of  a  small, 
black  stone,  lined  at  the  stem  end  with  lead.  Length  of  the  stem,  37£  inches ; 
width,  If  inches ;  length  of  the  bowl,  2f  inches.  Sioux  Indians.  154004,  154005. 
Collected  by  Mrs.  M.  M.  Hazen. 

Pipe. — Stem  of  oak,  flattened,  ornamented  with  small  tin  bangles,  tassels  of  ribbon, 
and  dyed  horsehair,  and  wrapped  in  a  braid  of  red  and  white  quills  and  wood 
peckers'  skins.  The  bowl  is  lined  at  the  stem  end  with  lead.  Length  of  the 
stem,  29  inches;  width,  1|  inches;  length  of  the  bowl,  5  inches.  Sioux  Indians. 
154001.  Collected  by  Mrs.  M.  M.  Hazen. 

Pipe. — Stem  of  oak,  flattened;  the  upper  half  is  ornamented  with  tassels  of  dyed 
horsehair  and  with  ribbons,  and  is  covered  with  woodpeckers'  skins  and  a  braid 
of  red  and  yellow  quills.  Length  of  the  stem,  30  inches ;  width,  If  inches ; 
length  of  the  bowl,  5  inches.  Sioux  Indians.  154000.  Collected  by  Mrs,  M.  M. 
Hazen. 

Pipe.—  Oak  stem,  flattened;  the  upper  part  is  ornamented  with  a  covering  of  wood 
peckers'  skins  and  a  braid  of  red  and  yellow  quills,  and  tassels  of  ribbons  and 
dyed  horsehair.  The  bowl  is  of  catlinite,  and  has  a  small  hole  in  it.  It  has  a 
carved  border  at  the  point  of  union  with  the  stem.  Length  of  the  stem,  28 
inches;  width,  1^  inches;  length  of  the  bowl,  5  inches.  Sioux  Indians.  154002. 
Collected  by  Mrs.  M.  M.  Hazen. 

Pipeholders  (4). — Long  bags  of  buckskin  and  flannel,  embroidered  with  beads  and 
feathers.  Sioux  Indians.  Collected  by  Mrs.  M.  M.  Hazen. 

Pipes. — Made  in  imitation  of  a  mouthpiece.  These  imperfect  pipes  are  made  of  the 
tibia  of  a  deer.  The  part  near  the  ends  is  wrapped  in  hide  with  the  hair  on, 
Length,  6£  and  7|  inches.  Kiowa  Indians  (Kiowan  stock),  Kiowa  Reservation, 
Indian  Territory,  1891.  152940.  Collected  by  James  Mooney. 


148  COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID. 

Pipe  of  stone.— Obtained  by  the  Kiowas  from  some  northern  tribe;  it  is  about  half  a 
century  old.  Length,  13  inches.  Kiowa  Indians  (Kiowan  stock),  Kiowa  Reserva 
tion,  Indian  Territory,  1891.  152941.  Collected  by  James  Mooney. 

Pipe. — Bowl  of  catlinite ;  the  stem  is  a  wooden  cylinder.  Obtained  from  the  Kiowa 
traders.  Length,  25^  inches.  Kiowa  Indians  (Kiowan  stock),  Kiowa  Agency, 
Indian  Territory,  1891.  152942.  Collected  by  James  Mooney. 

Tomahawk  pipe. — Stem  of  hard  wood;  head  of  iron;  blade  triangular;  the  bowl  is  of 
the  shape  of  a  spindle,  with  raised  edges.  Length  of  the  head,  8  inches;  of  the 
stem,  17|  inches.  Ponca  Indians  (Siouan  stock),  Ponca  Agency,  Indian  Ter 
ritory,  1891.  152805.  Collected  by  James  Mooney. 

This  " tomahawk"  pipe  was  obtained  by  R.  R.  H.  Voth  from  an  old  Ponca 
Indian  named  Hairy  Bear,  who  claims  for  himself  the  glory  of  having  killed 
two  whites  with  this  pipe.  This  weapon  is  very  old;  it  was  used  by  Hairy 
Bear's  grandfather. 

Tomahawk  pipe. — Stem  of  hard  wood,  head  the  shape  of  a  spear,  with  ornaments 
around  the  stem.  This  tomahawk  is  of  Mexican  origin.  The  Kiowas  claim 
that  this  spear-shaped  specimen  is  the  true  Kiowa  type.  Length  of  the  stem, 
20  inches;  of  the  head,  6f  inches.  Kiowa  Indians  (Kiowan  stock),  Kiowa 
Reservation,  Indian  Territory,  1891.  153013.  Collected  by  James  Mooney. 

Tomahawk  pipe. — Without  a  stem ;  iron  head;  the  blade  is  triangular;  the  hole  is 
elliptical;  the  bowl  has  somewhat  of  the  shape  of  a  spindle,  with  a  raised  bor 
der,  and  a  carving  around  the  center.  Length  of  the  head,  7£  inches.  Kiowa 
Indians  (Kiowan  stock),  Kiowa  Reservation,  Indian  Territory,  1891.  152894. 
Collected  by  James  Mooney. 

This  iron  tomahawk  was  purchased.  These  weapons  in  the  shape  of  a  hatchet 
are  of  English  origin;  those  in  the  shape  of  a  spear  are  Mexican.  This  speci 
men  is  half  a  century  old,  and  many  men  have  been  killed  with  it. 

Pipe.— The  bowl  is  of  stone,  and  is  joined  to  the  stem  by  straps  of  rawhide.  The 
receptacle  for  the  tobacco  is  very  small.  The  thick  stem  is  made  of  two  sections 
forming  a  tube  united  by  rawhide.  Length  of  the  stem,  7^  inches;  height  of 
the  bowl,  !-£  inches.  Eskimo  of  Point  Barrow,  Alaska.  59290.  Collected  by 
Lieut.  P.  H.  Ray,  U.  S.  A. 

Pipe. — The  bowl  is  of  horn,  and  is  joined  to  the  stem  by  rawhide  straps.  The  recep 
tacle  for  the  tobacco  is  very  small,  and  is  lined  with  tin.  The  stem  is  curved, 
and  is  formed  of  two  sections  hollowed  out  and  united  by  rawhide  strips. 
Length  of  the  stem,  13  inches;  height  of  the  bowl,  1£  inches.  Eskimo  of  Cape 
Lisburne,  Alaska.  46021.  Collected  by  Dr.  T.  H.  Bean. 

Pipe. — The  bowl  is  of  bone,  joined  to  the  stem  by  rawhide  straps.  The  receptacle 
for  the  tobacco  is  very  small,  and  is  lined  with  tin.  The  stem  is  slightly  curved, 
and  is  made  of  two  sections  of  wood  united  by  hide.  Length  of  the  stem,  13J 
inches;  height  of  the  bowl,  \\  inches.  Eskimo  of  Point  Barrow,  Alaska.  89287. 
Collected  by  Lieut.  P.  H.  Ray,  U.  S.  A. 

Pipe. — The  bowl  is  of  whalebone,  and  is  driven  far  into  the  stem;  it  is  small,  and  is 
lined  with  tin.  The  stem  is  curved,  and  is  made  of  two  sections  of  wood  united 
by  rawhide  straps.  The  mouthpiece  is  of  ivory,  joined  to  the  stem  by  a  tin  band. 
A  small  iron  wire,  which  is  fastened  to  the  pipe,  serves  to  clean  it.  Length  of 
the  stem,  13  inches.  Eskimo  of  Point  Hope,  Alaska.  63785.  Collected  by  E. 
W.  Nelson. 

Pipe. — The  bowl  is  of  iron;  it  was  once  joined  to  the  stem  by  hide,  but  this  was 
broken  and  was  replaced  by  a  white  ribbon.  The  receptacle  of  the  bowl  is  very 
small.  The  stem  is  curved,  and  is  made  of  two  grooved  pieces  of  wood  united 
with  rawhide.  The  mouthpiece  is  of  ivory.  Length  of  the  stem,  llf  inches; 
height  of  the  bowl,  !-£  inches.  Eskimo  of  Cape  Lisburne,  Alaska.  46020.  Col 
lected  by  Dr.  T.  H.  Bean. 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID.  149 

Spoon. — Made  of  whalebone;  it  is  long  and  flat,  and  is  cut  in  the  shape  of  a  spatula. 
Ornamented  with  totemic  carvings.  Length,  14|  inches ;  width,  2  inches.  Sitka 
Indians  (Koluschan  stock),  Sitka,  Alaska.  8944.  Collected  by  Dr.  A.  H.  Hoff, 
U.  S.  A. 

Spoon. — Made  of  wood.  The  lower  part  of  the  handle  is  cut  to  represent  the  head 
of  some  animal,  holding  the  bowl  of  the  spoon  in  its  teeth.  Length,  11  inches; 
width,  2f  inches.  Siika  Indians  (Koluschan  stock),  Sitka,  Alaska.  75438.  Col 
lected  by  J.  J.  McLean. 

Spoon  for  berries. — Made  of  wood;  the  outside  is  ornamented  with  totemic  engrav 
ings.  It  has'nearly  the  shape  of  a  spatula.  Length,  14£  inches;  width,  If  inches. 
Kake  Indians  (Koluschan  stock),  Kuin  Island,  Alaska.  20823.  Collected  by 
James  G.  Swan. 

Spoon  for  berries. — Made  of  wood;  it  is  long  and  flat,  and  is  nearly  of  the  shape  of 
a  spatula;  it  is  ornamented  with  totemic  drawings.  Length,  15| inches;  width, 
If  inches.  Tsimshian  Indians  (Tsimshian  stock),  British  Columbia.  16256. 
Collected  by  Dr.  W.  H.  Dall. 

Most  of  the  household  uteusils-.of  the  Indians  of  the  northwest  coast  are  orna 
mented  with  engraved  or  carved  designs. 

GoaVs  horn. — Horn  for  making  spoons.  The  bowl  of  the  spoon  is  made  of  the  wide 
part  of  the  horn,  to  which,  after  it  has  -been  split  for  some  inches  on  one  side, 
the  desired  shape  is  given  by  means  of  steam,  with  a  wooden  mold.  The  handle 
is  made  of  the  long  part  of  the  horn,  usually  ornamented  with  totemic  or  mytho 
logical  carvings.  The  bowl  and  the  handle  are  often  made  in  two  pieces. 
Length,  7i  inches;  width,  If  inches.  Alaska.  16809.  Collected  by  Dr.  W.  H. 
Dall. 

Spoon. — Made  of  goat's  horn.  The  bowl  and  the  handle  are  united  by  copper  rivets. 
There  are  totemic  carvings  on  the  handle.  Length,  8f  inches ;  width,  2|  inches. 
Alaska  Indians.  23400.  Collected  by  James  G.  Swan. 

Spoon. — Made  of  goat's  horn.  The  handle  is  ornamented  with  totemic  carvings.  The 
bowl  and  the  handle  are  united  with  rivets.  Length,  12  inches ;  width,  2f  inches. 
Massett  Indians  (Skittagetau  stock),  British  Columbia.  88706.  Collected  by 
James  G.  Swan. 

Spoon. — Made  of  goat's  horn.     There  are  totemic  carvings  on  the  handle.     The  handle 
and  the  bowl  are  united.     Length,  9|  inches;    width,  2f  inches.     Tsimshian 
Indians  (Tsimshian  stock),  Porcher  Island,  British  Columbia.    20616.     Collected 
.    by  James  G.  Swan. 

Spoon. — Bowl  of  sheep's  horn;  handle  of  goat's  horn,  ornamented  with  engraved 
totemic  figures. 

The  bowl  is  made  in  a  wooden  mold,  by  means  of  steam.  The  handle  is  joined 
to  the  bowl  with  copper  rivets.  Length,  12£  inches ;  width,  3£  inches.  Skide- 
gate  Indians  (Skittagetan  stock),  British  Columbia.  89173.  Collected  by  James 
G.  Swan. 

This  class  of  spoons  are  preserved  in  families  as  heirlooms,  and  are  conse 
quently  held  in  high  esteem. 

Spoon. — Made  of  goat's  horn.  The  handle  is  ornamented  with  totemic  carving.  The 
bowl  and  the  handle  are  united'with  copper  rivets.  Length,  9£  inches;  width, 
2i  inches.  Sitka  Indians  (Koluschan  stock),  Sitka,  Alaska.  75430.  Collected 
by  J;  J.  McLean. 

^Spoon.— Bowl  of  sheep's  horn.  The  handle  is  of  goat's  horn,  ornamented  with  carved 
totemic  figures.  The  bowl  is  made  in  a  wooden  mold,  by  means  of  steam.  Tlje 
handle  and  the  bowl  are  united  by  copper  rivets.  Length,  11  inches;  width,  2f 
inches.  Alaska  Indians.  23408.  Collected  by  James  G.  Swan. 

Spoon. — Made  of  goat's  horn.  Handle  ornamented  with  carved  totemic  figures. 
The  bowl  and  the  handle  of  many  of  this  class  of  spoons  are  of  a  single  piece. 
Length,  7f  inches;  width,  2£  inches.  Alaska  Indians.  9278.  Collected  by  Dr. 
A.  H.  Hoff,  U.  S.  A. 


150  COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID. 

Alaskan  spoons. — Made  of  a  mixture  of  wild  sheep's  horn  and  goat's  horn,  retaining 
their  own  shape,  and  magnificently  ornamented  with  carved  mythological  devices 
of  the  tribes  of  the  Koluschan  stock.  Sitka,  Alaska.  20843,  20749,  20748,  20747, 
23432,  23431,  23431, 16257.  Collected  by  James  G.  Swan. 

Spoon. — Made  of  white  ox  horn.  Large  circular  bowl,  with  a  handle  about  an  inch 
long.  It  has  a  buckskin  loop  ornamented  with  work  in  quills  of  different  colors ; 
the  handle  is  strengthened  with  small  rings  of  tin  plate.  Diameter  of  the  bowl, 
5J-  inches.  Sioux  Indians.  131337  (a).  Collected  by  Mrs.  A.  C.  Jackson. 

This  class  of  spoons  is  made  for  trade,  as  the  Sioux  do  not  use  them  in  their 
homes,. 

Spoon. — Made  of  white  ox  horn.  The  bowl  is  of  a  semi-oval  form.  The  handle  is 
covered  with  strings  of  beads.  Length,  11  inches ;  width  of  the  bowl,  3|  inches. 
Sioux  Indians.  131337  (b).  Collected  by  Mrs.  A.  C.  Jackson. 

Spoon. — Made  of  white  ox  horn.  The  bowl  is  of  a  semi -oval  form ;  the  handle  is  very 
slender,  and  is  surrounded  by  dyed  braids  of  quill  and  with  little  rings  of 
tin  plate,  with  yellow  feathers.  It  has  a  carved  bird's  head  at  the  end  of  the 
handle.  Length,  11  inches;  width  of  the  bowl,  3|  inches.  Sioux  Indians. 
131337  (c).  Collected  by  Mrs.  A.  C.  Jackson. 

Bowl. — Made  of  black  ox  horn.  Large,  circular  bowl;  the  handle  is  \rery  slender, 
and  is  surrounded  by  dyed  braids  of  quill.  It  has  a  bird's  head  carved  on  the 
end  of  the  handle.  Length,  9£  inches;  width  of  the  bowl,  4£  inches.  Sioux 
Indians.  131337  (d).  Collected  by  Mrs.  A.  C.  Jackson. 

This  kind  of  spoon  is  made  by  boiling  the  horn  to  make  it  flexible;  in  this 
state  the  desired  shape  is  given  to  it,  and  it  is  held  in  position  until  it  is 
entirely  cold. 

Spoon. — Made  of  white  ox  horn.  The  bowl  is  shallow  and  the  handle  is  slender,  with 
bead  ornaments  and  rings  of  tin  plate  covered  with  braids  of  dyed  strips  of 
quill.  It  has  the  head  of  a  bird  carved  on  the  end  of  the  handle.  Length,  9^ 
inches;  width  of  the  bowl,  3£  inches.  Sioux  Indians.  131337  (e).  Collected  by 
Mrs.  A.  C.  Jackson. 

This  kind  of  spoon  is  made  for  trade ;  the  Sioux  do  not  use  them  in  their 
homes. 

Spoon. — Made  of  white  ox  horn.  The  bowl  is  deep  and  the  handle  is  slender,  sur 
rounded  by  dyed  braids  of  quill.  The  head  of  an  elk  is  carved  on  the  end  of  the 
handle.  Length,  9£  inches;  width  of  the  bowl,  3  inches.  Sioux  Indians. 
131337  (f).  Collected  by  Mrs.  A.  C.  Jackson. 

Buckets  (3). — Made  of  decorated  hide.  Used  for  holding  berries,  sugar,  pounded  meat, 
etc.  Kiowa  Indians  (Kiowan  stock),  Kiowa  Reservation,  Indian  Territory,  1891. 
152996.  Collected  by  James  Mooney. 

Pestles  (3). — Made  of  walrus  tusk.  Used  for  pounding  berries  with  dried  meat,  in  order 
to  season  it.  Length,  14, 15, 16  inches;  width,  2,  2^,  and  2£  inches.  Eskimo  of 
Bristol  Bay,  Alaska.  55919.  Collected  by  Charles  L.  McKay. 

Pestle. — Made  of  walrus  tusk.  Used.for  pounding  berries  with  meat,  in  order  to  sea 
son  it.  Length,  11 J  inches;  diameter,  2  inches.  Eskimo  of  Kassianamute, 
Alaska.  127422.^  Collected  by  I.  Applegate. 

Ladle. — Made  of  buffalo  bone  painted  red.  The  bowl  is  very  deep.  Length,  9  inches. 
Kiowa  Indians  (Kiowau  stock),  Kiowa  Reservation,  Indian  Territory,  1891. 
152994.  Collected  by  James  Mooney. 

Ladle. — Made  of  wood.     The  bowl  is  of  the  shape  of  an  egg.     Length,  15  inches. 
1  Kiowa  Indians   (Kiowan   stock),  Kiowa    Reservation,   Indian   Territory,  1891. 
152993.     Collected  by  James  Mooney. 

Bcwls. — Made  of  a  tree  knot.  The  Kiowas  do  not  manufacture  pottery  or  baskets. 
Diameter  5  to  7  inches.  Kiowa  Indians  (Kiowan  stock)  Kiowa  Reservation, 
Indian  Territory,  1891.  152995.  Collected  by  James  Mooney. 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID.  151 

Bucket. — Cylindrical  birch  bark.  Sewed  with  the  root  of  the  spruce  pine.  Length, 
13  inches;  diameter,  4£  inches.  Athapascan  Indians,  Hudson  Bay,  British 
America.  10924.  Collected  by  J.  Lockhart. 

Pail. — Made  of  birch  bark,  sewed  with  fine  root  of  spruce  pine.  It  is  used  for 
holding  berries,  etc.  Length,  6  inches;  width,  4  inches.  Indians  of  Ungava, 
Labrador.  90086.  Collected  by  Lucian  M.  Turner. 

Pail. — Made  of  birch  bark,  sewed  at  the  border  with  pine  root,  under  which  are 
attached  small  pieces  of  black  cloth,  at  intervals  of  about  2  inches.  It  has 
engraved  designs  on  the  inside.  Length,  7  inches;  width,  51  inches;  height.  3 
inches.  Tinne  Indians  (Athapascan  stock),  Upper  Yukon  River,  Alaska,  1891. 

153390.  Collected  by  I.  C.  Russell. 

Pail. — Made  of  birch  bark,  folded  at  each  end,  and  strengthened  by  boards.  Very 
rough  work.  Length,  7  inches;  width,  5  inches;  height,  21  inches.  Tinne" 
Indians  (Athapascan  stock),  Charleys  Town,  Upper  Yukon  River,  Alaska,  1891. 

153391.  Collected  by  I.  C.  Russell. 

Pail. — Made  of  birch  bark,  with  the  edge  sewn  with  spruce-pine  root,  and  died 
pieces  of  quill.  It  is  used  for  holding  berries,  etc.  Length,  11^  inches;  width, 
9^  inches.  Tsimshian  Indians  (Tsimshian  stock),  Fort  Simpson,  British  Colum 
bia.  2546.  Collected  by  W.  L.  Hardesty. 

Saddlebag. — Made  of  buckskin,  lined  with  red  flannel,  embroidered  with  beads,  and 
with  a  fringe  of  buckskin.     Length,  46  inches;  width  11  inches.     Sioux  Indians, 
1868.     129875.     Collected  by  Lieut.  H.  M.  Creel,  U.  S.  A. 
This  specimen  was  the  property  of  Sitting  Bull. 

Tobacco  pouch. — Made  of  buckskin,  ornamented  with  red  flannel,  embroidered  with 
beads.  Length,  15  inches;  width,  7  inches.  Bannock  Indians  (Shoshonean 
stock),  Fort  Hall  Reservation,  Idaho.  22282.  Collected  by  William  H.  Danilson. 

Tobacco  holder. — Made  of  buckskin,  ornamented  with  bead  work,  rings  of  tin  plate, 
and  a  buckskin  fringe.  Length,  16  inches;  width  51  inches.  Ute  Indians  (Sho 
shonean  stock),  Colorado.  8353.  Collected  by  Dr.  A.  B.  Campbell,  U.  S.  A. 

Pipe  case. — It  is  of  an  oblong  shape,  made  of  hide.  It  has  a  cotton  ribbon  sewed  on 
the  edge.  Length,  lOf  inches;  width,  21  inches.  Hupa  Indians  (Athapascan 
stock),  Hupa  Valley,  California.  131157  (d).  Collected  by  Jeremiah  Curtin. 

Pipe. — In  the  shape  of  a  cigar  holder.  The  bowl  is  of  soft  stone,  and  the  stem  is  of 
wood.  Length,  5f  inches.  Hupa  Indians  (Athapascan  stock),  Hupa  Valley, 
California.  131157  (b).  Collected  by  Jeremiah  Curtin. 

Pipe. — Bowl  long,  tubular,  of  carved  soapstone.  The  stem  is  of  wood,  and  is  short 
in  proportion  to  the  mouthpiece.  Length,  8£  inches.  Hupa  Indians  (Atha 
pascan  stock),  Hupa  Valley.  California.  131157  (c).  Collected  by  Jeremiah 
Curtin. 

Pipe. — Made  of  soapstone,  resembling  a  pipe  bowl;  it  may  be  used  without  a  stem. 
Length,  1£  inches;  diameter,  11  inches.  Hupa  Indians  (Athapascan  stock), 
Hupa  Valley,  California.  131157  (a).  Collected  by  Jeremiah  Curtin. 

Purses  and  coins. — The  purse  is  of  elk  horn,  and  is  ornamented  with  zigzag  design 
engraved  on  the  outside.  It  has  a  buckskin  band  around  it  to  prevent  the 
coins  from  falling  out.  The  coins  are  of  dentalium  or  tooth  shell,  bordered 
with  dyed  skin.  These  coins  vary  in  value  according  to  the  length  of  the  shell, 
and  are  worth  from  1  shilling  to  $5  apiece.  Length  of  the  purse,  51  inches. 
Hupa  Indians  (Athapascan  stock),  Hupa  Valley,  California.  131159.  Collected 
by  Jeremiah  Curtin. 

Spoon.— A.  long  shell,  darkened,  polished,  and  worn  by  long  use.  Only  women  use 
this  sort  of  spoon.  Length,  6  inches.  Hupa  Indians  (Athapascan  stock),  Hupa 
Valley,  California.  131163.  Collected  by  Jeremiah  Curtin. 

Spoon. — Made  of  horn.  Carved  handle.  Only  men  use  this  kind  of  spoon.  Length, 
6|  inches.  Hupa  Indians  (Athapascan  stock),  Hupa  Valley,  California.  131145. 
Collected  by  Jeremiah  Curtin. 


152  COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID. 

Parliesclie  case  ^Havresac).—  Long  oblong  case  of  hide,  used  as  a  valise.  Ornamented 
with  drawings  painted  in  bright  colors.  "Parflesche"  is  the  name  given  to 
these  valises  by  the  French,  because  they  saw  that  the  Indians  kept  meat  in 
tjiern.  Length  when  folded,  30  inches ;  width  when  folded,  16  inches ;  Ute  Indians 
(Shoshonean  stock),  Utah.  17196.  Collected  by  Maj.  J.  W.  Powell. 

Lonse  crusher. — It  consists  of  a  piece  of  wood  in  the  shape  of  a  spatula  and  another 
section  of  a  round  bone.  The  spatula  is  forcibly  introduced  into  the  hair,  and 
the  bone  keeps  near  the  point,  so  that,  between  the  two,  the  vermin  are  crushed. 
Length  of  wooden  piece,  9  inches;  of  the  bone,  3  inches.  Hupa  Indians  (Atha 
pascan  stock),  Hupa  Valley,  California.  131153.  Collected  by  Jeremiah  Curtin. 

CASE  IV. 

Weaving. — Four  looms  (of  the  kind  now  in  use)  of  the  Zurii  and  Pima  Indians,  of  the 
southwest  of  the  United  States,  and  of  the  Talamanca  Indians,  of  Costa  Rica, 
displaying  the  materials,  apparatus,  utensils,  mode  of  work,  and  productions  of 
the  Indian  weavers.  In  addition,  photographs,  water-colors,  drawings,  and 
diagrams.  Collected  by  James  Stevenson,  Edward  Palmer,  and  Dr.  W.  H.  Gabb. 

CASE  V. 

Ice  brush. — Made  of  whalebone;  iashedto  a  wooden  handle,  terminating  at  the  oppo 
site  with  a  point  of  deer's  horn.  It  is  used  for  clearing  away  the  snow  and 
ice  from  the  breathing  holes  of  the  seal.  Length,  29  inches ;  width,  1J  inches. 
Eskimo  of  King's  Island,  Alaska.  63606.  Collected  by  E.  W.  Nelson. 

Ice  creepers. — Cut  out  of  bone.  Fastened  to  the  feet  by  hide  straps.  Length,  Si- 
inches;  width,  1£  inches.  Chukchis  of  Plover  Bay,  Siberia.  46261.  Collected 
by  W.  M.  Noyes. 

Ice  scoop. — A  whalebone  hoop,  a  whalebone  net  and  a  cord  of  sinew,  interlaced; 
wooden  handle;  fastenings  of  whalebone  and  hide.  It  is  used  for  removing  the 
ice  from  the  holes  to  which  the  seals  come  to  breathe.  Eskimo  of  St.  Lawrence 
Island,  Alaska.  Collected  by  E.  W.  Nelson. 

Ice, pick. — Made  of  ivory  of  walrus  tusk,  and  used  with  the  barbed  harpoon.  It  is 
used  to  break  the  ice  in  order  to  enlarge  the  hole  to  which  the  seal  which  has 
been  once  wounded  comes  to  breathe,  in  order  that  the  hunter  may  pull  the 
animal  out  with  ease.  Length,  13  inches;  thickness,  1  inch.  Eskimo  of  Cape 
Nome,  Alaska.  44404.  Collected  by  E.  W.  Nelson. 

Snow  staff. — Ring  of  antler,  with  hide  netting;  ivory  point  through  the  center.  This 
ring,  on  the  principle  of  the  snow  shoe,  is  fixed  on  the  end  of  a  long  staff,  and 
serves,  like  those  used  in  the  Alps,  to  enable  the  traveler  to  steady  himself  when 
walking  on  the  ice  or  snow.  Diameter,  3£  inches.  Eskimo  of  Port  Clarence, 
Alaska.  46297.  Collected  by  W.  H.  Dall. 

Seal  probe. — Made  of  walrus  tusk.  It  is  used  to  find  out  whether  the  seal  is  in  the 
breathing  hole.  Length,  20  inches.  Eskimo  of  King  William's  Land.  10388. 
Collected  by  Capt.  C.  F.  Hall. 

Harpoon  (model).— Wooden  shaft;  an  ivory  barb,  strengthened  with  wooden  pegs; 
an  ivory  ice  pick  lashed  to  the  lower  end  with  fastenings  of  thin  hide.  Length, 
11  inches.  Eskimo  of  Port  Clarence,  Alaska.  46326.  Collected  by  T.  H.  Beau. 

Knife. — Handle  of  ivory  of  walrus  tusk.  Short  blade  of  iron,  set  into  the  handle. 
Length,  11^  inches;  width,  1^  inches.  Eskimo  of  Point  Barrow,  Alaska.  89282. 
Collected  by  Lieut.  P.  H.  Ray,  U.  S.  A. 

Knife. — Wooden  handle.  Long  iron  blade  inserted  into  the  handle,  and  secured  by 
fastenings  of  hide.  This  knife  is  very  much  like  those  used  by  blacksmiths.  A 
strap  hangs  from  the  end  of  the  handle.  Length,  10  inches;  width  of  the  blade, 
\  inch.  Eskimo  of  Ungava  Bay,  Labrador.  90211.  Collected  by  Lucien  M 
Turner. 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID  153 

Knife. — Handle  of  deer's  horn,  with  three  cavities  for  the  fingers.     A  short  iron  blade 

inserted  in  the  handle.     Length,  f  inch;  width,  f  inch.     Eskimo  of  Anderson 

River,  Canada.    2278.     Collected  by  R.  McFarlane. 
Knife. — Deer-horn  handle.     Short  blade  of  iron,  inserted  into  the  handle.     Length,  2 

inches;  width,  £  inch.     Eskimo  of  Anderson  River,  Canada.     Collected  by  R. 

McFarlane. 
Knife. — Handle  of  carved  deer  horn.     Short   iron   blade,  secured  to  the   handle. 

Length,  5  inches ;  width,  finch.     Eskimo  of  Point  Barrow,  Alaska.     56554.    Col 
lected  by  Lieut.  P.  H.  Ray,  U.  S.  A. 
Knife. — Deer-horn  handle.      The  whole  blade  is  of  iron,  and  is  inserted  into  the 

handle,  and  secured  with  lashing  of  seal  hide.     Length,  5^  inches;  width,  1  inch. 

Eskimo  of  Ikognmt,  Alaska.     37440.     Collected  by  E.  W.  Nelson. 
Knife  and  sheath.— Long  and  curved;  handle  of  ivory  of  walrus  tusk.     Iron  blade 

fastened  by  rivets  to  the  handle.     Sheath  of  tanned  hide.     Length,  17£  inches; 

width,  If  inches.     Indians  of  Prince  of  Wales  Island,  B.  C.     20831.     Collected 

by  James  G.  Swan. 
Knife. — Handle  of  ivory  of  walrus  tusk,  with  fastenings  of  spruce-pine  root  at  the 

end,  which  is  secured  to  the  blade,  which  is  of  iron,  and  is  short.     Length,  7£ 

inches;  width,  1  inch.     Eskimo  of  Anderson  River,  Canada.      1309.     Collected 

by  C.  P.  Gaudet. 
Knife. — Handle  of  ivory  of  walrus  tusk,  strengthened  with  fastenings  of  spruce-pine 

root.     Very  short  iron  blade  set  into  the  handle.     Length,  5  inches;  width,  £ 

inch.     Eskimo  of  Anderson  River,  Canada.     2281.    Collected  by  R.  McFarlane. 
Knife. — Deer-horn  handle.     Short  iron  blade  set  into  the  handle.     Length,  7£  inches ; 

width,  i  inch.     Eskimo  of  Point  Barrow,  Alaska.     89276.     Collected  by  Lieut. 

P.  H.  Ray,  U.  S.  A. 
Knife. — Handle  of  two  pieces  of  ivory  of  walrus  tusk.     Short  iron  blade  inserted 

into  the  handle,  and  secured  by  hide  fastenings.     Length,  4£  inches ;  width,  £ 

inch.     Eskimo  of  Cape  Darby,  Alaska.     48087.     Collected  by  E.  W.  Nelson. 
Knife. — Handle  of  curved  wood,  with  a  curved  iron  blade  inserted  into  it.     A  small 

piece  of  wood  hangs  from  the  blade,  fastened  by  a  strip  of  tanned  hide.     Length, 

6i  inches.     Indians  of  Uugava  Bay,  Labrador.     89966.     Collected  by  Lucien  M. 

Turner. 
Utensils  and  implements   of  arroiv  makers. — Consisting  of  rough  shafts  for  arrows, 

straightener,   saw,   polisher,   brush,   pumice  stone,  pieces  of  flint,    chisel   for 

knapping  flint,  flint  flaker,   cord  of  sinew,  prepared  sinew,  rosin,  glue  stick, 

feathers  for   arrows,  ground  paints,  salmon  skin,  and  arrowhead,  showing  the 

mode  of  attaching  it  to  the  reed,  and  the  arrow  complete.     Indians  of  McCloud 

River,  California.     Collected  by  Lieut.  P.  H.  Ray,  U.  S.  A.,  and  Loren  A.  Green. 
Polisher. — Two  pieces  of  stone,  with  grooves  through  which  the  shafts  of  the  arrows 

are  drawn  to  polish  them.     Length,  4£  inches.     Kiowa  Indians  (Kiowan  stock), 

Kiowa    Reservation,    Indian    Territory,     1891.     152983.     Collected  by    James 

Mooney. 
Saiv  knife. — Table  knife,  notched  like  a  saw.     It  is  used  for  making  the  notches  in 

the  shafts  of  the  arrows    and  for  all  kinds  of   cutting.     Length,  9£  inches. 

Kiowa  Indians  (Kiowan  stock),   Kiowa  Reservation,   Indian  Territory,   1891. 

152985.     Collected  by  James  Mooney. 
Sharpener. — Smooth  stone,  used  for  sharpening  knives.     Length,  4  inches.     Kiowa 

Indians  (Kiowan  stock),  Kiowa  Reservation,  Indian  Territory,  1891.     152986. 

Collected  by  James  Mooney. 
Groover. — Point  of  a  butcher's  knife,  notched,  for  making  grooves  along  the  shafts 

of  the  arrows.     The  object  of  these  grooves  is  not  known.     Length,  2£  inches. 

Kiowa  Indians  (Kiowan  stock),  Kiowa    Reservation,  Indian  Territory,  1891. 

152984.     Collected  by  James  Mooney. 


154  COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID. 

Straiglitener  (6). — A  piece  of  rib  bone,  with  a  hole  through  it,  It  is  used  for  straight 
ening  the  shafts  of  the  arrows.  Length,  7f  inches.  Kiowa  Indians  (Kiowan 
stock),  Kiowa  Reservation,  Indian  Territory,  1891.  152981,  Collected  by 
James  Mooney. 

Rasps. — Made  of  tin  plate,  folded  and  punched  like  lemon  graters.  They  are  used 
for  removing  the  bark  and  roughening  the  shafts  of  the  arrows.  Length,  4-i- 
inches.  Kiowa  Indians  (Kiowan  stock),  Kiowa  Reservation,  Indian  Territory, 
1891.  152982.  Collected  by  James  Mooney. 

Primitive  shuttle.— White  yarn  wound  on  a  long  stick.  It  is  used  for  weaving 
blankets.  Length  of  the  stick,  20  inches.  Moki  Indians  (Shoshonean  stock), 
Arizona,  1885.  128475  (b).  Collected  by  Mrs.  M.  E.  Stevenson. 

Woolen  yarn,  red. — Wound  on  a  long  stick.  It  is  used  as  a  shuttle  in  weaving 
blankets.  Length  of  the  stick,  21£  inches.  Moki  Indians  (Shoshonean  stock), 
Arizona,  1885.  128475  (a).  Collected  by  Mrs.  M.  E.  Stevenson. 

Model  of  a  loom. — With  a  specimen  of  a  blanket,  striped  red  and  green,  in  process  of 
manufacture.  Length,  22^  inches;  width,  14i  inches.  Navajo  Indians  (Atha 
pascan  stock),  New  Mexico.  10359.  Collected  by  Governor  W.  F.  M.  Arny. 

Model  of  a  loom. — In  operation,  to  show  the  system  or  mode  of  weaving.  Clear  and 
brilliant  colors.  Navajo  Indians  (Athapascan  stock),  Arizona.  16494.  Col 
lected  by  Governor  W.  F.  M.  Arny. 

Weaving  yoke  (O pis  ta  oee  turn). — Curved  wooden  yoke,  with  a  groove  at  either  end. 
The  weaver  carries  it  across  his  back,  and  it  forms  a  part  of  the  appendages 
used  for  changing  the  threads  of  the  warp.  Length,  17  inches ;  width,  If  inches. 
Zuiii  Indians  (Zunian  stock),  New  Mexico,  1884.  127681  (d).  Collected  by 
Col.  James  Stevenson. 

Weft  sword. — Made  of  oak.  It  is  used  for  beating  down  the  weft  in  making  blank 
ets.  Length,  15  inches.  Navajo  Indians  (Athapascan  stock),  Navajo  Reserva 
tion,  Arizona.  150449.  Collected  by  Dr.  Washington  Matthews. 

Beater  (Sooqua). — A  slender  wooden  rod,  which  serves  to  beat  the  weft  in  weaving 
blankets,  etc.  Length,  23^i  nches;  width,  %  inch.  Moki  Indians  (Shoshonean 
stock),  Pueblos,  Arizona.  41692.  Collected  by  P.  H.  Gushing. 

Yoke.—  Wooden  yoke  «sed  by  the  weaver.  It  forms  part  of  the  implements  used  to 
keep  the  threads  tight  in  the  delicate  weaving,  etc.  Length,  10£  inches;  width, 
|  inch,  Zuiii  Indians  (Zufiian  stock),  New  Mexico.  129068  (a).  Collected  by 
Mrs.  M.  E.  Stevenson. 

Spindles,  with  wool. — A  polished  wooden  rod,  sharp  at  both  ends,  and  inserted  into  a 
disk,  usually  of  wood,  but  sometimes  of  stone  or  horn,  to  give  a  violent  rotary 
motion  to  the  spindle.  Length,  21  inches.  Moki  Indians  (Shoshonean  stock), 
Arizona.  Collected  by  Mrs.  M.  E.  Stevenson. 

Boiler  (Ka  o po  ni  no). — A  piece  of  wood  cut  in  the  shape  of  a  cylinder,  on  which 
the  belts  are  rolled  during  the  manufacture  of  the  cloth.  Length,  7f  inches; 
diameter,  2£  inches.  Zuni  Indians  (Zufiiaii  stock),  New  Mexico.  127681  (c). 
Collected  by  Col.  James  Stevenson. 

Comb  (Sa  wcech). — An  oblong  piece  of  wood,  with  teeth  cut  at  the  ends.  It  is  used 
for  keeping  the  weft  tight  in  weaving  belts.  Length,  9  inches;  width,  If  inches. 
Zuiii  Indians  (Zunian  stock),  New  Mexico.  127681  (b).  Collected  by  Col.  James 
Stevenson. 

Twister.— A.  piece  of  hard  wood,  in  one  of  the  ends  of  which  there  is  a  hole  through 
which  is  passed  a  small  rod,  which  serves  as  a  handle.  It  is  used  for  making 
very  thick  cord.  One  end  of  the  thread  which  is  to  be  twisted  is  hxed  in  a  post 
or  hook  and  the  other  in  the  twister,  just  below  the  handle.  The  operator  then 
turns  the  twister  by  means  of  the  handle,  and  the  thread  is  twisted  strongly 
and  rapidly.  Length,  10  inches ;  width,  2  inches.  Zufii  Indians  (Zunian  stock), 
New  Mexico.  69308.  Collected  by  Col.  James  Stevenson. 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID.  155 

Beed.—  Composed  of  many  little  reeds,  or  small  pieces  of  cut  reed,  tied  at  one  end, 
in  an  upright  position,  side  by  side,  between  parallel  rods  midway ;  each  reed 
has  a  hole  burned  through  it.  It  is  used  in  weaving  to  open  the  warp  alternately 
and  to  permit  the  passage  of  the  shuttle.  Zuni  Indians  (Zuiiian  stock),  New 
Mexico.  127688,  69657,  69696.  Collected  by  Col.  James  Stevenson. 

Belt. — Placed  in  the  loom  to  show  the  mode  of  work.  Texture  of  white,  red,  and 
green  wool,  forming  geometrical  figures.  The  Zuni  and  Moki  Indians  are  cele 
brated  for  their  skill  in  making  and  weaving  belts.  Zuni  Indians  (Zufiian 
stock),  New  Mexico.  129209.  Collected  by  Mrs.  M.  E.  Stevenson. 

Fat  scraper. — Made  of  ivory  of  walrus  tusk.  It  has  a  cavity  very  ingeniously  cut  in 
it  and  a  hole  in  which  to  insert  and  hold  the  thumb.  It  is  sharpened  on  only  one 
side.  This  implement  is  used  only  with  the  right  hand ;  the  operator  scrapes  the 
green  hide  with  it  to  remove  the  fat.  Length,  8  inches;  width  of  the  blade,  1| 
inches.  Eskimo  of  Togiak  River,  Alaska.  127508.  Collected  by  I.  Applegate. 

Fat  scraper. — Ingeniously  made  of  a  thin  strip  of  the  outside  of  a  stag's  antler,  wide 
in  the  center  and  narrow  at  the  ends.  This  strip  is  curved  in  the  form  of  a 
truncated  cone,  cut  at  one  end  in  the  form  of  a  bow  which  locks  at  the  other 
end  into  a  triangular  opening  like  a  barrel  hoop.  This  implement  is  made 
when  the  horn  is  soft.  This  pattern  is  used  only  at  Bristol  Bay.  Diameter,  3 
inches.  Eskimo  of  Bristol  Bay,  Alaska.  55911.  Collected  by  C.  L.  McKay. 

Hide  scraper. — Made  of  ivory  of  walrus  tusk.  The  cavities  for  the  forefingers  and 
thumb  are  shallow  and  extend  nearly  to  the  flint  blade.  The  cut  at  the  bottom 
is  very  deep.  Length,  4f  inches.  Eskimo  of  Point  Hope,  Alaska.  Collected  by 
E.  W.  Nelson. 

Hide  scraper.— The  handle  is  of  hard  wood.  The  cavity  for  the  thumb  is  deep  and 
long,  and  in  it  tftere  is  a  projection  of  the  shape  of  an  ear.  A  cavity  gives  it 
the  appearance  of  a  skull,  and  ends  an  inch  behind  the  stone  blade.  The  tail 
piece  is  cut  in  the  shape  of  a  bell.  The  shape  of  this  implement  is  entirely 
original,  and  gives  reason  to  think  that  it  was  made  to  suit  the  hand  of  the 
operator.  Length,  5£  inches.  Eskimo  of  Point  Hope,  Alaska.  63849.  Col 
lected  byE.  W.  Nelson. 

Hide  scraper. — The  handle  is  of  wood,  and  has  a  shallow  mortise  cut  in  one  of  its  ends. 
The  blade  is  a  narrow  hatchet  of  schist  lashed  to  the  handle  by  a  fastening  of 
spruce-pine  root.  Length,  16  inches;  width  of  the  blade,  1£  inches.  Eskimo  of 
Nunivak  Island,  Alaska.  43886.  Collected  by  E.  W.  Nelson. 

Hide  scraper. — The  handle  is  of  wood.  The  blade  is  a  smooth  hatchet  of  slate,  care 
fully  inserted  in  the  lower  part  of  the  handle.  It  has  a  cavity  for  the  thumb. 
The  cavity  for  the  forefinger  is  on  top,  and  those  for  the  other  three  fingers 
underneath.  The  palm  of  the  hand  rests  on  the  end.  Length,  llf  inches ;  width 
of  the  blade,  2|  inches.  Eskimo  of  Norton  Bay,  Alaska.  43927.  Collected  by 
E.  W.  Nelson. 

Graining  tool. — The  handle  is  the  shoulder  blade  of  an  ox.  A  toothed  iron  blade  is 
attached  to  the  handle -by  a  hide  strap.  Length,  12  inches;  width  of  the  blade, 
If  inches.  Indians  of  Ungava  Bay,  Labrador.  89924.  Collected  by  Lucien  M. 
Turner. 

Fat  scraper. — Made  of  a  thin  strip  of  buck  horn,  bent  in  the  shape  of  a  hoop,  with  the 
ends  interlaced,  but  not  fastened.  The  ends  are  tied  with  three  turns  of  a  hide 
strap  around  the  outside.  This  is  the  only  specimen  in  existence.  Diameter,  3f 
inches.  Eskimo  of  Nakneek,  Alaska.  127792.  Collected  by  William  J.  Fisher. 

Fat  scraper. — Made  of  walrus-tusk  ivory.  The  lower  part  is  cut  in  the  shape  of  a 
preserving  ladle.  The  handle  consists  of  two  prongs,  the  extremities  of  which 
are  carved  to  represent  two  bear's  heads.  Length,  4  inches;  width,  2|  inches. 
Eskimo  of  Putnam  River,  Alaska.  127896.  Collected  by  Lieut.  George  M. 
Stoney,  U.  S.  N. 


156  COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION   AT    MADRID. 

Fat  scraper.—  Made  of  a  narrow  and  thin  strip  of  buck  horn  twisted  in  the  shape  of  a 
horseshoe,  and  kept  in  that  shape  by  a  hide  strap  passing  and  repassing  through 
two  holes  made  in  the  ends,  and  covered  by  a  pretty  coil.  The  loop  is  counter 
sunk  at  the  ends.  The  inside  edge  of  the  strip  of  buck  horn  is  beveled  in  order 
to  present  the  outer  h-ird  part  for  work.  Diameter,  3|  inches.  Eskimo  of  Sledge 
Island,  Alaska.  44771.  Collected  by  E.  W.  Nelson. 

Hide  scraper. — The  handle  is  of  walrus-tusk  ivory,  and  is  slightly  bowed  in  the  mid 
dle,  with  a  tailpiece  roughly  cut  on  the  end.  It  has  two  cavities  for  the  fingers 
made  above  the  Hint  blade.  The  lower  cavity  is  very  deep.  Length,  4  inches. 
Eskimo  of  Putnam  River,  Alaska.  127886  (a).  Collected  by  Lieut.  G.  M.  Stouey, 
U.  S.  N. 

Hide  scraper. — Made  of  walrus-tusk  ivory.  Above  the  deep  cavity  for  the  thumb  it 
has  a  protuberance  carved  in  the  shape  of  an  ear.  The  cavities  for  the  fingers 
are  Arery  deep,  and  extend  nearly  to  the  Hint  blade.  It  has  a  groove  deeply  cut 
on  each -side.  Length,  3£  inches.  Eskimo  of  Point  Hope,  Alaska.  63851.  Col 
lected  by  E.  W.  Nelson. 

Graining  tool. — The  handle  is  the  shoulder  blade  of  an  ox.  On  the  upper  part  of  the 
bone  the  edge  is  toothed.  It  is  used  for  softening  deerskin 'in  tanning  it. 
Length,  13  inches.  Ind ians  of  Uugava,  Labrador.  90246.  Collected  by  Lucien 
M.  Turner. 

Beaming  tool. — Made  of  the  tibia  of  a  reindeer.  The  bone  has  been  split  in  order  to 
obtain  the  Avide  part  of  the  rear  portion  to  serve  as  a  support  and  the  middle 
part  of  the  front  as  a  scraping  edge.  The  natural  shape  of  the  bone  is  admi 
rably  adapted  to  this  operation.  This  implement  is  used  for  scraping  the  deer 
skin  in  tanning  it.  Length,  13  inches.  Indians  of  Ungava,  Labrador.  89928. 
Collected  by  Lucien  M.  Turner. 

Woman's  knife. — Iron  blade  and  bone  handle.  Its  shape  is  like  that  of  a  saddler's 
knife.  Length,  5  inches.  Kiowa  Indians  (Kiowan  stock),  Kiowa  Reservation, 
Indian  Territory,  1891.  152976  (a).  Collected  by  James  Mooney. 

Woman's  knife. — Made  of  copper,  with  the  upper  edge  doubled  to  serve  as  a  handle. 
Its  shape  resembles  that  of  a  saddler's  knife.  Length,  7  inches.  Kiowa  Indians 
(Kiowan  stock),  Kiowa  Reservation,  Indian  Territory,  1891.  152976  (b).  Col 
lected  by  James  Mooney. 

Grainer  for  tanning  skins. — Made  of  a  thin  sheet  of  iron.  The  upper  part  is  inserted 
in  a  carved  handle.  The  blade  is  toothed.  Length,  4£  inches  and  7£  inches. 
Kiowa  Indians  (Kiowan  stock),  Kiowa  Reservation,  Indian  Territory,  1891. 
152976  (c).  Collected  by  James  Mooney. 

Grainer  for  tanning  skins. — Made  of  an  iron  rod.  The  handle  is  covered  with  cloth. 
The  low^er  edge  is  toothed.  Length,  14^  inches.  Kiowa  Indians  (Kiowaii  stock), 
Kiowa  Reservation,  Indian  Territory,  1891.  152874  (d).  Collected  by  James 
Mooney. 

Grainer  for  tanning  skins. — Made  of  a  piece  of  an  old  gun  barrel.  The  lower  end  is 
flattened  and  toothed.  Length,  13^  inches.  Kiowa  Indians  (Kiowan  stock), 
Kiowa  Reservation,  Indian  Territory,  1891.  152974  (c).  Collected  by  James 
Mooney 

Hide  scraper.— The  blade  is  a  strip  of  steel;  the  handle  is  of  hard  wood,  and  is  cut 
in  the  shape  of  a  hoe,  with  a  handle  at  the  end,  covered  with  tin  tacks.  The 
blade  is  fastened  with  hide.  Length,  12  inches.  Wichita  Indians  (Caddoan 
stock),  Wichita  Reservation,  Indian  Territory,  1891.  152971.  Collected  by 
James  Mooney . 

Hide  scraper. — The  handle  is  of  hard  wood,  cut  in  the  shape  of  a  hoe.  The  blade  is 
of  steel,  and  is  attached  to  the  handle  by  buckskin  straps.  Length,  12|  inches. 
Kiowa  Indians  (Kiowan  stock),  Kiowa  Reservation,  Indian  Territory,  1891. 
152970  (b).  Collected  by  James  Mooney. 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID.  157 

Hide  scrapers  (3). — Made  of  flat  circular  stones,  not  polished.  One  is  of  sandstone, 
and  the  others  are  of  dark  chert.  Length,  4£,  5£,  and  6  inches.  Kiowa  Indians 
(Kiowan  stock)  Kiowa  Reservation,  Indian  Territory,  1891.  152969.  Collected 
by  James  Mooney. 

Grainer,  wiih  sharpener. — The  grainer  is  made  of  an  entire  bone  of  the  leg  of  a  cow, 
and  has  a  toothed  edge.  The  sharpener  is  a  piece  of  rib  bone.  Length,  15  inches 
Kiowa  Indians  (Kiowan  stock),  Kiowa  Reservation,  Indian  Territory,  1891. 
152972.  Collected  by  James  Mooney. 

Grainer  for  tanning  skins. — Made  of  a  concave  strip  of  iron.  The  handle  is  covered 
with  canvas.  The  lower  edge  is  toothed.  Length,  15  inches.  Kiowa  Indians 
(Kiowan  stock),  Kiowa  Reservation,  Indian  Territory,  1891.  152974  (b).  Col 
lected  by  James  Mooney. 

Hide  scrapers  (3).— The  handle  is  of  deer's  antler,  and  is  of  the  shape  of  a  hoe,  to 
which  a  steel  blade  is  fastened  by  buckskin  straps.  Length,  11|  inches.  Kiowa 
Indians  (Kiowan  stock),  Kiowa  Reservation,  Indian  Territory,  1891.  152970  (a). 
Collected  by  James  Mooney. 

Hide  scraper. — Bone  of  the  rib  of  a  cow,  which  the  tanner  uses  for  stripping  the  hair 
from  the  hides,  after  moistening  them  slightly.  Length,  154^  inches.  Kiowa 
Indians  (Kiowan  stock),  Kiowa  Reservation,  Indian  Territory,  1891.  152975. 
Collected  by  James  Mooney. 

Grainer  for  Tanning  skins. — Made  of  bone  from  a  cow'  sleg,  split  and  toothed  on  the 
lower  edge.  A  piece  of  wood  is  inserted  in  the  concave  part,  and  the  whole  ia 
covered  with  hide.  A  thin  strap  is  fixed  on  the  end  of  this  covering  to  fasten 
the  implement  to  the  operator's  wrist,  in  order  to  enable  him  to  work  steadily. 
Length,  10  inches.  Kiowa  Indians  (Kiowan  stock),  Kiowa  Reservation,  Indian 
Territory,  1891.  152973.  Collec'ed  by  James  Mooney. 

Hope  for  tanning  skins. — Made  of  a  rawhide  strap,  cut  in  two  and  twisted.     Length, 

3  feet.     Kiowa  Indians  (Kiowan  stock),  Kiowa  Reservation,  Indian  Territory, 
1891.     152979.     Collected  by  James  Mooney. 

Braided  rope. — Made  of  buft'alo  sinew.  Four-ply  braid.  It  is  used  for  tanning  skins, 
Kiowa  Indians  (Kiowau  stock),  Kiowa  Reservation,  Indian  Territory,  1891. 
152980.  Collected  by  James  Moouey. 

Pick  for  breaking  ice. — Made  of  whale  rib  bone,  attached  to  a  wooden  handle  by  a 
strip  of  hide  which  is  wrapped  around  the  handle.  Its  shape  is  very  much  like 
that  of  a  mattock.  Length  of  the  handle,  18-£  inches;  length  of  the  pick,  14£ 
inches.  Eskimo  of  Mackenzie  River  district,  British  America.  1852.  Col 
lected  by  B.  R.  Ross. 

Pick  for  breaking  ice. — Pick  made  of  whale-rib  bone,  fastened  to  the  end  of  a  wooden; 
handle  by  a  hide  thong.  The  pick  forms  with  the  handle  an  arc  of  about  60°. 
A  strong  strap  is  attached  to  the  center  of  the  bone,  extending  to  the  handle, 
and  serves  as  a  baud  to  keep  the  pick  in  the  position  described.  Length  of  the 
handle,  31£  inches;  length  of  the  pick,  18  inches.  Chukchis,  eastern  Siberia, 
1864.  2511.  Collected  by  Commodore  Rodgers,  U.  S.  N. 

Pick  for  breaking  ice. — Made  of  bone,  fastened  to  a  wooden  handle  by  a  hide  strap, 
which  extends  around  the  pick  and  passes  through  a  hole  made  in  the  handle. 
Length  of  the  handle,  18£  inches;  length  of  the  pick,  9f  inches.  Eskimo  of 
Cape  Espenberg,  Alaska,  1880.  63599.  Collected  by  E.  W.  Nelson. 

Adze. — An  iron  pick  attached  to  a  wooden  handle  by  a  hide  strap,  which  extends 
above  the  upper  part  of  the  pick  and  passes  through  a  hole  made  in  the  handle. 
Length  of  the  handle,  11  inches;  width  of  the  pick,  5|  inches.  Eskimo  of  Mac 
kenzie  River,  Canada,  1869.  5126.  Collected  by  R.  McFarlane. 

Adze. — Handle  of  stag's  horn,  bowed  at  the  lower  end.  A  stone  pick,  inserted  at 
right  angles  in  the  handle.  Length  of  the  handle,  13  inches ;  length  of  the  pick, 

4  inches.     Eskimo  of  St.  Michaels  Island,  Alaska,  1878.    33084.     Collected  byE. 
W.  Nelson. 


158  COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID. 

Adze. — A  stone  head  inserted  in  a  ring  of  stag's  horn,  which  is  attached  to  a  wooden 
handle  hy  a  hide  strap  passing  through  the  holes  in  the  head  and  handle.  The 
handle  is  painted  red  and  blue.  Length  of  the  handle,  14  inches;  length  of  the 
head,  1£  inches.  Eskimo  of  Norton  Sound,  Alaska,  1877.  33082.  Collected  by 
E.  W.  Nelson. 

Adze. — An  iron  head  inserted  in  a  bone  ring,  which  is  fastened  to  a  wooden  handle 
by  a  hide  strap  passing  through  holes  in  the  head  and  handle.  Length  of  the 
handle,  10  inches;  width  of  the  head,  -J  inch.  Eskimo  of  Point  Barrow,  Alaska, 
1883.  89871.  Collected  by  Lieut.  P.  H.  Ray,  U.  S.  N. 

Adze. — Head  of  nephritic  stone,  inserted  in  a  small  ring  of  stag's  horn,  which  is 
fastened  to  the  curved  end  of  a  wooden  handle.  Length  of  the  handle,  13 
inches;  length  of  the  head,  2£  inches.  Eskimo  of  Norton  Sound,  Alaska,  1878. 
33083.  Collected  by  E.  W.  Nelson. 

Bark  strippers  (3). — Made  of  deer-rib  bone,  having  one  of  the  ends  cut  in  the  shape 
of  a  pickax.  This  implement  is  used  for  removing  the  bark  from  the  cedars. 
Length,  9|,  10£,  and  12  inches.  Haida  Indians  (Skittagetan  stock),  Queen  Char 
lotte  Islands,  British  Columbia.  88922.  Collected  by  James  G.  Swan. 

Bark  stripper. — Made  of  deer-rib  bone,  with  one  end  cut  in  the  shape  of  a  pickax. 
The  other  end  serves  as  a  handle  and  is  wrapped  in  spruce-pine  root.  This 
implement  is  used  for  removing  the  bark  from  the  cedars.  Length,  9£  inches. 
Haida  Indians  (Skittagetan  stock),  British  Columbia.  88897.  Collected  by 
James  G.  Swan. 

Bark  stripper. — Made  of  elk  horn.  It  has  both  ends  sharpened.  Length,  17|  inches; 
width,  If  inches.  Lummi  Indians  (Salishan  stock),  Lummi  Reservation,  Wash 
ington,  1875.  130978.  Collected  by  E.  C.  Chirouse. 

Bark  'beater. — Made  of  an  oblong  piece  of  wood,  one  of  the  ends  of  which  is  cut  in  the 
shape  of  a  beak  and  the  other  is  rounded  to  serve  as  a  handle,  having  a  long, 
narrow  hole  in  it,  enabling  the  workman  to  grasp  it  more  firmly  while  at  work. 
It  is  used  for  pounding  the  bark  of  the  cedars  and  all  kinds  of  textile  materials. 
Length,  14£  inches;  width,  3£  inches.  Lummi  Indians  (Salishan  stock) ;  Lummi 
Reservation,  Washington,  1875.  130979.  Collected  by  E.  C.  Chirouse. 

Prepared  cedar  bark. — Inside  bark  of  the  yellow  cedar.  It  is  used  for  making  clothes, 
blankets,  thread,  etc.  Sheets  of  the  same  bark  used  for  covering  the  roofs  and 
sides  of  houses.  Indians  of  Vancouver  Island,  British  Columbia,  1888.  129986. 
Collected  by  James  G.  Swan. 

Wedge. — Made  of  elk  bone.  It  is  used  for  splitting  wood.  With  this  kind  of  wedge 
the  Indians  of  the  northwest  coast  can  easily  split  boards  of  all  sizes  from  any 
sort  of  tree.  Length,  11^  inches;  width,  3  inches.  Clallam  Indians  (Salishan 
stock),  Washington.  20899.  Collected  by  James  G.  Swan. 

Wedge. — Made  of  wood.  Used  in  the  primitive  method  of  splitting,  to  make  thwarts 
in  building  boats.  Length,  11  inches ;  width,  3  inches.  Otoe  Indians  ( Algonkian 
stock),  Nebraska.  22415.  Collected  by  J.  W.  Griest. 

Wedge. — Mode  of  fir  or  yew.  The  upper  part  is  covered  with  network  of  thick  cord 
made  of  cedar  root.  It  is  used  for  splintering.  Length,  25  inches;  width,  2£ 
inches.  Maka  Indians  (Wakashau  stock),  Neah  Bay,  Washington,  1884.  74780. 
Collected  by  James  G.  Swan. 

CASE  VI. 

Dance  figures. — Representing  dancers  in  dancing  dress.  These  images  are  prepared 
before  the  dance,  and  are  afterwards  given  to  the  children  as  playthings.  Zuni 
Indians,  New  Mexico.  9567,  22935,  22936,  61198,  68069.  Collected  by  James 
Stevenson. 

Dance  figures. — Zuui  Indians,  New  Mexico.     22930.     Collected  by  James  Stevenson. 

Dance  figures.— Zmii  Indians,  New  Mexico.  54206,  69084,  69096,  22931,  84208.  Col 
lected  by  James  Stevenson. 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID.  159 

Dance  figures.—  Zuni  Indians,  New  Mexico.     99176-7;  189-190;  69185-6-7-8;  84190 

Collected  by  James  Stevenson. 
Musical  instruments. — Consisting  of  a  notched  stick  and  the  shoulder  blade  of  a 

deer.     The  sound  is  produced  by  rubbing  the  notches  with  the  sharp  point  of 

the  bone.     A  much  louder  sound  is  produced  by  placing  the  notched  stick  over 

the  mouth  of  an  empty   gourd.     Moki  and  Zuni  Indians,  Arizona  and  New 

Mexico.     68851-2-3-5;  84228-9-30;  84227-8-9.     Collected  by  James  Stevenson. 
Rattles.— Made  of  gourds  fixed  on  the  ends  of  wooden  handles;  they  have  symbolical 

figures  painted  on  them  in  very  bright  colors.     They  are  used  in  ceremonies. 

Moki  and  Zuni  Indians,  Arizona  and  New  Mexico.     68731-40-44-53-54 ;  164-148. 

Collected  by  James  Stevenson. 
Paraphernalia  of  the  dance. — Apron,  belt,  wand,  and  wooden  figure.     Moki  Indians, 

Arizona.     22843-66-905-59;  68865.     Collected  by  James  Stevenson. 
Belts  (2). — They  form  part  of  the  dance  dress.    Made  of  native  cotton.    Moki  Indians, 

Arizona.     22947-53.     Collected  by  Maj.  J.  W.  Powell. 
Dance  headdresses  and  figures. — The  headdresses  are  those  now  in  use  in  the  dance, 

and  the  figures  represent  a  dancer  in  dance  dress.     Zuni  Indians,  New  Mexico. 

69114,  41956,  35404,  41958,  23141.     Collected  by  James  Stevenson. 
Dance  wands  (9). — Small  wooden  boards  ornamented  with  painted  symbolical  figures 

and  with  feathers.     They  are  carried  in  the  ceremonies  called  "dances."     Zuni 

Indians,  NewMexico.     69171-2-5-8-9 ;  22923-4 ;  41931 ;  16169.     Collected  by  Frank 

Hamilton  Cushing. 
Dance  ivands  (12). — They  are  carried   in  the  ceremonies   called  "dances."     Small 

wooden  boards  ornamented  with  painted  symbolical  figures  and  with  feathers. 

Zuni  Indians,  New  Mexico.     69110;  41951-57;  19617;  22929.     Collected  by  James 

Stevenson. 

CASES  VII  AND  VIII. 

Model  of  "  totem  2>o  st." — A  slate  column  with  carved  ornamental  figures.  Height,  20 
inches;  diameter,  3  inches.  Haida  Indians  (Skittagetan  stock),  Queen  Char 
lotte  Islands,  British  Columbia.  88981.  Collected  by  James  G.  Swan. 

Model  of  "  totem  post." — A  slate  column  ornamented  with  carved  designs.  Height,  16 
inches;  diameter,  3|  inches.  Haida  Indians  (Skittagetau  stock),  Prince  of  Wales 
Island,  Alaska.  23341.  Collected  by  James  G.  Swan. 

Sculptured  bone. — Representing  a  human  figure.  Length,  3  inches;  width,  If  inches. 
Tsimshian Indians  (Tsimshian  stock),  Fort  Simpson,  British  Columbia.  9813  (a). 
Collected  by  Lieut.  F.  W.  Ring,  II.  S.  A. 

Sculptured  bone. — Representing  two  human  faces,  one  above  the  other.  Length,  6 
inches;  width,  2  inches.  Sitka  Indians  (Koluschan  stock),  Sitka,  Alaska. 
45995.  Collected  by  J.  J.  McLean. 

Shaman  rod. — Made  of  bone,  ornamented  with  engraved  mythological  carvings. 
Length,  8J  inches;  width,  1  inch.  Tsimshian  Indians  (Tsimshian  stock),  Fort 
Simpson,  British  Columbia.  89021.  Collected  by  James  G.  Swan. 

Sculptured  ivory. — Incrusted  with  shell.  Length.  5|  inches;  width,  2|  inches. 
Tsimshian  Indians  (Tsimshian  stock),  Fort  Simpson,  British  Columbia.  9813  (b). 
Collected  by  Lieut.  F.  W.  Ring,  U.  S.  A. 

Pestle. — Made  of  bone,  ornamented  with  figures  in  relief.  A  braided  cord  is  attached 
to  one  end.  Length,  6|  inches;  diameter,  f  inch.  Sitka  Indians  (Koluschaii 
stock),  Sitka,  Alaska,  1884.  75420.  Collected  by  J.  J.  McLean. 

The  Indians  of  the  Northwest  Coast  are  remarkable  for  the  profusion  of  their 
carvings;  almost  all  their  articles  of  personal  use  or  belonging  to  their  houses 
are  ornamented. 

Sculptured  bone. — Length,  4f  inches;  width,  1-J-  inches.  Hoonya  Indians  (Koluschan 
stock),  Chichagoff  Island,  Alaska.  73801.  Collected  by  Lieut.  T.  Dix  Bolles, 
U.  S.  N. 


160  COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION   AT    MADRID. 

Sculptured  bone. — Length,  6£  inches;  diameter,  1£  inches.     Sitka  Indians  (Koluschan 

stock),  Sitka,  Alaska,  1884.     75459.     Collected  by  J.  J.  McLean. 

Sculptured  ivory. — Representing  a  fish.  Length,  5|  inches;  width,  2£  inches.  Ton- 
gass  Indians  (Koluschan  stock),  Fort  Tongass,  Alaska.  Collected  by  Lieut.  F. 
W.  Ring,  U.  S.  A. 

Set  of  amulets  of  the  Shaman. — Carved  in  ivory  or  bone;  fastened  to  a  delicate  ivory 
handle  ornamented  with  carvings.  Average  length,  2£  inches.  Tsimshian 
Indians  (Tsimshian  stock),  Fort  Simpson,  British  Columbia.  89021.  Collected 
by  James  G.  Swan. 

Needlecase. — Made  of  the  bone  of  a  swan's  wing.;  without  ornaments.  The  ends  of 
the  bone  are  plugged  with  wooden  stoppers,  one  representing  the  head  of  a  fish 
and  the  other  the  tail,  so  that  the  whole  has  the  appearance  of  a  fish.  Length, 
6  inches;  diameter,  f  inch.  Eskimo,  Askinuk,  Alaska.  36719.  Collected  by 
E.  W.  Nelson. 

Needlecase. — Made  of  carved  ivory,  representing  a  nude  human  figure.  The  tube 
for  holding  the  needles  is  of  the  same  length  as  the  case.  Length,  3f  inches. 
Eskimo  of  Nubviakkhchugaluk,  Alaska.  43945.  Collected  by  E.  W.  Nelson. 

Needlecase. — Made  of  the  bone  of  a  swan's  wing.  Ornamented  with  four  rings  in  a 
diagonal  line,  and  a  large  number  of  straight  lines  around  the  bone.  The  ends 
are  plugged  with  wooden  stoppers,  one  representing  the  head  of  a  fish  and  the 
other  the  tail,  the  whole  having  the  appearance  of  a  long  fish.  Length,  6£ 
inches;  diameter,  f  inch.  Eskimo  of  Askinuk,  Alaska.  36723.  Collected  by 
E.  W.  Nelson. 

Needlecase. — Made  of  the  bone  of  the  wing  of  a  swan.  Ornamented  with  two  sets 
of  diagonal  lines  and  three  borders  of  straight  lines  around  the  bone.  The  ends 
are  plugged  with  wooden  stoppers.  Length,  5£  inches;  diameter,  -^  inch. 
Kaialigumut  Eskimo,  Alaska.  37159.  Collected  by  E.  W.  Nelson. 

Needlecase. — Made  of  the  bone  of  the  wing  of  a  swan.  Ornamented  with  straight 
lines  carved  around  the  bone.  The  ends  are  plugged  with  wooden  stoppers,  one 
representing  the  head  of  a  fish  and  the  other  the  tail,  the  whole  having  the 
appearance  of  a  long  and  slender  fish.  Length,  6£  inches;  diameter,  f  inch. 
Eskimo  of  Askinuk,  Alaska.  36^27.  Collected  by  E.  W.  Nelson. 

Needlecase.— Carved  in  ivory.  It  has  nearly  the  shape  of  a  spindle.  Hollow  at  the 
top  and  at  the  bottom.  On  each  side  it  has  a  wing  supported  by  a  small  piece 
which  projects  from  the  surface.  Length,  5|  inches.  Eskimo  of  Norton  Sound, 
Alaska.  33697.  Collected  by  E.  W.  Nelson. 

Needlecase.— Carved  in  ivory,  ornamented  with  four  nude  figures  seated,  two  facing 
the  other  two.  Length,  4-£  inches.  Eskimo  of  King's  Island,  Alaska.  44137. 
Collected  by  E.  W.  Nelson. 

Needlecase. — Carved  in  ivory,  representing  a  walrus  carrying  something  in  its  mouth. 
Ornamented  with  dots,  rings,  and  lines,  forming  a  beautiful  design.  This  needle- 
case  is  not  like  those  usually  carried  by  the  Eskimos,  as  it  only  opens  at  one 
end.  Length,  4£  inches.  Eskimo  of  Togiak  River,  Alaska.  127443.  Collected 
by  I.  Applegate. 

Needlecase. — Carved  in  ivory,  representing  a  whale.  Ornamented  with  dots,  rings, 
and  lines.  It  opens  only  at  one  end,  and  has  a  hole  in  the  center,  plugged  with 
a  stopper  of  soft  wood.  Length  5  inches.  Eskimo  of  Bristol  Bay,  Alaska. 
7913.  Collected  by  Dr.  T.  T.  Minor. 

Needlecase. — Carved  in  ivory.  One  end  is  ornamented  with  a  seal's  head,  and  the 
other  with  a  walrus  head.  The  opening  of  the  case  runs  from  the  top  down,  and 
has  one  end  plugged  with  wood.  Length,  5£  inches.  Eskimo  of  the  Lower 
Yukon,  Alaska.  38443.  Collected  by  E.  W.  Nelson. 

Needlecase. — Made  of  the  bone  of  the  wing  of  a  swan.  Ornamented  with  small  dots 
and  rings.  Both  ends  are  plugged  with  wooden  stoppers.  It  is  a  fine  specimen. 
Length,  5  inches ;  diameter,  f  inch.  Eskimo  of  Lower  Kuskokwim  River,  Alaska. 
36762.  Collected  by  E.  W.  Nelson. 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID.  161 

Needlecase. — Made  of  the  bone  of  the  wing  of  a  swan.  The  center  is  ornamented 
with  transverse  lines  forming  a  right  angle;  the  ends  with  diagonal  lines.  Both 
ends  are  plugged  with  wooden  stoppers,  one  representing  the  head  of  a  fish  and 
the  other  the  tail,  giving  the  whole  the  appearance  of  a  long  fish.  Length,  6 
inches;  diameter,  £  inch.  Eskimo  of  Askinuk,  Alaska.  36764.  Collected  by 
E.  W.  Nelson. 

Drill  bow. — Made  of  walrus  ivory,  ornamented  with  three  parallel  lines.  At  the  sides, 
at  intervals  of  about  1  inch,  it  has  nine  clefts,  joined  by  curved  lines.  At  the 
bottom  it  has  ornaments  of  rings  and  dots.  Length,  18  inches;  width,  1  inch. 
Eskimo  of  Point  Barrow,  Alaska.  89423.  Collected  by  E.  W.  Nelson. 

Bag  handle. — Made  of  ivory,  slightly  convex,  and  ornamented  with  carvings.  Those 
on  the  back  represent  houses,  trees,  and  animals;  those  of  the  sides  a  scene  from 
the  whale  fishery.  Length,  12i  inches;  $  inch  square.  Chilcat  Indians,  Alaska. 
67904.  Collected  by  J.  J.  McLean. 

Pail  handle. — Made  of  ivory.  The  shape  is  semicircular.  It  has  nine  seal  heads 
carved  in  relief  on  the  outer  face.  The  edges  have  carved  ornaments.  Three 
trees  are  carved  on  the  inner  face.  Length,  9  inches;  width,  1J  inches.  Eskimo 
of  the  Lower  Yukon,  Alaska.  136375.  Collected  by  E.  W.  Nelson. 

Pail  handle. — Made  of  ivory,  slightly  curved  in  the  center.  It  has  a  bear  carved  on 
either  end.  Length,  8|  inches;  width,  If  inches.  Eskimo  of  Diomede  Island, 
Alaska.  63884.  Collected  by  E.  W.  Nelson. 

Box  handle. — Made  of  ivory,  slightly  convex,  and  ornamented  with  etchings  represent 
ing  apparently  skins  of  animals.  The  sides  are  incrusted  with  blue  beads. 
Length,  15|  inches;  width,  1  inch.  Eskimo  of  Kotzebue  Sound,  Alaska.'  48529. 
Collected  by  E.  W.  Nelson. 

Pail  handle. — Made  of  ivory.  It  has  two  fishes  carved  on  the  center.  At  each  end 
of  the  handle  are  three  fishes,  two  curved  in  relief,  and  one  forming  a  pendant. 
Length,  10^  inch;  diameter,  f  inches.  Eskimo  of  Sledge  Island,  Alaska. 
44690.  Collected  by  E.  W.  Nelson. 

Box  handle. — Made  of  ivory,  ornamented  with  various  carved  drawings.  Beginning 
at  the  left,  a  hunter  is  seen  in  the  act  of  firing  at  the  game;  then  come  ten  reindeer; 
and  lastly,  on  the  right  is  represented  a  whale  with  its  captor.  Length,  15 
inches ;  width,  1  inch.  Eskimo  of  Kotzebue  Sound,  Alaska.  48831.  Collected 
by  E.  W.Nelson. 

Pail  handle. — Made  of  ivory.  It  has  six  sections  of  a  design  carved  on  it,  giving  it 
the  appearance  of  seven  fish  tails  joined  in  a  single  line.  Length,  Gjt  inches; 
width,  1±  inches.  Eskimo  of  Cape  Darby,  Alaska.  48137.  Collected  by  E.  W. 
Nelson. 

Accessories  of  an  aboriginal  game. — Made  of  short  sticks  of  spruce,  and  engraved 
with  toteniic  devices.  Any  number  of  persons  may  take  part  in  this  game. 
The  dealer  sits  on  the  ground,  having  before  him  a  pile  of  frayed  cedar  bark,  in 
which  the  sticks  are  shuffled,  and  with  great  solemnity  draws  out  the  pieces 
one  by  one  without  looking  at  them,  and  passes  them  to  each  of  the  players 
seated  in  front  of  him.  Each  stick  has  a  different  value,  and  the  highest,  or  the 
lowest,  or  the  defined,  or  the  specified  number  gains  the  stake.  T'lingit  Indians, 
Sitka,  Alaska.  6556.  Collected  by  Dr.  J.  J.  Minor,  U.  S.  A. 

Small  sticks  for  a  game — Made  of  wood,  29  in  number,  placed  in  a  deerskin  bag.  Most 
of  the  sticks  have  a  diustinctive  mark.  Length,  5  inches;  width,  finch. 
T'liiigit  Indians  (Koluschan  stcok),  Sitka,  Alaska.  9939.  Collected  by  Captain 
Henriques. 

Explanation  of  the  game. — Each  player,  in  his  turn,  selects  a  number  of  sticks 
from  the  bag,  and  places  them  under  a  pile  or  piles  of  frayed  bark.  His  adver 
sary  must  guess  whether  the  number  of  hidden  sticks  is  even  or  odd,  or  whether 
they  are  in  one  or  the  other  pile.  If  the  player  guesses  right,  or  not,  he  wins,  or 

H.  Ex.  100 11 


162  COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID. 

loses,  one  or  more  sticks.  The  game  continues  until  one  of  the  players  has  lost 
all  his  sticks,  and  he  then  loses  the  whole  amount  staked  on  the  game.  The 
T'lingits  are  inveterate  gamblers. 

Whipping-top  and  whip.— The  top  is  of  wood,  and  the  point  is  of  bone.  Length, 
2£  inches.  Kiowa  Indians  (Kiowau  stock),  Kiowa  Reservation,  Indian  Territory, 
1891.  152905. 

Dart  (  Yuato-gyabo). — Made  of  a  rib  bone.  One  is  pointed,  and  there  are  two  feathers 
on  the  other.  Length,  16  inches.  Kiowa  Indians  (Kiowan  stock),  Kiowa  Reser 
vation,  Indian  Territory,  1891.  152906.  Collected  by  James  Mooney. 

This  dart  is  used  in  athletic  exercises.  It  is  thrown  with  great  force  over  the 
ice,  and  the  player  whose  dart  goes  farthest  wins  the  stake.  This  is  the  favorite 
game  of  the  young  men. 

Sling. — Made  of  deer  hide  painted  with  red  clay.  Used  by  the  children.  Length, 
30  inches.  Kiowa  Indians  (Kiowan  stock),  Kiowa  Reservation,  Indian  Territory, 
1891.  152922.  Collected  by  James  Mooney. 

Gaming  arrows  (6). — The  arrow  is  of  a  single  piece  of  wood.  The  head  is  carved  and 
painted.  It  is  thrown  with  the  hand,  like  a  javelin;  the  player  who  throws  it 
farthest  wins.  It  is  a  man's  game.  Length,  29  inches.  Kiowa  Indians  (Kiowan 
stock),  Kiowa  Reservation,  Indian  Territory,  1891.  152913.  Collected  by  James 
Mooney. 

Game  (Tangokya). — It  is  composed  of  8  small  sticks,  marked  differently.  They  are 
thrown  like  dice.  The  sticks  are  called  horses  or  mares.  The  count  of  the  game 
is  kept  with  markers.  This  game  is  played  only  by  men.  It  is  the  favorite  game 
of  the  horse  racers.  Kiowa  Indians  (Kiowan  stock),  Kiowa  Reservation,  Indian 
Territory,  1891.  152909.  Collected  by  James  Mooney. 

Shinny  stick  and  ball. — The  staff  is  curved  at  one  end.  The  ball  is  of  hide  stuffed  with 
hair.  This  is  a  woman's  game.  Length,  3  feet.  Kiowa  Indians  (Kiowan  stock), 
Kiowa  Reservation,  Indian  Territory,  1891.  152903  (a).  Collected  by  James 
Mooney. 

Shinny. — Ornamented  with  drawings  of  animals.  It  is  a  game  for  Avomen  only. 
Length,  3  feet.  Cheyenne  Indians  (Algoukiau  stock),  Cheyenne  and  Arapahoe 
Reservation,  Indian  Territory,  1891.  152903  (c).  Collected  by  James  Mooney. 

Football. — Made  of  oxhide  stuffed  with  hair.  Diameter,  3|  inches.  Kiowa  Indians 
(Kiowau  stock),  Kiowa  Reservation,  Indian  Territory,  1891.  152904.  Collected 
by  James  Mooney. 

The  game  of  football  is  played  by  the  women  and  girls.  They  do  not  drive 
the  ball  with  the  foot  like  the  whites.  The  game  consists  in  supporting  the 
ball  as  long  as  possible  on  the  toes  of  one  foot  while  they  dance  around  on  the 
other. 

Shinny  and  ball. — The  shinny  is  curved  at  one  end.  The  ball  is  of  hide  and  is  stuffed 
with  hair.  This  game  is  for  women.  Length,  3  feet.  Kiowa  Indians  (Kiowa 
stock),  Kiowa  Reservation,  Indian  Territory,  1891.  152903  (b).  Collected  by 
James  Mooney. 

11  Mescal "  purse,  of  buckskin,  embroidered  with  beads. — Made  in  imitation  of  the  narcotic 
root  wafer  of  a  cactus,  which  is  eaten  in  the  "  mescal  ceremony."  Those  who  eat 
the  "mescal"  carry  the  purse  hanging  from  a  necklace,  and  it  contains  a  small 
quantity  of  consecrated  ' '  mescal."  Diameter,  1£  inches.  Kiowa  Indians  ( Kiowan 
stock),  Kiowa  Reservation,  Indian  Territory,  1891.  152883.  Collected  by  James 
Mooney. 

Mescal  is  the  root  of  the  Cereus,  of  the  cactus  family.  When  chewed  it  has  the 
properties  of  a  narcotic. 

Amulet. — A  closed  bag,  made  of  hide  embroidered  with  beads.  Length,  2  inches. 
Kiowa  Indians  (Kiowan  stock),  Kiowa  Reservation,  Indian  Territory,  1891. 
152932.  Collected  by  James  Moouey. 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID.  163 

Enchanted  boiv. — Made  of  rib  bone.  It  is  used  when  it  is  desired  to  shoot  an  arrow 
at  the  malignant  spirit  who,  from  the  clouds,  has  been  the  cause  of  the  failure 
of  the  buifalo  hunt.  Length,  15  inches.  Kiowa  Indians  (Kiowan  stock),  Kiowa 
Reservation,  Indian  Territory,  1891.  152989.  Collected  by  James  Mooney. 

Enchanted  bag  of  the  sun  dance  (model). — Made  of  hide.  It  is  of  the  shape  of  a  saddle, 
and  contains  the  "  Great  Talisman  "  of  the  Kiowas.  No  white  has  succeeded  in  see 
ing  the  talisman,  but  it  is  known  to  be  composed  of  the  300  (more  or  less)  scalp 
trophies  of  the  tribe.  Kiowa  Indians  (Kiowan  stock),  Kiowa  Reservation, 
Indian  Territory,  1891.  152927.  Collected  by  James  Moouey. 

Enchanted  tortoise  shell. — Shell  of  a  land  tortoise,  polished  by  use.  This  shell  is  used 
in  the  act  of  parturition,  as  an  amulet,  and  the  family  receives  it  with  great  cere 
mony.  Length,  4f  inches.  Cheyenne  Indians  (Algonkian  stock),  Cheyenne  and 
Arapahoe  Reservation,  Indian  Territory,  1891.  152811.  Collected  by  James 
Mooney. 

Medicinal  root. — Used  in  decoction,  in  the  case  of  stomach  ache.  Kiowa  Indians 
(Kiowan  stock),  Kiowa  Reservation,  Indian  Territory,  1891.  153001.  Collected 
by  James  Mooney. 

Amulet  (life  charm). — A  small  diamond-shaped  bag,  embroidered  with  beads,  and  hav 
ing  a  fringe  of  deer  hide;  it  is  worn  by  young  girls,  and  it  contains  the  umbili 
cal  cord  of  the  person  who  wears  it.  Length,  2^  inches.  Kiowa  Indians  (Kio 
wan  stock),  Kiowa  Reservation,  Indian  Territory.  152882  (a.)  Collected  by 
James  Moone}T. 

Enchanted  bag. — Made  of  the  skin  of  the  legs  of  a  tortoise.  Cheyenne  Indians 
(Algonkian  stock),  Cheyenne  and  Arapahoe  Reservation,  Indian  Territory,  1891. 
152810.  Collected  by  James  Mooney. 

Obtained  by  Rev.  H.  R.  Voth  from  an  old  Cheyenne  doctress.  It  is  used  as 
an  amulet  at  births. 

Amulet  stone. — Oval  stone,  incrusted  in  a  piece  of  hide  embroidered  with  beads,  with 
two  straps,  ornamented  with  beads,  to  support  it.  Diameter,  If  inches.  Kiowa 
Indians  (Kiowau  stock),  Kiowa  Reservation,  Indian  Territory,  1891.  152884. 
Collected  by  James  Mooney. 

This  amulet  comes  from  Chihuahua  (Mexico),  which  presented  it  from  motives 
of  gratitude.  The  Kiowas  believe  that  this  stone  possesses  life  and  the  power 
of  motion. 

Shield  and  saddle. — Made  of  dark  deer  hide,  embroidered  with  beads.  Kiowa  Indians 
(Kiowan  stock),  Kiowa  Reservation,  Indian  Territory,  1891.  152928.  Collected 
by  James  Mooney. 

Doll  dressed  in  deer  hide. — Bead  ornaments.  The  belt  is  ornamented  with  buttons  of 
German  silver.  Kiowa  Indians  (Kiowan  stock),  Kiowa  Reservation,  Indian 
Territory,  1891.  152920.  Collected  by  James  Mooney. 

Doll  dressed  in  buckskin. — It  has  a  buckler  on  its  arm.  A  child's  plaything.  Kiowa 
Indians  (Kiowan  stock),  Kiowa  Reservation,  Indian  Territory,  1891.  152918. 
Collected  by  James  Mooney. 

Small  spoons. — Wooden  toy.  The  children  carry  these  spoons  in  their  belts  as  a 
plaything.  Kiowa  Indians  (Kiowan  stock),  Kiowa  Reservation,  Indian  Territory. 
1891.  152923.  Collected  by  James  Mooney. 

Quiver. — Toy  made  of  squirrel  skin.  Kiowa  Indians  (Kiowan  stock),  Kiowa  Reser 
vation,  Indian  Territory,  1891.  152924.  Collected  by  James  Mooney. 

Hag  doll. — It  carries  a  quiver  and  shield,  and  is  seated  on  a  saddle.  Kiowa  Indians 
(Kiowan  stock),  Kiowa  Reservation,  1891.  152921.  Collected  by  James  Mooney. 

Doll  dressed  in  red  flannel. — It  represents  a  woman  seated  on  a  saddle,  carrying  a 
child  on  her  back.  Kiowa  Indians  (Kiowan  stock),  Kiowa  Reservation,  Indian 
Territory,  1891.  152916.  Collected  by  James  Mooney. 

Toilette  bags. — Playthings  made  of  hide.  Kiowa  Indians  (Kiowan  stock),  Kiowa 
Reservation,  Indian  Territory,  1891.  152930.  Collected  by  James  Mooney. 


164  COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION   AT    MADRID. 

Saddles. — Toys,  made  of  buckskin.  Length,  8  inches.  Kiowa  Indians  (Kiowan 
stock),  Kiowa  Reservation,  Indian  Territory,  1891.  152929.  Collected  by  James 
Mooney. 

Little  moccasins. — Plaything,  made  of  buckskin,  embroidered  with  beads.  Length, 
3  inches.  Kiowa  Indians  (Kiowan  stock),  Kiowa  Reservation,  Indian  Territory, 
1891.  152926.  Collected  by  James  Mooney. 

Bow. — Toy,  ornamented  with  bead  embroidery.  Length,  13  inches.  Kiowa  Indians 
(Kiowan  stock),  Kiowa  Reservation,  Indian  Territory,  1891.  152914.  Collected 
by  James  Mooney. 

Gun  and  case,  toy. — Wooden  gun,  deerskin  case,  embroidered  with  beads.  Kiowa 
Indians  (Kiowan  stock),  Kiowa  Reservation,  Indian  Territory,  1891.  152931. 
Collected  by  James  Mooney. 

Ivory  doll. — Representing  a  woman  dressed  in  deerskin,  ornamented  with  various 
skins.  Length,  4  inches.  Eskimo  of  St.  Michaels  Island,  Alaska.  129237. 
Collected  by  L.  M.  Turner. 

Ivory  doll. — A  short  string  of  beads  hangs  from  its  nose,  which  is  pierced  by  a  feather. 
From  its  ear  hangs  another  string  of  beads,  which  passes  underneath  its  chin. 
The  sack  is  of  duck  skin,  and  the  pantaloons  of  deerskin.  Length,  13|  inches. 
Eskimo  of  Tuniakput,  Alaska.  127292.  Collected  by  I.  Applegate. 

Doll.— It  wears  a  blouse  of  deerskin,  festooned  with  another  skin,  a  hood  embroid 
ered  with  beads,  and  earrings  of  bells.  Around  its  face  it  has  a  ribbon  of  skin, 
which  serves  to  tie  it.  Length,  3f  inches.  Eskimo,  Alaska.  37889.  Collected 
by  E.  W.  Nelson. 

Doll. — Dressed  in  a  blouse  of  different  skins,  with  hide  shoes.  A  wide  fringe  of  skin 
hangs  from  the  hood,  to  protect  the  face.  Length,  7  inches.  Eskimo,  Norton 
Sound,  Alaska.  37634.  Collected  by  E.  W.  Nelson. 

Ivory  doll. — Representing  an  Eskimo  mother  dressed  in  a  long  blouse;  she  is  carry 
ing  her  child  in  a  large  case.  It  has  eight  marks  painted  on  its  chin.  Length, 
3f  inches.  Eskimo,  Kotzebue  Sound,  Alaska.  48584.  Collected  by  E.  W. 
Nelson. 

Ivory  doll. — Dressed  in  skins.  The  blanket  on  which  it  is  stretched  is  of  duck  skin 
trimmed  with  skins.  Length,  3  inches.  Eskimo,  Togiak  River,  Alaska.  127312. 
Collected  by  I.  Applegate. 

Wooden  doll. — With  ivory  eyes,  mouth,  and  ears.  The  rings  which  it  wears  in  its 
nose  and  ears  are  of  beads.  The  dress  is  of  various  kinds  of  skins.  Length, 
12^  inches.  Eskimo,  Togiak  River,  Alaska.  127297.  Collected  by  I.  Applegate. 

Diadem  front. — Made  of  wood,  carved  and  painted,  imitating  the  head  of  a  bird,  sur 
rounded  by  little  human  heads.  It  is  used  in  the  dances  in  ceremonies.  Length, 
7  inches;  width,  6  inches.  Haida  Indians  (Skittagetan  stock),  Queen  Charlotte 
Islands,  British  Columbia,  1883.  89159.  Collected  by  James  G.  Swan. 

Diadem  front. — Rectangular  piece  of  wood,  from  which  a  bear's  head  rises  in  relief. 
The  outlines  are  black  and  red.  It  is  used  in  ceremonial  dances.  Length,  7 
inches;  width,  5f  inches.  Sitka  Indians  (Koluschan  stock).  Sitka,  Alaska,  1882. 
56486.  Collected  by  James  G.  Swan. 

Diadem  front. — Rectangular  piece  of  wood,  from  which  a  bear  projects  in  relief.  The 
body  of  the  bear  is  painted  red;  the  outlines  of  the  bear's  head  are  black  and 
red.  The  whole  is  edged  with  red  flannel  cut  in  scallops.  It  is  used  in  cere 
monial  dances.  Length,  6f  inches;  width,  6  inches.  Haida  Indians  (Skitta 
getan  stock),  Queen  Charlotte  Islands,  British  Columbia,  1883.  89051.  Collected 
by  James  G.  Swan. 

The  different  tribes  of  the  northwest  coast  believe  that  they  are  descended 
from  a  bird  or  other  animal,  and  carve  the  image  of  their  supposed  progenitor 
on  many  of  the  articles  of  their  personal  property.  The  owner  of  the  diadem 
described  believed  that  he  came  from  the  bear  family. 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID.  165 

Diadem  front . — Flat  piece  of  wood,  carved  and  painted,  representing  a  human  figure. 
It  is  used  in  the  ceremonial  dances.  Length,  6£  inches;  width,  5£  inches. 
Indians  of  the  northwest  coast  of  North  America.  688.  Collected  by  George 
Gibbs. 

Diadem  front.—  Rectangular  piece  of  wood,  from  which  the  heads  of  a  bear  and  a 
bird  rise  in  relief.  Painted  blue,  and  the  outlines  black  and  red.  Length,  5£ 
inches;  width,  3|  inches.  Sitka  Indians  (Koluschan  stock),  Sitka,  Alaska. 
20755.  Collected  by  James  G.  Swan. 

Ceremonial  mask* — It  is  of  the  shape  of  a  narrow  face,  and  is  of  wood,  painted  white, 
with  black  and  red  outlines.  A  pointed  projection  rises  from  the  forehead  and 
descends  to  the  eyes.  It  has  two  pairs  of  eyes;  the  upper  pair  is  slightly  open, 
and  contains  holes;  the  lower  eyes  have  large  lids,  which  descend  to  the  line  of 
the  nostrils.  The  mask  has  a  piece  of  curved  wood  on  one  side  and  a  black 
feather  on  the  other.  Length,  11£  inches ;  width,  5J  inches.  Eskimo  of  Askinuk, 
Alaska.  48700.  Collected  by  E.  W.  Nelson. 

Dancing  mask.— Of  soft  wood;  it  has  a  human  face  in  the  center,  and  above  it  a 
deep  concavity  painted  red,  and  ornamented  on  each  side  with  wooden  pegs. 
On  the  upper  part  of  the  face  there  is  a  thin  rectangular  piece  of  wood.  It  has 
large  hands  sculptured  at  the  top  and  bottom.  The  lower  hand  has  a  walrus 
painted  on  it.  The  rest  of  the  face  is  painted  white,  and  the  borders  black. 
There  is  a  little  hood  on  the  upper  part  of  the  forehead.  Length,  26  inches ; 
width,  10  inches.  Eskimo  of  Norton  Sound,  Alaska.  33113.  Collected  by  E. 
W.  Nelson. 

It  is  used  in  dances  to  the  sound  of  the  drum  and  of  songs  relating  to  a  hunt 
ing  or  fishing  party,  or,  more  usually,  to  a  mystic  legend. 

Ceremonial  mask. — Of  wood,  of  an  oval  shape.  A  kind  of  ridge  extends  the  whole 
length  of  the  mask,  and  on  either  side  displays  a  concavity,  painted  red  and 
ornamented  with  wooden  pegs.  Near  the  lower  edge  and  extending  from  right 
to  left  it  has  a  cleft  of  a  semicircular  shape.  There  are  two  holes  on  either 
side  of  the  mask.  The  bottom  is  painted  white,  and  the  edges  black  and  blue. 
A  black  feather  rises  from  'each  side  and  from  the  top.  Length,  11  inches ;  width, 
7i  inches.  Eskimo,  Askiuuk,  Alaska.  48701.  Collected  by  E.  W.  Nelson. 
It  is  used  at  funerals. 

Finger  mask.— A  thin,  circular  piece  of  wood,  and  represents  a  deformed  face. 
Under  the  face  are  two  holes  to  put  the  ringers  in.  The  mask  is  festooned  with 
long  hair  from  the  reindeer's  tail.  It  is  used  by  placing  it  before  the  face  in  the 
ceremonial  dances.  Diameter,  exclusive  of  the  fringe,  3£  inches.  Eskimo  of  the 
Lower  Kuskoquim  River,  Alaska.  37896.  Collected  by  E.  W.  Nelson. 

Dancing  mask. — Of  wood,  and  has  the  form  of  the  face  of  a  white  man,  with  black 
lines  on  the  upper  part  of  the  eyes  and  above  the  nose.  The  ears  are  of  separate 
pieces  of  wood  painted  red,  and  a  hide  strap  hangs  from  each.  A  wooden  plug 
is  mortised  to  each  side  of  the  chin.  The  eyes,  the  nostrils,  and  the  spaces 
between  the  teeth  are  entirely  perforated.  A  feather  issues  from  the  forehead 
and  from  the  side  of  the  left  eye.  A  cord  of  spruce  pine  root  serves  to  fasten 
the  mask  on  the  head  of  the  person  who  wears  it.  Length,  12  inches;  width,  10 
inches.  Eskimo  of  Norton  Sound,  Alaska.  33133.  Collected  by  E.  W.  Nelson. 
It  is  used  in  dances  to  the  sound  of  the  drum  and  songs  relating  to  a  hunting 
or  fishing  party,  or,  more  usually,  .to  mystic  legends. 

Finger  mask. — A  thin,  circular  piece  of  wood,  and  represents  a  deformed  face.  Under 
the  face  are  two  holes  for  the  fingers.  The  mask  is  festooned  with  long  hair 
from  a  reindeer's  tail.  It  is  used  by  placing  it  in  front  of  the  face  in  the 
ceremonial  dances.  Diameter,  exclusive  of  the  fringe,  3  inches.  Eskimo  of  the 
Lower  Kuskoquim,  Alaska.  37653.  Collected  by  E.  W.  Nelson. 


166  COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID. 

Ceremonial  mask. — Of  wood,  painted  blue,  with  black  lines  on  the  edges;  the  eyes 
slightly  opened,  the  nose  and  lips  very  large.  Length;  9£  inches;  width,  7£ 
inches.  Bellacoola  Indians  (Salishan  stock),  British  Columbia.  20580.  Col 
lected  by  James  G.  Swan. 

Ceremonial  mask. — Of  wood,  painted  blue,  with  red  and  black  lines  on  the  edges. 
There  are  painted  designs  on  the  cheeks,  and  a  worked  garniture  on  the  lower 
lip.     Length,  8  inches;  width,  5£  inches.      Alaska  Indians.     67953.     Collected 
.  by  J.  J.  McLean. 

Ceremonial  mask. — It  is  of  wood,  and  has  lines  painted  red  and  black,  and  blue  draw 
ings  on  the  forehead  and  cheeks.  It  is  used  in  dances.  Length,  9  inches;  Avidth 
8£  inches.  Alaska  Indians.  67952.  Collected  by  J.  J.  McLean. 

Ceremonial  mask. — It  is  of  wood,  and  has  the  eyes  and  eyebrows  painted  black.  A 
metal  ring  hangs  from  the  nose.  It  is  used  in  dances.  Length,  6|  inches; 
width,  6J  inches.  Sitka  Indians  (Koluschau  stock),  Alaska.  9937.  Collected 
by  Captain  Henriques. 

CASE  IX. 

Feathers  for  the  head  (1). — Various  garnished  feathers,  fastened  to  the  end  of  a  stick 
by  ties  of  ribbons.  Length,  12  £  inches.  T'liugit  Indians  (Koluschan  stock), 
Alaska.  46497.  Collected  by  James  G.  Swan. 

Feathers  for  the  head  (2). — Various  woodpeckers'  feathers  fastened  to  the  ends  of  two 
short  sticks.  Length,  18J  inches  and  12|  inches.  Indians  of  the  northwest 
coast  of  North  America.  2491-2.  Collected  by  Lieut.  Charles  Wilkes,  U.  S.  N. 

Ornament  for  thehead. — Crown  of  woodpeckers'  feathers  and  deer  hide.  Diameter,  9 
inches.  Hup  a  Indians  (Athapascan  stock),  Hup  a  Valley  Reservation,  California. 
21331.  Collected  by  Stephen  Powers. 

Ornament  for  the  head.— Grown  of  sea-otter  skin  ornamented  with  beads,  feathers, 
and  small  pieces  of  red  cloth.  It  has  a  string  to  fasten  it  to  the  head.  Used  in 
the  dances.  Diameter,  8^  inches.  Uka  Indians  (Yukian  stock),  Reudon  Valley 
Reservation,  California.  21410.  Collected  by  Stephen  Powers. 

Dance  whistle. — Carved  in  the  shape  of  a  fish.  It  consists  of  two  pieces  of  wood 
carved  on  the  outside  and  united  by  spruce-pine  root.  Length,  14  inches; 
width,  3£  inches.  Skedan  Indians  (Skittagetan  stock),  Queen  Charlotte  Islands, 
British  Columbia.  89139.  Collected  by  James  G.  Swan. 

Dance  whistle. — Composed  of  two  pieces  of  wood,  carved,  and  joined  together  by 
a  packthread  cord.  Length,  4£  inches;  width,  3  inches.  Haida  Indians  (Skit 
tagetan  stock),  Queen  Charlotte  Islands,  British  Columbia.  89068.  Collected 
by  James  G.  Swan. 

Dance  whistle. — It  consists  of  two  pieces  of  wood,  carved  on  the  outside,  and  united 
by  three  ligatures,  one  of  hide,  one  of  spruce-pine  root,  and  the  third  of  pack 
thread.  The  mouthpiece  is  cemented  with  rosin.  Length,  19f  inches;  diameter, 
3  inches.  Haida  Indians  (Skittagetan  stock),  Queen  Charlotte  Islands,  British 
Columbia.  89071.  Collected  by  James  G.  Swan. 

Dance  whistle. — It  consists  of  two  pieces  of  wood,  carved  on  the  outside,  dovetailed, 
and  cemented  with  rosin.  There  are  engravings  on  it,  representing  a  face  and 
arms.  Length,  7|  inches;  width,  5  inches.  Skittagetan  Indiana,  Queen  Char 
lotte  Islands,  British  Columbia.  89158.  Collected  by  James  G.  Swan. 

Dance  whistle . — Two  whistles  united  by  spruce-pine  root,  forming  a  double  whistle. 
Each  consists  of  two  pieces  of  wood,  carved  on  the  outside,  joined  together  with 
spruce-pine  root,  and  cemented  with  rosin.  Length,  9  inches;  width,  3  inches. 
Haida  Indians  (Skittagetan  stock),  Queen  Charlotte  Islands,  British  Columbia. 
89070.  Collected  by  James  G.  Swan. 

Ceremonial  rattle. — Made  of  wood,  ornamented  with  various  painted  engravings  and 
drawings,  both  mythological.  The  handle  is  covered  with  ribbon.  This  pattern 
of  rattle  is  very  common  among  the  Indians  of  the  northwest  coast.  Length, 
12|  inches;  width,  3£  inches.  Haida  Indians  (Skittagetan  stock),  Queen  Char 
lotte  Islands,  British  Columbia.  98086.  Collected  bv  James  G.  Swan. 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID.  167 

Ceremonial  rattle. — Made  of  wood,  ornamented  with  a  painted  drawing  representing 
a  human  face.  Length,  9  inches.  Massett  Indians  (Skittagetan  stock),  Queen 
Charlotte  Islands,  British  Columbia.  88717.  Collected  by  James  G.  Swan. 

Dance  rattle. — Made  of  wood,  ornamented  on  each  side  with  a  drawing  of  a  human 
face  and  other  painted  and  engraved  drawings.  Length,  10|  inches;  width,  4£ 
inches.  Alaska.  74335.  Collected  by  J.  J.  McLean. 

Dance  rattle. — Made  of  wood,  engraved,  and  with  a  painted  drawing  representing 
a  woodpecker.  Length,  10  inches;  width,  3  inches.  Haida  Indians  (Skittagetan 
stock),  Queen  Charlotte  Islands,  British  Columbia.  88797.  Collected  by  James 
G.  Swan. 

Rattle. — Gourd,  with  drawings  painted  white  and  black  and  the  bottom  painted 
green,  with  a  wooden  handle  passing  through  it.  It  is  used  in  dances.  Diam 
eter,  6  inches.  Moki  Indians  (Shoshouean  stock),  Moki  Reservation,  Arizona. 
84145.  Collected  by  Victor  Mindeleff. 

Rattle. — Made  of  a  gourd,  with  painted  designs,  and  pierced  by  a  handle  with  a  loop 
at  the  end.  It  is  used  in  the  dances.  Diameter,  5  inches.  Moki  Indians  (Sho- 
shonean  stock),  Moki  Reservation,  Arizona,  1886  128740.  Collected  by  Mrs. 
M.  E.  Stevenson. 

Rattle. — Made  of  wood,  carved  and  painted,  representing  a  two-headed  eagle,  an  imi 
tation  of  that  on  the  Russian  flag.  Length,  10  inches;  width,  4  inches.  T'lingit 
Indians  (Koluschan  stock),  Sitka,  Alaska.  20763.  Collected  by  James  G.  Swan. 

Lef/gin  rattles. — Made  of  blue  flannel,  ornamented  with  three  strips  of  red  flannel,  and 
with  strings  of  white  beads  sewed  around  them.  Along  the  whole  length  of  the 
leggins  are  sewed  three  rows  of  bird  beaks,  which,  by  knocking  against  each 
other,  produce  various  sounds,  in  accordance  with  the  movement  of  the  leg. 
The  chiefs  alone  use  this  rattle  in  the  dances  of  great  ceremony.  Haida  Indians 
(Skittagetan  stock),  Queen  Charlotte  Islands,  British  Columbia.  89088.  Col 
lected  by  James  G.  Swan. 

Rattle. — Composed  of  many  bird  beaks  fastened  around  two  wooden  hoops  covered 
with  spruce-pine  root.  A  stick  tied  to  each  of  the  two  sides  serves  as  a  handle. 
Diameter,  6f  inches.  Hadia  Indians  (Skittagetan  stock),  Queen  Charlotte 
Islands,  British  Columbia.  89088.  Collected  by  James  G.  Swan. 

Rattle. — Gourd  painted  bright  green,  yellow,  and  black,  with  a  wooden  handle  run 
ning  through  it,  with  two  feathers  tied  to  one  end.  It  is  used  in  the  dances. 
Diameter,  I  inches.  Moki  Indians  (Shoshonean  stock),  Moki  Reservation,  Ari 
zona.  68742.  Collected  by  Col.  James  Stevenson. 

Rattle. — Rough  gourd,  painted  green.  It  lias  for  a  handle  a  stick  which  passes  through 
it,  but  without  coming  out  at  the  opposite  side.  Length,  7  inches;  width,  3£ 
inches.  Moki  Indians  (Shoshonean  stock),  Moki  Reservation,  Arizona.  84149. 
Collected  by  Victor  Mindeleff. 

Bead  of  a  crook. — Gourd  painted  black,  with  red  lines;  a  short  stick  passes  through 
it.  This  handle  serves  as  the  head  of  a  long  staff  which  is  used  in  the  ceremo 
nial  dances.  Length,  19  inches ;  diameter  of  the  gourd,  4£  inches.  Moki  Indians 
(Shoshoiieau  stock),  Moki  Reservation,  Arizona.  22964.  Collected  by  O.  D. 
Wheeler. 

Rattle.— Gourd  ornamented  with  designs  painted  black  on  a  background  of  bright 
green.  A  stick  which  passes  through  and  through  it  serves  as  a  handle.  It  is 
used  in  the  dances.  Diameter,  3J  inches.  Moki  Indians  (Shoshouean  stock), 
Moki  Reservation,  Arizona.  68746.  Collected  by  Mrs.  M.  E.  Stevenson. 

Dance  whistle. — Made  of  the  bone  of  an  eagle's  wing,  with  buckskin  strips  and 
feather  pendants.  Length,  6f  inches.  Arapahoe  Indians  (Algonkian  stock), 
Cheyenne  and  Arapahoe  Reservation,  Oklahoma,  1890.  153057.  Collected  by 
Emilio  Granier. 

Medicine  man's  enchanted  rod. — Wooden  staff  covered  with  red  cloth  and  feathers; 
head  of  catlinite,  with  a  tassel  made  of  horsehair  dyed  green.  Length,  25  inches. 
Arapahoe  Indians  ( Algonkiau  stock),  Cheyenne  and  Arapahoe  Reservation,  Okla 
homa,  1890.  153064.  Collected  by  Emilio  Granier. 


168  COLUMBIAN   HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION   AT    MADRID. 

Medicine  man's  enchanted  rod. — Wooden  staff  painted  red  and  ornamented  with 
beaded  fringes;  head  of  catlinite,  ornamented  with  an  incrusted  German-silver 
cross.  Plumes  of  feathers  on  the  ends.  Length,  27  inches.  Arapahoe  Indians 
(Algonkiau  stock),  Cheyenne  and  Arapahoe  Reservation,  Oklahoma,  1890. 
153063.  Collected  by  Emilio  Grauier. 

Whistle  and  necklace  for  dancing. — The  whistle  is  made  of  the  bone  of  an  eagle's 
wing,  wrapped  in  pieces  of  quill  and  pearls.  Necklace  of  buckskin  painted 
dark  and  ornamented  with  quill  work.  Length  of  the  whistle,  7|  inches.  Arap 
ahoe  Indians  (Algonkian  stock),  Cheyenne  and  Arapahoe  Reservation,  Oklahoma, 

1890.  153056.     Collected  by  Emilio  Granier. 

Flute. — Made  of  two  pieces  of  cedar,  joined  by  fastenings  of  buckskin  cord.  The 
key  is  stuck  on  with  balsamic  pine  rosin.  The  six  holes  for  the  fingers  are  made 
by  burning.  It  is  called  "the  love  flute,"  because  it  is  used  in  serenades. 
Length,  21  inches.  Kiowa  Indians  (Kiowan  stock),  Kiowa  Reservation,  Indian 
Territory,  1891.  152899.  Collected  by  James  Mooney. 

Whistles. — Made  of  the  bone  of  eagles'  wings.  They  have  pendants  of  feathers.  The 
largest  of  the  whistles  is  about  one  hundred  years  old.  It  is  used  in  the  sun 
dance  and  in  giving  orders  for  the  movements  of  the  warriors  in  battles.  Length, 
1\  and  10  inches.  Kiowa  Indians  (Kiowau  stock),  Kiowa  Reservation,  Indian 
Territory,  1891.  152938.  Collected  by  James  Mooney. 

Deer  call. — It  is  made  of  a  kind  of  tin  tube  fixed  between  two  pieces  of  perforated 
wood.  It  is  sounded  by  blowing.  It  imitates  pretty  well  the  bleating  of  the 
deer.  Length,  7  inches.  Kiowa  Indians  (Kiowan  stock),  Kiowa  Reservation, 
Indian  Territory,  1891.  152939.  Collected  by  James  Mooney. 

Enchanted  rattle. — It  has  the  handle  covered  with  hawk  skin,  ornamented  with  ten 
tin  bells.  The  head  is  made  of  the  scrotum  of  a  young  buffalo,  and  has  birds 
and  cabalistic  signs  painted  on  it.  Length,  2  feet.  Cheyenne  Indians  (Algon 
kian  stock),  Cheyenne  and  Arapahoe  Reservation,  Indian  Territory,  1891. 
152807.  Obtained  from  Rev.  H.  R.  Voth  by  James  Mooney. 

Ornament  for  the  head. — Bunch  of  feathers,  with  a  large  eagle's  feather  in  the  center. 
Used  by  the  medicine  men,  on  which  account  the  name  of  "  Dr.  Buffalo  "  is  given 
to  it.  Kiowa  Indians  (Kiowan  stock),  Kiowa  Reservation,  Indian  Territory, 

1891.  152861.     Collected  by  James  Mooney. 

Eattle. — Wooden  handle  wrapped  in  buckskin,  ornamented  with  a  horsehair  plume 
and  a  tin  bell.  The  head  is  made  of  the  scrotum  of  a  buffalo,  with  figures  in 
relief.  It  is  used  in  the  dance  called  that  of  the  "  Warrior  Dog."  Length,  8f 
inches.  Cheyenne  and  Arapahoe  Indians  (Algonkian  stock),  Cheyenne  and  Arap 
ahoe  Reservation,  Indian  Territory,  1891.  152808. 

Tal)hU  of  Mrch  'bark,  or  descriptive  writing. — This  instructive  series  of  writings  on 
birch  bark  was  obtained  from  the  Ojibway  Indians  and  collected  by  Dr.  W.  J. 
Hoffman,  whose  account  will  be  found  in  the  seventh  annual  report  of  the 
Bureau  of  Ethnology. 

In  the  upper  part  of  the  glass  case,  on  the  left,  are  the  ballads  or  mnemonic 
songs  used  by  the  Shamans  in  the  cermonies  of  the  Great  Medicine  Society.  The 
glass  case  on  the  left  contains  a  tablet  of  birch  bark  relating  to  the  traditions 
of  the  tribe.  The  next  case  contains  tablets  of  battles  and  hunts.  The  last 
case  contains  tablets  of  songs  for  cures  and  for  hunts,  which  are  carefully 
marked,  in  order  that  they  may  serve  as  a  guide  to  the  singer. 

Fastener  for  ivorkbag. — Made  of  walrus-tusk  ivory,  ornamented  with  four  rows  of 
engraved  parallel  lines.  A  small  hole  made  in  the  ivory  serves  for  the  passage 
of  the  lace  or  cord  with  which  the  bag  is  closed.  Length,  6f  inches;  width,  ^ 
inch.  Eskimo  of  Norton  Sound,  Alaska.  48778.  Collected  by  E.  W.  Nelson. 

Fastener  for  workbag. — Made  of  a  strip  of  walrus-tusk  ivory,  ornamented  with  five 
rows  of  engraved  parallel  lines.  A  small  projection  is  carved  in  the  center,  in 
which  is  a  hole  serving  to  pass  the  cord  with  which  the  bag  is  closed.  Length, 
7£  inches;  diameter,  |  inch.  Eskimo  of  Nulokljtologumut,  Alaska.  38218.  Col 
lected  by  E.  W.  Nelson. 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID.  169 

Fastener  for  workbag.—  Made  of  a  cylindrical  piece  of  walrus-tusk  ivory,  ornamented 
with  twelve  rows  of  engraved  parallel  lines.  It  has  in  the  center  a  small  pro 
jection,  in  which  is  a  hole  serving  as  a  passage  for  the  cord  with  which  the  bag 
is  closed.  Length,  7|  inches;  diameter,  f  inch.  Eskimo  of  Big  Lake,  Alaska. 
36637.  Collected  by  E.  W.  Nelson. 

Fastener  for  workbag.—  Made  of  a  cylindrical  piece  of  walrus-tusk  ivory.  Slightly 
curved  and  ornamented  with  eight  rows  of  engraved  parallel  lines  mingled  with 
points  and  crosses.  There  is  a  hole  in  the  ivory,  serving  as  a  passage  for  the 
cord  with  which  the  bag  is  closed.  Length,  64-  inches ;  diameter,  £  inch.  Eskimo 
of  Sabotnisky,  Alaska.  48966.  Collected  by  E.  W.  Nelson. 

Fastener  for  ivorkbag. — Made  of  a  cylindrical  piece  of  walrus-tusk  ivory,  ornamented 
with  eleven  rows  of  engraved  parallel  lines  mingled  with  dots  and  circles. 
Length,  6^  inches;  width, -finch.  Eskimo  of  Paimut,  Alaska.  38011.  Collected 
by  E.  W.  Nelson. 

Fastener  for  workbag. — Made  of  a  triangular  piece  of  walrus-tusk  ivory,  ornamented 
with  figures  representing  diamonds  and  a  set  of  wooden  plugs  incrusted  in  the 
ivory  and  surrounded  by  circles.  It  has  a  cleft  serving  as  a  passage  for  the 
cord  with  which  the  bag  is  closed.  Length,  5|  inches;  width,  $  inch.  Eskimo 
of  Paimut,  Alaska.  37188.  Collected  by  E.  W.  Nelson. 

Fastener  for  workbag. — Made  of  walrus-tusk  ivory,  ornamented  with  engraved  trans 
verse  lines,  forming  various  figures.  An  eagle's  head  is  carved  on  one  of  the 
ends.  A  small  hole  made  in  the  ivory  serves  as  a  passage  for  the  cord  with 
which  the  bag  is  closed.  Length,  5J  inches;  width,  |  inch.  Eskimo  of  Ano- 
gogumut,  Alaska.  37431.  Collected  by  E.  W.  Nelson. 

Fastener  for  ivorkbag.— Made  of  a  flat  and  thin  piece  of  walrus-tusk  ivory,  orna 
mented  in  the  center  with  an  engraved  drawing  representing  a  human  face,  and 
on  each  side  an  engraved  seal.  A  series  of  lines  crossing  each  other  are  engraved 
on  the  upper  edge.  A  small  hole  made  in  the  ivory  serves  as  a  passage  for  the 
cord  with  which  the  bag  is  closed.  Length,  £  inch;  width,  1  inch.  Eskimo  of 
Chalitmut,  Alaska.  37319.  Collected  by  E.  W.  Nelson. 

Fastener  for  workbag. — Made  of  walrus-tusk  ivory.  Carved  to  represent  a  salmon. 
A  small  hole  made  in  the  button  hook  serves  as  a  passage  for  the  cord  with 
which  the  bag  is  closed.  Length,  4£  inches ;  width,  1  inch.  Eskimo  of  Nunivak 
Island,  Alaska.  43694.  Collected  by  E.  W.  Nelson. 

Fastener  for  workbag. — Made  of  walrus-tusk  ivory  and  carved  in  the  shape  of  a 
beaver.  Ornamented  with  engraved  circles,  lines,  and  points.  Five  small 
pieces  of  lead  are  cemented  to  the  ivory  at  intervals  of  about  an  inch.  A  small 
hole  made  in  the  lower  part  of  the  fasten  er  serves  as  a  passage  for  the  cord 
with  which  the  bag  is  closed.  Length,  7  inches;  width,  £  inch.  Eskimo  of 
Sabotnisky,  Alaska.  48861.  Collected  by  E.  W.  Nelson. 

Fastener  for  worlcbag. — Made  of  walrus-tusk  ivory,  carved  in  the  form  of  a  seal. 
Ornamented  with  borders,  engraved  around  the  neck  and  tail.  Various  draw 
ings  adorn  the  body.  A  small  hole  made  in  the  ivory  serves  as  a  passage  for 
the  cord  with  which  the  bag  is  closed.  Length,  4£  inches;  diameter  f  inch. 
Eskimo  of  Nulukhtologomut,  Alaska.  38241.  Collected  by  E.  W.  Nelson. 

Fastener  for  workbag. — Carved  in  walrus-tusk  ivory,  in  the  form  of  a  seal.  Orna 
mented  with  engraved  circles,  points,  and  lines.  A  small  hole  made  in  the '  vory 
serves  as  a  passage  for  the  cord  with  which  the  bag  is  closed.  Length,  6  inches ; 
width,  £  inch.  Eskimo  of  Sabotnisky,  Alaska.  48860.  Collected  by  E.  W. 
Nelson. 

Fastener  for  workbag. — Made  of  walrus- tusk  ivory,  carved  in  the  shape  of  a  lamprey 
A  small  hole  made  in  the  ivory  serves  as  a  passage  for  the  cord  with  which  the 
bag  is  closed.  Length,  6f  inches;  width,  f  inch.  Eskimo  of  Norton  Sound, 
Alaska.  24502.  Collected  bv  Lucien  M.  Turner. 


170  COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID. 

Denticulated  rattle  (2). — It  consists  of  two  pieces;  one  long,  toothed  stick  and, 
another  small,  smooth  stick.  It  is  used  in  the  ceremonial  dances.  One  end  of 
the  denticulated  rod  is  held  in  the  left  hand;  a  gourd,  or  any  other  sounding 
object,  is  fixed  on  the  other  end.  The  long  rod  is  rubbed  from  the  top  to  the 
bottom,  and  from  the  bottom  to  the  top,  with  the  other  rod  held  in  the  right 
hand.  Length  of  the  denticulated  rod,  26  inches;  length  of  the  short  rod,  12 
inches.  Shoshoue  Indians  (Shoshonean  stock),  Wind  River  Reservation, 
Wyoming,  1876.  22026-7.  Collected  by  Maj.  J.  W.  Powell. 

Flute. — It  consists  of  two  strips  of  Avood,  guttered  and  joined  together  by  a  buck 
skin  cord,  and  cemented  with  rosin.  It  has  six  holes  for  the  fingers,  made  by 
burning.  The  key  is  of  reed.  Length,  21  inches;  diameter,  If  inches.  Sho- 
shone  (Shoshoneau  stock),  Wind  River  Reservation.  153065.  Collected  by 
Emilio  Granier. 

Whistle. — Made  of  the  bone  of  an  eagle's  wing.  Ornamented  with  a  wrapping  of 
dyed  quills.  Length,  8  inches.  Sioux  Indians.  153923.  Collected  by  Mrs.  M. 
M.  Hazen. 

Whistle. — Made  of  the  bone  of  an  eagle's  wing,  with  a  strap  of  sea-otter  skin  tied 
to  the  neck  of  the  whistle.  Length,  10  inches.  Sioux  Indians.  153926.  Col 
lected  by  Mrs.  M.  M.  Hazen. 

Whistle. — Made  of  the  bone  of  an  eagle's  wing.  Ornamented  with  a  wrapping  of 
dyed  quills.  A  buckskin  strap,  with  white  quills.  Length,  7f  inches.  Sioux 
Indians.  153924.  Collected  by  Mrs.  M.  M.  Hazen. 

Rattle.—  Made  of  two  pieces  of  hide,  cemented  together,  forming  a  ball.  The  handle 
is  strengthened  by  a  wooden  tube.  A  feather  is  cemented  to  the  upper  part  of 
the  whistle.  Length,  8  inches;  diameter,  3|  inches.  Sioux  Indians.  153920. 
Collected  by  Mrs.  M.  M.  Hazen. 

Rattle. — A  rod  covered  with  buckskin,  from  which  hang  many  deer  hoofs,  forming 
the  timbrel.  It  has  a  feather  on  one  side  and  a  wide  buckskin  loop  on  the  other. 
Length,  19  inches.  Sioux  Indians.  153927.  Collected  by  Mrs.  M.  M.  Hazen. 

Whistle  (broken). — Made  of  the  bone  of  an  eagle's  wing.  A  buckskin  strap,  orna 
mented  with  white  and  blue  quills.  Length,  6|  inches.  Sioux  Indians.  153925. 
Collected  by  Mrs.  M.  M.  Hazen. 

Flageolet. — Made  of  reed,  covered  with  quills,  painted.  It  has  four  holes  for  the 
fingers.  A  tongue  placed  in  an  oblong  case  produces  the  sound.  Length,  llf 
inches;  diameter,  £  inch.  Sioux  Indians.  153922.  Collected  by  Mrs.  M.  M. 
Hazen. 

Small  drum. — Made  of  deerskin  drawn  over  an  irregular  hoop  and  fastened  with 
wooden  pegs  Avhich  project  from  the  whole  hoop  at  intervals  of  about  an  inch. 
Diameter,  7  inches.  Sioux  Indians.  153921.  Collected  by  Mrs.  M.  M.  Hazen. 

Drumstick. — Made  of  a  straight  stick  of  wood.  The  knob  is  of  buckskin,  stuffed 
with  hair.  The  stick  and  knob  are  painted  red.  The  little  children  use  it. 
Length  of  the  stick,  14£  inches;  diameter  of  the  knob,  about  !-£  inches.  Moki 
Indians  (Shoshonean  stock),  Moki  Reservation,  Arizona.  22553.  Collected  by 
Maj.  J.  W.  Powell. 

Drumstick. — The  knob  is  of  hair,  covered  with  cloth.  The  men  use  it.  Length,  22 
inches;  diameter  of  the  knob,  4£  inches.  Moki  Indians  (Shoshonean  stock). 
Moki  Reservation,  Arizona.  22553.  Collected  by  Maj.  J.  W.  Powell. 

Drumstick  (Tatchi).-TliQ  two  painted  with  dark  colors.  The  knob  is  of  buckskin, 
stuffed  with  hair.  Used  by  the  children.  Length  of  the  stick,  13  inches; 
diameter  of  the  knob,  about  2|  inches.  Moki  Indians  (Shoshonean  stock),  Moki 
Reservation,  Arizona.  128630.  Collected  by  Mrs.  M.  E.  Stevenson. 

Drumstick. — Painted  with  dark  colors.  A  cloth  knob,  stuffed  with  hair,  is  fastened 
to  one  end  of  the  stick.  Length,  15  inches.  Moki  Indians  (Shoshonean  stock), 
Moki  Reservation,  Arizona.  68919.  Collected  by  Col.  James  Stevenson. 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION   AT   MADRID.  171 

Drumstick. — Painted  red.  A  buckskin  knob,  stuffed  with  hair  and  painted  red  and 
black,  is  tied  to  one  end  of  the  stick.  Length,  141  inches.  Moki  Indians  (Sho- 
shouean  stock),  Moki  Reservation,  Arizona.  68923.  Collected  by  Col.  James 
Stevenson. 

Drumstick. — Ornamented  and  painted.  A  knob,  made  of  buckskin  stuffed  with  hair, 
is  tied  to  the  end  of  the  stick.  Length,  121  inches.  Moki  Indians  (Shoshonean 
stock),  Moki  Reservation,  Arizona.  68922.  Collected  by  Col.  James  Stevenson. 

Drumstick.— A  knob  covered  with  buckskin  is  tied  to  the  end  of  the  stick.  Length, 
18  inches.  Moki  Indians  (Shoshonean  stock),  Moki  Reservation,  Arizona,  1883. 
68918.  Collected  by  Col.  James  Stevenson. 

CASE  X. 

Hat. — Made  of  spruce-pine  root,  finely  woven,  and  ornamented  with  shells,  beads, 
and  painted  drawings.  Diameter,  15^  inches.  Aleuts,  Aleutian  Islands,  Alaska. 
11378.  Collected  by  Vincent  Colyer. 

The  resemblance  of  these  hats  to  those  of  the  Chinese  is  remarkable. 

Hunter's  hat. — Made  of  spruce-pine  roots,  finely  woven  with  cord.  Painted  blue,  with 
red  and  blue  drawings  on  the  crown.  Ornamented  with  shells,  beads,  and  two 
plumes  of  walrus  hair.  Diameter,  16  inches.  Eskimo  of  Kadiak  Island,  Alaska. 
74720.  Collected  by  William  J.  Fischer. 

Head  ornament  for  men. — Fine,  dark  network,  ornamented  with  small  pieces  of  haliotis 
shell.  Indians  of  Pitt  River  (Palaihnihan  stock),  Round  Valley  department, 
California.  21378.  Collected  by  Stephen  Powers. 

Head  ornament. — Made  of  many  small  pieces  of  quill,  painted  red,  and  placed  per 
pendicularly.  At  equal  intervals  there  are  pieces  of  quill  with  a  portion  of  the 
feather  on.  The  straps  to  fasten  it  to  the  head  are  of  buckskin.  Length  of 
the  quill,  2£  inches.  Indians  of  McCloud  River  (Copehaii  stock),  California, 
1875.  19276.  Collected  by  Livingston  Stone. 

Head  ornament  for  men.— Fine,  dark  network,  ornamented  on  one  side  with  feathers 
of  very  bright  colors.  Hupa  Indians  (Athapascan  stock),  Hupa  Valley  Reserva 
tion,  California,  1874.  21333.  Collected  by  Stephen  Powers. 

Curl. — Madeof  hairs  from  the  tail  of  ahorse.  Ornament  for  men.  Length,  2^  inches. 
Kiowa  Indians  (Kiowan  stock),  Kiowa  Reservation,  Indian  Territory,  1891. 
152872.  Collected  by  James  Mooney. 

Shirt  ornaments. — Small  perfumed  bag  of  yellow  cloth,  with  pendants  of  lynx  and 
deer  tails  sewed  to  an  embroidery  of  beads.  It  is  worn  on  the  shoulders,  breasts, 
or  backs  of  men's  and  children's  shirts.  Kiowa  Indians  (Kiowan  stock),  Kiowa 
Reservation,  Indian  Territory,  1891.  152874.  Collected  by  James  Mooney. 

Pin  for  arranging  the  hair. — Of  wood,  with  a  head  in  imitation  of  the  "mescal"  cac 
tus,  which  the  Kiowas  eat,  and  is  used  to  make  the  part  in  the  hair.  Length, 
8  inches.  Kiowa  Indians  (Kiowan  stock),  Kiowa  Reservation,  Indian  Territory, 
1891.  152937.  Collected  by  James  Mooney. 

Magic  ornament  for  the  head. — Made  of  strings  of  beads  attached  to  a  button  of  Ger 
man  silver.  When  worn  on  the  head  it  serves  as  an  amulet,  and  is  probably 
used  in  the  celebration  of  some  secret  ceremony.  Length,  10  inches.  Kiowa 
Indians  (Kiowan  stock),  Kiowa  Reservation,  Indian  Territory,  1891.  152910. 
Collected  by  James  Mooney. 

Head  ornament.—  Made  of  an  eagle's  feather.  The  quill  of  the  feather  is  covered 
with  buckskin  embroidered  with  beads,  to  which  is  attached  an  ornament  of 
hide  embroidered  with  beads,  cut  in  a  circular  shape.  The  men  wear  this  orna 
ment.  Kiowa  Indians  (Kiowan  stock),  Kiowa  Reservation,  Indian  Territory, 
1891.  152871.  Collected  by  James  Mooney. 

Feather  for  the  head. — The  quill  is  covered  with  buckskin  embroidered  with  beads, 
to  which  is  attached  a  silver  button  and  a  string  of  blue  beads.  The  men  wear 
this  ornament.  Kiowa  Indians  (Kiowan  stock),  Kiowa  Reservation,  Indian 
Territory,  1891.  152870.  Collected  by  James  Mooney. 


172  COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID. 

Garter. — Made  of  a  ribbon,  embroidered  with  beads,  half  an  inch  wide,  with  little 
pendants  of  ribbon.  The  men  wear  it  just  below  the  knee.  Kiowa  Indians 
(Kiowan  stock),  Kiowa  Reservation,  Indian  Territory,  1891.  152866.  Collected 
by  James  Mooney. 

Earrings. — Beads  of  real  "  wampum/'  with  silver  ornaments  and  brass  chains.  The 
men  wear  them.  Kiowa  Indians  (Kiowan  stock),  Kiowa  Reservation.  Indian 
Territory,  1891.  152875.  Collected  by  James  Mooney. 

Warrior's  helmet. — Made  of  a  long  band  of  elk  hide,  ornamented  with  figures  painted 
red  and  black,  two  eagle's  feathers  placed  on  the  front.  The  straps  for  securing 
the  helmet  on  the  head  are  of  elk-skin  cord.  Width  of  the  sash,  6f  inches. 
Klamath  Indians,  (Lutuamian  stock),  Klamath  Reservation,  Oregon,  1876. 
24095.  Collected  by  L.  S.  Dyer. 

Head  ornament. — Made  of  buckskin,  ornamented  with  woodpeckers'  feathers  and 
white  hair  cut  from  above  the  feet  of  the  deer.  The  straps  for  securing  the 
ornament  on  the  head  are  of  buckskin.  The  men  use  this  ornament  in  the  dances. 
Length,  24  inches;  width,  16  inches.  Natano  Indians  (Athapascan  stock),  Hupa 
Valley  Reservation,  California,  1885.  77192.  Collected  by  Lieut.  P.  H.  Ray, 
U.  S.  A. 

Head  ornament. — Made  of  a  wide  elk-skin  sash,  painted  red  and  blue,  with  many 
feathers  placed  on  the  front.  The  strings  which  serve  to  fasten  the  ornament  to 
the  head  are  of  cotton.  The  young  men  wear  this  ornament  in  the  dances.  Width 
of  the  sash,  7£  inches.  Keiiuck  Indians  (Athapascan  stock)  Hupa  Valley  Reser 
vation,  California,  1885.  77191.  Collected  by  Lieut.  P.  H.  Ray,  U.  S.  A. 

Brush  for  the  head. — Made  of  porcupine  skin.  Length,  5|-  inches.  Piute  Indians 
(Shoshonean  stock),  Nevada.  19052.  Collected  by  Stephen  Powers. 

Brush  for  the  head. — Made  of  liber.  The  handle  is  of  buckskin.  Length,  6  inches; 
width,  3^  inches.  Hupa  Indians  (Athapascan  stock),  California,  1885.  77195. 
Collected  by  Lieut.  P.  H.  Ray,  U.  S.  A. 

Brash  for  the  head. — Made  of  a  pine  cone.  Length,  5  inches.  Tarahumara  Indians, 
Chihuahua,  Mexico,  1885.  126652.  Collected  by  Dr.  Edward  Palmer. 

Louse  killer. — Made  of  four  spatulate  wooden  strips  joined  together  at  the  end. 
Length,  5  inches;  width,  if  inch.  Zuiii  Indians,  New  Mexico.  41900.  Collected 
by  James  Stevenson. 

Brush  for  the  head. — Made  of  soap  wort  roots.  The  fibers  are  secured  with  packthread 
and  wax.  Length,  5|  inches.  Ute  Indians  (Shoshonean  stock),  Owen  River, 
California.  19718.  Collected  by  Stephen  Powers. 

Brush  for  the  head. — Made  of  vegetable  fibers.  Length,  15  inches.  Ute  Indians 
(Shoshonean  stock),  Utah.  12019.  Collected  by  Maj.  J.  W.  Powell. 

Belt. — Made  of  hide,  ornamented  with  deer  teeth.  The  lower  edge  contains  the 
incisors  of  some  230  deer,  placed  above  each  other  in  two  rows  strongly  sewed 
to  the  hide.  The  belt  is  fastened  to  the  waist  by  cords  of  very  strong  hide. 
Length,  34  inches ;  width,  2f  inches.  Eskimo  of  Fort  Alexander,  Alaska.  76703. 
Collected  by  J.  W.  Johnson. 

Necklace. — Made  of  hide,  ornamented  Avith  deer  teeth.  The  lower  border  contains 
the  incisors  of  44  deer,  placed  above  each  other,  and  they  are  strongly  sewed  to 
the  hide.  Ten  walrus  teeth  hang  at  the  ends  of  the  same  number  of  strings  of 
white  and  blue  beads.  At  one  end  of  the  necklace  there  is  a  hide  cord  with  a 
large  blue  bead,  which  serves  to  insert  it  in  a  loop  at  the  other  end,  in  order  to 
secure  it  and  fasten  it  to  the  neck.  Length,  17|  inches;  width,  1£  inches. 
Eskimo  of  Fort  Alexander,  Alaska,  1886.  127647.  Collected  by  J.  W.  Johnson. 

Belt. — Made  of  hide,  ornamented  with  transverse  fringes  of  white  and  blue  beads. 
Length,  31  inches ;  width,  If  inches.  Eskimo  of  Fort  Alexander,  Alaska,  1886. 
127646.  Collected  by  J.  WT.  Johnson. 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID.  173 

Woman's  belt. — Made  of  hide,  ornamented  with  deer  teeth.  The  lower  part  contains 
the  incisors  of  51  deer,  placed  above  each  other,  and  strongly  sewed  to  the  hide. 
Length,  26  inches;  width,  1£  inches.  Eskimo  of  St.  Michaels  Island,  Alaska. 
48690.  Collected  by  E.  W.  Nelson. 

Bow  for  the  hair. — Made  of  a  rod  curved  in  the  shape  of  a' bow.  Used  by  the  Moki 
maidens.  Length,  7£  inches;  width,  7f  inches.  Moki  Indians  (Shoshouean 
stock),  Arizona,  1876.  22539.  Collected  by  O.  D.  Wheeler. 

The  Moki  maidens  use  this  characteristic  ornament  in  dressing  their  hair, 
inserted  in  the  hair,  and  placed  in  such  a  way  that  it  presents  the  appearance  of 
two  large  ears  or  wings  on  both  sides  of  the  head. 

Ornament  for  the  head. — Made  of  a  strip  of  wood  bent  in  the  shape  of  a  bow.  Used 
by  the  Moki  maidens.  Length,  11|  inches;  width,  11  inches.  Moki  Indians 
(Shoshonean  stock),  Arizona,  1876.  41916.  Collected  by  O.  D.  Wheeler. 

Ornament  for  the  head. — Made  of  a  strip  of  wood  bent  in  the  shape  of  a  bow.  Used 
by  the  Moki  maidens.  Length,  9  inches;  width,  12|  inches,  Moki  Indians 
(Shoshonean  stock),  Arizona,  1876.  22541.  Collected  by  O.  D.  Wheeler. 

Curler. — Rod  bent  in  the  shape  of  a  yoke.  Used  by  the  Moki  women.  Length,  5£ 
inches;  width,  3|  inches.  Moki  Indians  (Shoshonean  stock),  New  Mexico.  9546. 
Collected  by  Dr.  Edward  Palmer. 

Ornament  for  the  head. — Two  flat  rectangles  of  wood,  with  the  borders  painted 
black.  Used  by  the  women  to  bind  the  hair  above  the  ears.  Length,  4^  inches ; 
width,  2f  inches.  Zuni  Indians  (Zunian  stock),  New  Mexico.  69406.  Collected 
by  Maj.  J.  W.  Powell. 

Toilet  bag. — Made  of  hide,  embroidered  with  beads,  with  a  fringe  of  twisted  buck 
skin  cords.  Length,  9  inches;  width,  4  inches.  Kiowa Indians  (Kiowan  stock), 
Kiowa  Reservation,  Indian  Territory,  1891.  152889  (a).  Collected  by  James 
Mooney. 

These  bags  serve  to  hold  paint,  mirrors,  combs,  "mescal,"  feathers,  jewels, 
savings,  etc. 

Fire  bag. — Made  of  hide,  with  bead  embroidery.  On  the  side  it  has  a  hand  embroid 
ered  in  red  beads  on  a  background  of  blue  beads.  Length,  4|  inches;  width,  4£ 
inches.  Kiowa  Indians  (Kiowa  stock),  Kiowa  Reservation,  Indian  Territory, 
1891.  152890.  Collected  by  James  Mooney. 

The  "fire  bags"  are  worn  suspended  from  the  waist.  They  contain  the  flint, 
steel,  and  tinder  for  striking  fire. 

Woman's  belt. — Wide  hide  band  ornamented  with  stamped  figures,  beads,  and  but 
tons  of  German  silver,  on  a  background  of  red  ribbon.  Brass  buckle.  Length, 
40f  inches;  width,  2£  inches.  Kiowa  Indians  (Kiowan  stock),  Kiowa  Reserva 
tion,  Indian  Territory,  1891.  152867.  Collected  by  James  Mooney. 

Maiden's  belt. — Made  of  tanned  hide,  ornamented  with  large  buttons  of  German 
silver.  The  cases  for  the  knife  and  awl  and  the  bag  for  perfumes,  etc.,  are 
attrached  to  the  belt.  Length,  29  inches;  width,  2  inches.  Kiowa  Indians 
(Kiowan  stock),  Kiowa  Reservation,  Indian  Territory,  1891.  152869.  Collected 
by  James  Mooney. 

Brooch. — It  consists  of  two  buckskin  loops  embroidered  with  beads,  united  by  a  cord, 
having  buttons  of  German  silver  in  the  center.  It  is  used  for  fastening  the 
blanket  to  the  body.  Diameter,  2  inches.  Kiowa  Indians  (Kiowan  stock), 
Kiowa  Reservation,  Indian  Territory,  1891.  152881  (b).  Collected  by  Jamea 
Mooney. 

Perfumery  bag  for  maiden. — Made  of  beaded  hide,  ornamented  with  metal  hoops. 
Used  for  holding  aromatic  plants.  It  is  worn  suspended  from  the  belt.  Length, 
5J-  inches;  width,  3£  inches.  Kiowa  Indians  (Kiowan  stock),  Kiowa  Reserva 
tion,  Indian  Territory,  1.891.  152886.  Collected  by  James  Mooney. 

Maiden's  necklace. — Buckskin  thong,  with  beads.  Kiowa  Indians  (Kiowan  stock), 
Kiowa  Reservation,  Indian  Territory,  1891.  152864.  Collected  by  James  Mooney.. 


174  COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID. 

Necklace. — Made  of  white  glass  beads  (imitation  of  the  old  "  wainpum"),  with  beads 
and  pieces  of  hide  at  intervals.  A  ribbon  embroidered  with  beads  hangs  from 
either  end.  Kiowa  Indians  (Kiowan  stock),  Kiowa  Reservation,  Indian  Terri 
tory,  1891.  152863.  Collected  by  James  Mooney. 

Head  ornament  for  men. — It  consists  of  a  circular  piece  of  hide,  with  a  button  of  Ger 
man  silver  in  the  center,  surrounded  by  an  embroidery  of  beads,  and  pendants 
of  ribbons  of  bright  colors.  Diameter,  If  inches.  Kiowa  Indians  (Kiowan 
stock),  Kiowa  Reservation,  Indian  Territory,  1891.  152873  (c).  Collected  by 
James  Mooney. 

Head  ornament  for  men. — It  consists  of  four  strings  of  beads,  fastened  by  a  silver  button 
to  a  small  piece  of  sea-otter  skin.  These  ornaments  are  sometimes  consecrated, 
and  a  religious  meaning  is  given  to  them.  Length,  13  inches.  Kiowa  Indians 
(Kiowan  stock),  Kiowa  Reservation,  Indian  Territory,  1891.  152873  (b).  Col 
lected  by  James  Mooney. 

Head  ornament  for  men. — Ring  of  white  beads,  from  which  hang  a  small  piece  of  sea- 
otter  skin,  a  silver  button,  and  many  ribbons  and  blue  beads.  Length,  13  inches. 
Kiowa  Indians  (Kicrrran  stock),  Kiowa  Reservation,  Indian  Territory,  1891. 
152873  (a).  Collected  by  James  Mooney, 

Necklace  and  war  whistle. — Necklace  of  beads,  from  which  hang  three  united  feathers 
and  a  war  whistle  made  of  the  bone  of  an  eagle's  wing.  The  whistles  made  of 
eagles'  bones  are  the  war  trumpets  of  the  Kiowas.  Kiowa  Indians  (Kiowan  stock), 
Kiowa  Reservation,  Indian  Territory,  1891.  152862.  Collected  by  James  Mooney. 

Man's  necklace. — It  consists  of  a  hide  cord  with  beads,  small  pieces  of  lead,  brass, 
and  iron,  to  which  are  attached  an  iron  ring  and  a  cloth  bag  with  perfumes. 
Kiowa  Indians  (Kiowan  stock),  Kiowa  Reservation,  Indian  Territory,  1891. 
152865.  Collected  by  James  Mooney. 

Ornament  for  blankets. — It  consists  of  four  circular  "pieces  of  hide  embroidered  with 
beads,  joined  together  by  four  little  strips  of  the  same  material,  ornamented  in 
the  same  manner.  Length,  61  inches.  Kiowa  Indians  (Kiowan  stock),  Kiowa 
Reservation,  Indian  Territory,  1891.  152835.  Collected  by  James  Mooney. 

These  ornaments  are  used  for  decorating  the  front  borders  of  the  blankets. 
The  beadwork  displays  great  skill. 

Ornament  for  blankets. — Made  of  four  circular  pieces  of  buckskin,  embroidered  with 
beads,  joined  together  by  four  little  strips  of  the  same  material,  ornamented  in 
the  same  manner.  It  is  sewed  to  the  border  all  around  the  blanket.  Length, 
28  inches.  Kiowa  Indians  (Kiowan  stock),  Kiowa  Reservation,  Indian  Terri 
tory,  1891.  152888.  Collected  by  James  Mooney. 

Strips  for  garters. — Of  buckskin,  with  embroidery  of  beads.  Length,  26  inches; 
width  3£  inches.  Kiowa  Indians  (Kiowau  stock),  Kiowa  Reservation,  Indian 
Territory,  1891.  152834  (c).  Collected  by  James  Mooney. 

These  strips  are  sewed,  as  an  ornament,  to  the  men's  garters.     This  is  a 
remarkable  specimen  of  beadwork. 

Ornament  for  blankets. — Made  of  four  circular  pieces  of  buckskin,  joined  together 
by  strips  of  the  same  material.  The  whole  ornament  is  decorated  with  beads, 
bells,  and  ribbons.  Length,  33  inches.  Cheyenne  Indians  (Algonkian  stock), 
Cheyenne  and  Arapahoe  Reservation,  Indian  Territory,  1891.  152813.  Collected 
by  James  Mooney. 

Bracelets  (3). — Very  primitive  specimen.  Made  of  two  twisted  copper  wires.  T'liugit 
Indians  (Koluschan  stock),  Alaska,  1891.  153197-8-9.  Collected  by  Lieut. 
George  T.  Emmons,  U.  S.  N. 

Bracelets  (3). — Native  manufacture.  Made  of  twisted  brass  wire.  .  T'liugit  Indians 
(Koluschan  stock),  Alaska,  1891.  153200  (a).  Collected  by  Lieut.  George  T. 
Emmons,  U.  S.  N. 

Bracelet. — Made  of  a  flat,  plain  strip  of  brass,  native  manufacture.  T'lingit 
Indians  (Koluschau  stock),  Alaska,  1891.  153200  (b).  Collected  by  Lieut.  George 
T.  Emmons,  U.  S.  N. 


COLUMBIAN   HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT   MADRID.  175 

Bracelet. — Native  manufacture.  Made  of  strips  of  brass,  with  chiseled  ornaments. 
T'lingit  Indians  (Koluschan  stock),  Alaska,  1891.  153200  (c).  Collected  by 
Lieut.  George  T.  Emmons,  U.  S.  N. 

Bracelet. — Native  manufacture.  Made  of  thick  copper  wire,  without  ornaments. 
T'lingit  Indians  (Koluschan  stock),  Alaska,  1891.  153196.  Collected  by  Lieut. 
George  T.  Emmons,  U.  S.  N. 

Bracelets  (2). — Native  manufacture.  Made  of  a  strong  strip  of  copper.  Tliugit 
Indians  (Koluschan  stock),  Alaska.  1891.  Collected  by  Lieut.  George  T.  Emmons, 
U.  S.  N. 

Bracelet.—  Made   of   a  silver  coin,  forged  with  the   hammer.      Ornamented   with 
engraved  toteinic  drawings.     Without  clasp.     Width,  1£  inch.     Haida  Indians 
(Skittagetan  stock),  British  Columbia.     20251.     Collected  by  James  G.  Swan. 
The  Haida  Indians  are  the  most  practiced  silversmiths  of  the  northwest  coast. 

Bracelet. — Made  of  a  silver  coin,  forged  with  a  hammer.  Without  ornaments  and 
without  clasp.  Width,  ^  inch.  T'liugit  Indians  (Koluschan  stock),  Alaska. 
19545.  Collected  by  James  G.  Swan. 

Bracelet. — Made  of  a  silver  coin,  and  ornamented  with  the  totemic  drawing  of  the 
bear.  Haida  Indians  (Skittagetan  stock),  Queen  Charlotte  Islands,  British 
Columbia,  20251.  Collected  by  James  G.  Swan. 

The  Haida  Indians  are  the  best  sculptors  and  the  most  expert  silversmiths 
of  the  coast. 

Napkin  ring. — Made  of  silver,  with  the  head  and  wings  of  the  American  eagle  engraved 
on  it.  Diameter,  1|  inches;  width,  If  inches.  Haida  Indians  (Skittagetan 
stock),  British  Columbia.  20257.  Collected  by  James  G.  Swan. 

Bracelet. — Made  of  a  silver  coin,  forged  with  the  hammer.  Ornamented  with 
engraved  totemic  drawings.  Fastened  around  the  wrist  with  a  clasp.  Width, 
If  inches.  T'lingit  Indians  (Koluschan  stock),  Alaska.  19532.  Collected  by 
James  G.  Swan. 

The  silver  bracelets  have  replaced  those  of  iron,  copper,  bone,  and  shell,  which 
the  Indians  of  the  northwest  coast  formerly  used. 

Bracelet.—  Made  of  a  silver  coin;  ornamented  with  the  totemic  drawings  of  the 
bear.  Haida  Indians  (Skittagetan  stock),  Queen  Charlotte  Islands,  British 
Columbia.  20251.  Collected  by  James  G.  Swan. 

Bracelet, — Made  of  copper  with  incrusted  shells.  Width,  f  inch.  T'lingit  Indians 
(Koluschan  stock),  Fort  Wrangel,  Alaska.  19529.  Collected  by  James  G.  Swan. 

Bracelet. — Made  of  a  silver  coin,  forged  with  the  hammer.  Ornamented  with  totemic 
engravings.  Secured  around  the  wrist  by  a  clasp.  Width,  £  inch.  T'lingit 
Indians  (Koluschan  stock),  Alaska.  19541.  Collected  by  James  G.  Swan. 

Bracelet. — Made  of  a  silver  coin,  forged  with  the  hammer.  Ornamented  with  totemic 
engravings.  Secured  around  the  wrist  by  a  clasp.  21603.  Collected  by  Dr.  J. 
B.  White,  U.S.A. 

Smoking  set. — It  is  composed  of  four  pieces :  Pipe  with  a  long  wooden  stem,  engraved 
and  painted,  and  a  catlinite  bowl ;  a  buckskin  tobacco  bag,  magnificently  orna 
mented  with  embroidery  of  beads  and  with  buckskin  fringes  dyed  yellow;  a 
buckskin  bag,  containing  the  flint  and  a  piece  of  tinder,  and  a  pricker  (for 
cleaning  the  pipe),  which  is  placed  in  a  case  embroidered  with  beads,  and  which, 
together  with  the  tinder  bag,  is  tied  to  a  belt.  Sioux  Indians,  Dakota.  8481, 
131327-8.  Collected  by  J.  P.  Kiiuball  and  Mrs.  A.  C.  Jackson. 

Gloves.—  Made  of  buckskin,  stuffed  and  lined  with  cloth,  and  ornamented  with 
embroidery  of  beads.  Length,  lOf  inches;  width,  5  inches.  Sioux  Indians, 
Devils  Lake  Reservation,  Dakota.  23741.  Collected  by  Paul  Beckwith. 

Tobacco  bag. — Made  of  buckskin  and  ornamented  with  bead  embroidery.  Length, 
7f  inches;  width,  3J  inches.  Yankton  Indians  (Siouan  stock),  Yankton  Reser 
vation,  Dakota.  8393.  Collected  by  F.  W.  McGuire. 


176  COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID. 

Bag. — Made  of  buckskin,  ornamented  with  bead  embroidery  and  buckskin  fringes. 
Length,  16  inches;  width,  6£  inches.  Siorix  Indians,  Devils  Lake  Reservation, 
Dakota.  23747.  Collected  by  Paul  Beckwith. 

Purse. — Made  of  buckskin,  ornamented  with  bead  embroidery  and  tin  rings.  Length, 
Scinches;  width,  3£  inches.  Sioux  Indians.  113348.  Collected  by  Mrs.  A.  C. 
Jackson. 

Ornament  for  the  ankle. — Made  of  the  skin  of  the  American  skunk,  tanned,  and  orna 
mented  on  the  inside  with  sacred  red  painting.  Used  by  the  medicine  men. 
Length,  40  inches;  width,  4  inches.  Ojibwa  Indians  (Algonkian  stock),  White 
Earth  Reservation,  Minnesota,  1891.  153026.  Collected  by  Dr.  W.  J.  Hoifrnau. 

Magic  purse  for  maidens. — A  weasel  skin.  Ojibwa  Indians  (Algonkian  stock),  White 
Earth  Reservation,  Minnesota,  1891.  153047.  Collected  by  Dr.  \V.  J.  Hoffman. " 

Armlet. — Made  of  hide.  It  is  worn  just  above  the  elbow.  Used  only  by  the  medi 
cine  men.  Length,  36  inches;  width,  1\  inches.  Ojibwa  Indians  (Algonkian 
stock),  White  Earth  Reservation,  Minnesota,  1891.  153027  (b).  Collected  by  Dr. 
W.  J.  Hoffman. 

Armlet. — A  strip  of  red  flannel;  it  is  worn  just  above  the  elbow.  Used  only  by  the 
medicine  men.  Length,  54  inches ;  width,  2|  inches.  Ojibwa  Indians  (Algonkian 
stock),  White  Earth  Reservation,  Minnesota,  1891.  153027 (a).  Collected  by 
Dr.  W.  J.  Hoffman. 

Purse. — Embroidered  with  brass;  made  of  red  flannel.  The  front  and  back  of  the 
purse  are  ornamented  with  bead  embroidery,  forming  beautiful  figures.  The 
sides  are  trimmed  with  bright  blue  and  green  ribbons.  On  the  edges  are  sewed 
bands  of  beads,  from  which  hang  small  tassels  of  twisted  yarn.  Length,  16 
inches;  width,  11^  inches.  Chippewa  Indians  (Algonkian  stock),  White  River 
Reservation,  Minnesota.  129889.  Collected  by  Lieut.  H.  M.  Creel,  U.  S.  A.  ' 

This  purse  belonged  to  Wild  Goose,  a  Chippewa  chief.  The  Chippewas  are 
celebrated  for  their  skill  in  bead  embroidery. 

CASE  XI. 

Fishing  line. — Made  of  the  stem  of  the  Alga  marina  gigantea.  The  stem  is  about 
£  inch  thick,  and  greatly  resembles  a  grapevine  stem.  It  is  very  tender,  and 
breaks  easily  when  dry,  but  when  soaked  in  water  it  increases  greatly  in 
volume  and  becomes  extremely  tough.  Haida  Indians  (Skittagetan  stock), 
Queen  Charlotte  Islands,  British  Columbia,  1883.  88869.  Collected  by  James 
G.  Swan. 

The  Alga  marina  gigantea  grows  in  the  water  at  the  depth  of  3  to  30  fathoms. 
(A  fathom  is  equal  to  6  feet.)  Near  the  root  it  is  about  £  inch  in  diameter,  and 
is  very  strong.  As  it  grows  it  expands  and  grows  hollow  from  about  half  of  its 
height.  At  the  end  it  has  a  large,  hollow  bulb,  from  which  issue  long,  narrow 
leaves.  The  Indians  cut  this  plant  with  a  knife  made  in  the  shape  of  a  V,  at  the 
end  in  which  the  cutting  edge  is  fixed.  This  implement  is  placed  over  the  plant, 
and  is  allowed  to  slide  to  the  bottom.  By  drawing  hard  on  the  cord  which 
holds  it  the  plant  is  cut  near  the  root.  The  hard  part  of  the  stem  is  the  only 
part  that  is  used  for  fishing  lines.  Bottles  for  holding  oil  are  made  of  the  bulb. 

Lasso. — Made  of  light  and  chestnut  buffalo  hair.  Thickness,  about  £  inch.  Conian- 
che  Indians  (Shoshoneau  stock),  Fort  Cobb,  Indian  Territory.  6922  (b).  Col 
lected  by  Dr.  _idward  Palmer. 

Lasso. — Made  of  braided  buffalo  hair.  Thickness,  about  -J-  inch.  Comanche  Indians 
(Shoshonean  stock),  Fort  Cobb,  Indian  Territory.  6922  (a).  Collected  by  Dr. 
Edward  Palmer. 

Lasso. — Four  strips  of  hide  plaited  in  a  round  form.  Articles  for  trading  transac 
tions.  Indians  of  Round  Valley  Reservation,  California,  1889.  131150.  Col 
lected  by  A.  J.  Purcell. 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID.  177 

Awl. — Made  of  walrus-tusk  ivory.  Ornamented  with  several  bands  of  parallel  lines 
engraved  around  it.  It  has  a  ball  carved  on  the  end  of  the  handle.  Length, 
9±  inches;  width,  f  inch.  Eskimo  of  Paimut,  Alaska.  38378.  Collected  by 
E.  W.  Nelson. 

Awl. — Made  of  walrus-tusk  ivory.  The  handle  is  ornamented  with  two  sets  of 
engraved  circles,  between  which  there  is  a  figure  resembling  an  X.  On  the  end 
of  the  handle  there  are  two  balls,  one  above  the  other.  Length,  6£  inches; 
diameter,  f  inch.  Eskimo  of  Cape  Vancouver,  Alaska.  37751.  Collected  by 
E.  W.  Nelson. 

Awl. — Made  of  walrus-tusk  ivory.  The  handle  is  ornamented  with  engraved  figures  of 
a  shape  resembling  a  diamond,  and  with  many  circles  and  crosses.  The  head  of  a 
fish  is  carved  on  the  end  of  the  handle.  Length,  7  inches;  diameter,  f  inch. 
Eskimo  of  St.  Michaels  Island,  Alaska.  24451.  Collected  by  Lucien  M.  Turner. 

Awl. — Made  of  walrus-tusk  ivory.  Ornamented  with  lines  engraved  from  the  top  to 
the  bottom,  extending  to  within  3  inches  of  the  point.  Length,  9  inches ;  width, 
|  inch.  Eskimo  of  Norton  Sound,  Alaska.  33257,  Collected  by  E ,  W.  Nelson. 

Awl. — Made  of  walrus-tusk  ivory.  The  end  of  the  handle  represents  a  fish,  near 
which  it  has  a  set  of  parallel  lines.engraved  around  it,  and  many  short  vertical 
lines,  and  among  them  many  signs  or  figures  of  the  form  of  an  X.  Length,  8£ 
inches;  width,  £  inch.  Eskimo  of  Paimut,  Alaska,  37988.  Collected  by  E.  W. 
Nelson . 

Awl. — Made  of  walrus-tusk  ivory.  The  handle  is  ornamented  with  four  sets  of 
parallel  lines  engraved  around  it  and  diagonals  over  them  and  other  short  per 
pendicular  lines  at  the  point.  The  end  of  the  handle  has  the  shape  of  the  tail 
of  a  fish.  Length,  8  inches ;  diameter,  £  inch.  Eskimo  of  St,  Michaels  Island, 
Alaska.  24449.  Collected  by  Lucien  M.  Turner. 

Awl. — Made  of  walrus-tusk  ivory.  The  handle  is  ornamented  with  a  series  of  parallel 
lines  engraved  around  it.  An  ivory  chain  hangs  from  the  end  of  the  handle,  A 
part  of  the  last  link  of  the  chain  is  carved  in  the  form  of  the  tail  of  a  fish. 
Length,  9  inches;  diameter,  f  inch.  Eskimo  of  Lower  Kuskoquwiui,  Alaska. 
36631.  Collected  by  E.  W.  Nelson. 

Awl. — The  point  is  of  iron,  the  handle  is  of  walrus-tusk  ivory,  carved  in  the  form  of 
a  fish.  Tufts  of  hair  are  fixed  in  some  holes  bored  in  the  back  of  the  fish. 
Length  of  the  handle,  2|  inches ;  length  of  the  blade,  3J  inches.  Eskimo  of  Cape 
Vancouver,  Alaska.  37304.  Collected  by  E.  W.  Nelson. 

Awl. — The  i>oint  is  of  iron.  The  handle  is  of  walrus-tusk  ivory,  ornamented  with 
three  sets  of  engraved  borders.  On  the  end  of  the  handle  are  two  ornaments, 
placed  one  above  the  other;  the  first  is  of  the  shape  of  the  spindle,  and  the  sec 
ond  of  that  of  a  ball,  ornamented  with  a  great  number  of  dots.  Length  of  the 
handle,  3|  inches ;  length  of  the  blade,  3f  inches.  Eskimo  of  Chalitmut,  Alaska. 
37621.  Collected  by  E.  W.  Nelson. 

Awl. — The  blade  is  of  iron.  The  handle  is  of  walrus-tusk  ivory,  ornamented  with 
engraved  lines,  borders,  and  dots.  A  chain  curved  out  of  ivory  hangs  from  the 
end  of  the  handle  of  the  awl.  Length  of  the  handle,  2£  inches;  length  of  the 
point,  1|  inches.  Eskimo  of  Chalitmut,  Alaska.  37752.  Collected  by  E.  W. 
Nelson. 

Awl. — The  point  is  of  iron.  The  handle  is  of  walrus-tusk  ivory,  carved  to  represent 
a  fish,  ornamented  with  engraved  borders,  dots,  and  lines.  Length  of  the  handle, 
3f  inches;  length  of  the  point,  3^  inches.  Eskimo  of  Nulokhtologomute,  Alaska. 
38385.  Collected  by  E.  W .  Nelson . 

Stone  hammer. — The  head  is  round;  the  handle  a  sapling,  covered  with  hide.  The 
head  has  a  hole  bored  in  it,  in  which  the  handle  is  inserted.  It  is  used  for 
pounding  meat,  breaking  bones,  driving  tent  pins,  etc.  Length,  13  to  15|  inches. 
Kiowa  Indians  (Kiownn  stock),  Kiowa  Reservation,  Indian  Territory,  1891. 
152996.  Collected  by  James  Mooney. 
H.  Ex.  100 12 


178  COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID. 

pestle. — Used  for  pounding  meat  which  lias  been  dried  in  the  sun  until  it  is  in  a  con. 
dition  to  be  pulverized.  This  pestle  is  placed  in  a  hide  case.  Length,  5±  inches. 
Kiowa  Indians  ( Kiowan  stock ),  Kiowa  Reservation,  Indian  Territory,  1891- 
153004.  Collected  by  James  Mooney. 

Hammer. — The  head  is  of  wood;  the  handle  is  of  hide.  It  is  used  for  break 
ing  bones,  pounding  wild  cherries,  etc.  Length  of  the  head,  5  inches;  length 
of  the  handle,  5|  inches.  Cheyenne  Indians  (Algonkian  stock),  Cheyenne  and 
Arapahoe  Reservation,  Indian  Territory,  1891.  152812.  Collected  by  James 
Mooney. 

Barbed  harpoon  and  sheath. — The  shaft  is  of  wood,  and  is  joined  to  the  foreshaft, 
which  is  of  bone,  by  a  fastening  of  cord  of  sinew.  The  dart  is  inserted  in  the 
bone,  and  has  two  barbs  cut  at  the  point.  The  sheath  is  composed  of  two  exca 
vated  pieces  of  wood,  fastened  together  by  a  cord  of  sinew.  Length  of  the  har 
poon,  13  inches;  length  of  the  sheath,  4|  inches.  Eskimo  of  Ugashik,  Alaska, 
1885.  127763.  Collected  by  William  J.  Fisher. 

Spear  points  (4)  and  sheath. — The  shafts  are  of  wood.  The  blades  are  of  iron,  inserted 
in  the  handle,  and  secured  by  whalebone  fastenings.  The  sheath  is  of  hide. 
Length,  from  15  to  18  inches.  Eskimo  of  Port  Clarence,  Alaska.  46078.  Col 
lected  by  Dr.  W.  H.  Dall. 

It  is  used  for  killing  whales,  walrus,  etc.,  after  they  have  been  wounded  and 
caught,  and  also  as  a  dagger. 

Dagger  and  sheath. — The  handle  is  of  wood,  with  a  hilt  made  of  a  piece  of  stag  horn, 
which  is  fastened  to  the  handle  with  a  ligature  of  hide  and  sinew.  The  blade 
is  of  copper,  and  is  inserted  in  the  hilt  and  secured  by  a  rivet.  The  sheath  is 
composed  of  two  hollow  pieces  of  wood,  fastened  strongly  together  by  a 
sewing  of  seal  skin.  Length  of  the  dagger,  10£  inches;  length  of  the  sheath, 
7f  inches.  Eskimo  of  Nunivak  Island,  Alaska.  16356.  Collected  by  Dr.  W.  H. 
Dall. 

Dagger  and  sheath. — The  upper  part  of  the  handle  is  of  wood,  the  lower  is  of  stag 
horn.  The  blade  is  of  iron  and  is  secured  by  a  rivet.  The  sheath  is  composed 
of  two  pieces  of  excavated  wood,  strongly  fastened  together  by  a  hide  sewing. 
Length  of  the  handle,  9f  inches;  length  of  the  blade,  2f  inches.  Eskimo  of 
Nunivak  Island,  Alaska.  16360.  Collected  by  Dr.  W.  H.  Dall. 

Spectacles. — Made  of  spruce  pine  painted  red,  and  the  ends  rubbed  with  graphite. 
The  eyepieces  are  separate  and  are  oval  and  concave,  and  have  horizontal  slits 
to  look  through.  Ornamented  with  white  and  red  beads.  Length,  7£  inches; 
width,  2  inches.  Eskimo  of  St.  Michaels  Island,  Alaska.  24339.  Collected  by 
L.  M.  Turner. 

The  natives  use  these  " goggles"  to  guard  against  the  blindness  produced  by 
the  snow  and  against  the  ophthalmia  caused  by  the  reflection  of  the  sun  on  the 
mist  which  rises  from  the  snow  during  thaws. 

Spectacles.— Made  of  light  wood.  They  are  of  a  very  convex  shape,  and  have  no 
visor.  The  holes  for  the  eyes  are  very  large,  and  are  probably  arranged  for 
placing  in  them  dark-colored  lenses.  Length,  5|  inches;  width,  2  inches. 
Eskimo  of  St.  Lawrence  Island,  Alaska.  63269.  Collected  by  E.  W.  Nelson. 

Spectacles. — Made  of  light  wood,  without  a  visor.  They  have  a  cavity  for  the  nose 
toward  the  top  and  toward  the  bottom,  in  order  that  the  apparatus  may  be  used 
indiscriminately  on  either  side.  A  simple  horizontal  cut  serves  for  both  eyes; 
they  have  no  fastening.  Length,  5£  inches;  width,  1£  inches.  Eskimo  of  Nor 
ton  Bay,  Alaska.  44329.  Collected  by  E.  W.  Nelson. 

Spectacles.— A  broad  visor  characterizes  this  apparatus.  The  orifices  for  sight  were 
at  first  separate,  but  the  wood  having  split,,  the  two  halves  are  joined  together 
by  little  pegs.  The  spectacles  are  of  a  graceful  shape,  which  permits  their  being 
well  adjusted  to  the  nose  and  the  cheeks.  Length,  6  inches;  width,  2J  inches. 
Eskimo  of  Sledge  Island,  Alaska.  45075.  Collected  by  E.  W.  Nelson. 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID.  179 

Spectacles. — Made  of  damaged  wood,  covered  with  a  double  strip  of  canvas,  to  which 
are  glued  little  pieces  of  glass  placed  in  such  a  way  that  they  come  in  front  of 
the  eyeholes  in  the  wood.  Length,  8  inches;  width,  3  inches.  Eskimo  of 
Diomede  Island,  Alaska.  63626.  Collected  by  E.  W.  Nelson. 

Spectacles. — Made  of  wood ;  a  sphere,  without  a  visor.  The  eyeholes  are  cut  in  the 
exact  shape  of  the  eye.  A  rough,  nose-shaped  bridge  is  glued  to  the  outside, 
and  there  is  a  slight  cavity  on  the  inside  for  the  nose.  Length,  6J  inches ;  width, 
2  inches.  Eskimo  of  Sabotnisky,  Alaska.  48996.  Collected  by  E.  W.  Nelson. 

Spectacles. — Made  of  spruce  pine.  This  apparatus  is  characterized  by  a  narrow  visor, 
an  elliptical  hole  for  the  two  eyes,  and  a  cavity  for  the  nose.  Secured  by  hide 
strips.  Crude  specimen.  Length,  6£  inches;  width,  1£  inches.  Eskimo  of  the 
Lower  Yukon,  Alaska.  38704.  Collected  by  E.  W.  Nelson. 

Sheathes  for  knives  (2). — One  is  of  tanned  leather;  the  other  of  rawhide.  The  men 
use  them.  Length,  19|  inches.  Kiowa  Indians  (Kiowan  stock),  Kiowa  Reserva 
tion,  Indian  Territory,  1891.  152977.  Collected  by  James  Mooney. 

Cases  for  knives. — Made  of  tanned  leather  ornamented  with  brass-headed  tacks.  The 
men  use  them.  Length,  10,  13,  and  16  inches.  Kiowa  Indians  (Kiowan  stock), 
Kiowa  Reservation,  Indian  Territory,  1891.  152891.  Collected  by  James  Mooney. 

Needlecase. — Made  of  walrus-tusk  ivory.  A  small  chain  made  of  the  same  material 
hangs  from  the  end.  Length,  9  inches.  Eskimo  of  Cape  Darby,  Alaska.  44173. 
Collected  by  E.  W.  Nelson. 

Needlecase. — It  consists  of  a  copper  tube,  through  which  passes  a  strip  of  hide  in 
which  the  needles  are  stuck.  A  small  chain  made  of  ivory  hangs  from  the  end. 
Length,  16  inches.  Eskimo  of  St.  Michaels  Island,  Norton  Sound,  Alaska.  24467. 
Collected  by  L.  M.  Turner. 

Needlecase. — It  consists  of  a  tube  of  walrus-tusk  iv"ory,  through  which  passes  a  strip 
of  hide  in  which  the  needles  are  stuck.  Two  ivory  pendants  hang  from  each  end 
of  the  strip  of  hide.  Length,  16  inches.  Eskimo  of  St.  Michaels  Island,  Norton 
Sound,  Alaska.  24493.  Collected  by  L.  M.  Turner. 

Thimble  and  needles. — The  thimble  is  of  walrus  skin,  and  is  used  on  the  thumb.  The 
needles  are  of  ivory,  and  have  eyes  made  in  the  same  way  as  the  needles  among 
civilized  nations.  Eskimo  of  Point  Barrow,  Alaska.  89395.  Collected  by  Lieut. 
P.  H.  Ray,  U.  S.  A. 

Needlecases  (2). — Made  of  tubes  of  walrus-tusk  ivory,  through  which  pass  folded 
strips  of  hide  in  which  the  needles  are  stuck.  The  tubes  have  ornaments  of 
blue  beads.  Length,  8  inches;  diameter,!  inch.  Eskimo  of  Mackenzie  River, 
British  America.  2088.  Collected  by  R.  McFarlane. 

Needlecase. — Made  of  a  tube  of  carved  ivory,  through  which  passes  a  strip  of  hide 
in  which  the  needles  are  stock.  From  each  end  of  the  strip  of  hide  hang  two 
knife-shaped  pieces  of  ivory,  which  are  used  for  creasing  the  soles  of  the  boots. 
Length,  12  inches.  Eskimo  of  St.  Michaels  Island,  Norton  Sound,  Alaska. 
24494.  Collected  by  L.  M.  Turner. 

Trinket  box. — A  small  oval  box,  carved  out  of  wood.  The  hinges  and  the  fastening 
are  of  rawhide.  Length,  4  inches;  width,  1£  inches.  Eskimo  of  Cape  Nome, 
Alaska.  45348.  Collected  by  E.  W.  Nelson. 

Trinket  box. — Carved  out  of  wood  and  ornamented  with  inlays  of  ivory.  Length, 
4£  inches;  width,  2  inches.  Eskimo  of  Nuuivak  Island,  Alaska.  43878.  Col 
lected  by  E.  W.  Nelson. 

Trinket  box. — Made  of  wood.  The  box  and  the  lid  are  carved  in  the  shape  of  a 
walrus.  There  are  ornaments  of  incrusted  blue  beads  on  the  lid.  Length,  7 
inches;  width,  1\  inches.  Eskimo  of  St.  Lawrence  Island,  Alaska.  63267. 
Collected  by  E.  W.  Nelson. 

Trinket  box. — Carved  in  wood  in  the  shape  of  a  huiaan  head.  Ornamented  with 
white  glass  and  ivory  beads.  The  upper  part  is  painted  red  and  the  lower 
black.  Diameter,  3  inches.  Eskimo  of  Kushunuk,  Alaska.  36280.  Collected 
by  E.  W.  Nelson. 


180  COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID. 

Trinket  box. — The  top  and  bottom  are  carved  out  of  wood.  The  sides  are  of  birch 
bark.  Length,  3  inches;  width,  H  inches.  Eskimo  of  Chalimut,  Alaska.  36279. 
Collected  by  E.  W.  Nelson. 

Box  for  keeping  spear  and  harpoon  points. — The  entire  box  is  made  of  a  single  piece 
of  wood,  carved  in  the  shape  of  a  boat.  Length,  9|  inches;  width,  2£  inches. 
Eskimo  of  Nunivak  Island,  Alaska.  58253.  Collected  by  E.  W.  Nelson. 

Box. — Made  of  a  single  piece  of  wood,  carved  in  the  shape  of  a  walrus.  It  is  used 
for  keeping  harpoon  points.  Length,  9£  inches;  width,  2|  inches.  Eskimo  of 
Cape  Nome,  Alaska.  44458.  Collected  by  E.  W.  Nelson. 

Case  for  fancy  work. — Made  of  a  single  piece  of  wood,  painted  red,  and  ornamented 
with  engravings.  Grooved  lid.  Length,  7^  inches;  width,  If  inches.  Eskimo 
of  Cape  Nome,  Alaska.  45514.  Collected  by  E.  W.  Nelson. 

Rabbit  clubs. — They  consist  of  a  curved  branch  or  a  flat  strip  of  wood,  worked  from 
a  branch,  resembling  the  boomerang,  and  are  used  for  killing  rabbits  and  other 
game.  The  rough  sort  consists  in  a  branch  naturally  curved,  and  there  are  all 
grades  from  this  to  the  flat  painted  club  with  a  worked  hand  grip.  Moki  and 
Zuiii  Indians  of  Arizona  and  New  Mexico.  69202-446-508-525,  41980,  and  84258. 
Collected  by  James  Stevenson  and  Victor  Mindeleft'. 

Slings  (5). — They  consist  of  a  piece  of  tanned  hide  folded  equally,  and  having  for 
cords  strips  of  leather.  They  are  used  for  killing  small  game.  Indians  of  Cal 
ifornia  and  New  Mexico. 

Slings  (4). — Of  the  same  kind  as  the  preceding.  Eskimo  of  St.  Lawrence  Island, 
Alaska.  63256-515  and  46016-17.  Collected  by  E.  W.  Nelson  and  Dr.  W.  H. 
Dall, 

Bird  bolas. — Composed  of  4  oval  pieces  of  wood,  attached  to  short  strips  of  hide 
joined  together  at  the  ends.  *They  are  used  for  hunting  waterfowl.  The  balls 
are  thrown  at  the  flock  of  birds  when  they  fly  up,  and  some  of  them  are  struck 
and  knocked  down  by  the  implement.  Eskimo  of  St.  Lawrence  Island,  Alaska. 
63259.  Collected  by  E.  W.  Nelson. 

Bird  bolas. — They  consist  of  eight  pieces  of  ivory  carved  in  the  shape  of  the  heads 
of  various  animals.  The  balls  are  attached  to  each  other  by  long  strips  of  hide. 
This  implement  is  used  for  hunting  waterfowl,  throwing  them  at  the  flock  of 
birds  when  they  fly  up,  so  that  some  of  them  are  struck  and  knocked  down. 
Eskimo  of  Point  Hope.  6381o.  Collected  by  E.  W.  Nelson. 

Bird  bolas.— They  consist  of  four  pieces  of  wood  carved  in  the  shape  of  an  egg, 
attached  to  a  bunch  of  quills  by  long  cords  of  sinew.  They  are  used  for  hunt 
ing  waterfowl.  The  balls  are  thrown  at  the  flock  of  birds  as  they  take  flight, 
and  some  of  them  are  entangled  and  brought  to  the  ground.  Eskimo  of  St. 
Lawrence  Island,  Alaska.  63258.  Collected  by  E.  W.  Nelson. 

Bird  bolas. — They  consist  of  four  pieces  of  bone  of  about  the  size  of  a  hen's  egg, 
attached  to  four  braids  of  cord  made  of  sinew.  They  are  used  for  hunting  water 
fowl.  The  apparatus  is  thrown  at  the  flock  of  birds  as  they  take  flight,  and 
some  of  them  are  entangled  and  brought  to  the  ground.  Eskimo  of  St.  Law 
rence  Island,  Alaska.  63262.  Collected  by  E.  W.  Nelson. 

Bird  bolas.— They  consist  of  four  walrus  teeth,  attached  to  each  other  by  long  cords. 
They  are  used  for  hunting  water  hens.  The  projectile  is  hurled  at  the  flock  of 
birds  as  they  take  flight,  and  some  of  them  fall  to  the  ground  entangled  by  the 
apparatus.  Eskimo  of  Shaktoli'k,  Alaska.  38404.  Collected  by  E.  W.  Nelson. 

Club  for  killing  sea  otters.—  Carved  in  the  form  of  the  animal  itself.  Haida  Indians 
(Skittagetan  stock),  Queen  Charlotte  Islands,  British  Columbia.  88828.  Col 
lected  by  James  G.  Swan. 

Club  for  killing  seals.—  Carved  in  the  shape  of  a  walrus.  Haida  Indians  (Skittagetan 
stock),  Queen  Charlotte  Islands,  British  Columbia.  88824.  Collected  by  James 
G.  Swan. 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID.  181 

Club  for  killing  seals. — Carved  in  the  shape  of  a  walrus.  Haida  Indians  (Skittage- 
tan  stock),  Queen  Charlotte  Islands,  British  Columbia.  88980.  Collected  by 
James  G.  Swan. 

Block.— Made  of  walrus-tusk  ivory.  It  is  used  for  handling  the  cords  of  the  sails 
of  the  boats.  Length,  1£  inches;  width,  £  inch.  Eskimo  of  Sledge  Island, 
Alaska.  44753.  Collected  by  E.  W.  Nelson. 

Block. — Made  of  very  bright  walrus-tusk  ivory.  It  is  used  for  handling  the  cords 
of  the  sails  of  the  boats.  Length,  If  inches;  width,  |  inch.  Eskimo  of  St. 
Lawrence  Island,  Alaska.  63370.  Collected  by  E.  W.  Nelson. 

Detacher,  or  disentangler. — Made  of  walrus-tusk  ivory.  It  is  used  for  facilitating  the 
handling  of  cords  of  the  harpoon.  Length,  If  inches;  width,  f-  inch.  Eskimo 
of  Kushunuk,  Alaska.  37053.  Collected  by  E.  W.  Nelson. 

Disc ntang ler. — Made  of  Avalrus-tusk  ivory.  It  is  used  for  facilitating  the  handling 
of  the  cords  of  the  harpoon.  Length,  If  inches;  width,  f  inch.  Eskimo  of 
Sabotnisky,  Alaska.  49009.  Collected  by  E.  W.  Nelson. 

Disentangle)-. — Made  of  walrus-tusk  ivory.  One  end  is  carved  in  the  shape  of  the 
head  of  a  bear.  It  is  used  for  facilitating  the  management  of  the  cords  of  th*. 
harpoon.  Length,  If  inches;  width,  f  inch.  Eskimo  of  Askinuk,  Alaska.  37056. 
Collected  by  E.  W.  Nelson. 

Disentangler. — Made  of  walrus-tusk  ivory.  It  is  used  for  facilitating  the  manage 
ment  of  the  cords,  of  the  harpoon  when  they  become  tangled  or  twisted,  or  when 
it  is  desired  to  change  the  harpoon-head.  Length,  2  inches;  width,  f  inch. 
Eskimo  of  Chalitmut,  Alaska.  38006.  Collected  by  E.  W.  Nelson. 

Guide.  —  Made  of  walrus-tusk  ivory,  ornamented  with  engraved  circles.  It  is  used 
for  preventing  the  two  cords  of  the  line  from  becoming  entangled.  Length,  1£ 
inches;  width,  i  inch.  Eskimo  of  Kushunuk,  Alaska.  37087.  Collected  by  E. 
W.  Nelson. 

Guide. — Made  of  walrus-tusk  ivory,  carved  in  the  form  of  a  bear.  It  is  used  for 
preventing  the  two  cords  of  the  line  from  becoming  entangled.  Length,  1£ 
inches;  width,  -£•  inch.  Eskimo  of  Pairnut,  Alaska.  37218.  Collected  by  E.  W. 
Nelson. 

Seal  drag. — Composed  of  a  hide  strap,  attached  to  a  handle  of  walrus-tusk  ivory,  on 
which  two  seals'  heads  are  carved.  It  is  used  for  towing  the  dead  seals. 
Length,  8  inches.  Eskimo  of  St.  Lawrence  Island,  Alaska.  33663.  Collected 
by  E.  W.  Nelson. 

Seal  drag. — Composed  of  hide  cord,  attached  to  a  handle  of  walrus-tusk  ivory.  Just 
at  the  end  ths  handle  has  a  hole  to  pass  the  strap  through.  It  is  used  for  towing 
the  dead  seals.  Length,  14|  inches.  Eskimo  of  Point  Barrow,  Alaska.  89469. 
Collected  by  Lieut.  P.  H.  Ray,  U.  S.  A. 

Seal  drag. — Composed  of  a  hide  strap,  attached  to  a  handle  of  walrus-tusk  ivory, 
carved  in  the  shape  of  a  seal's  head.  It  is  used  for  towing  the  dead  seals.  Length, 
14  inches.  Eskimo  of  Cape  Darby,  Alaska.  44153.  Collected  by  E.  W.  Nelson. 

Seal  drag. — Composed  of  a  hide  strap,  attached  to  a  handle  of  ivory  carved  in  the 
form  of  a  seal.  It  is  used  for  towing  the  dead  seals.  Length,  11  inches.  Eskimo 
of  Cape  Nome,  Alaska.  44579-80.  Collected  by  E.  W.  Nelson. 

Hook  for  ivorkbag. — A  small  piece  of  walrus-tusk  ivory,  with  ornaments,  at  intervals 
of  about  an  inch,  of  five  small  pieces  of  wood  set  into  the  ivory  with  engraved 
circles  around  them.  A  small  hole  in  the  ivory  serves  to  give  passage  to  the  cord 
with  which  the  bag  is  closed.  Length,  5£  inches;  width,  f  inch.  Eskimo  of 
Chalitmut,  Alaska.  37616.  Collected  by  E.  W.  Nelson. 

Baskets.—  Made  of  strips  of  spruce-pine  root,  dyed  vine  and  fern  stalks.  These  bas 
kets  are  a  magnificent  demonstration  of  the  dexterity  in  weaving  and  of  the 
artistic  skill  of  the  Indians  of  the  northwest  coast  of  North  America.  Makah 
Indians  ( Wakashau  stock),  Washington.  Collected  by  Lieut.  F.  W.  Ring,!!.  S.  A. 


182  COLUMBIAN   HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID, 

Braided  baskets.— Not  finished;  showing  the  process  of  braiding;  the  twigs  dyed  by 
the  Indians  and  used  in  the  manufacture  of  basket  work.  Moki  Indians,  Ari 
zona.  128711.  Collected  by  Mrs.  M.  E.  Stevenson. 

Woven,  twisted,  and  braided  basket  work. — Baskets  in  a  state  of  elaboration,  displaying 
the  method  of  making  the  three  principal  kinds  of  coiled  basketry. 

Materials  for  the  manufacture  of  baskets. — Exhibit  of  the  elaboration  of  the  basket, 
from  the  raw  material  to  its  complete  form;  the  implements  used  by  the  basket 
makers;  baskets  in  various  stages  of  elaboration,  and  coiled  baskets.  Moki 
Indians  (Shoshonean  stock),  Arizona.  Collected  by  James  Stevenson. 

Basket  of  birch  bark, — Fancy  embroidery,  with  dyed  quills.  Micmac  Indians  (Algon- 
kian  stock),  Nova  Scotia,  Collected  by  R.  B.  Hough. 

Basket  work  —Twined  sieves  and  winnowing  trays  of  the  southwest  of  the  United 
States  Ute  Indians  (Shoshonean  stock),  Utah  and  Nevada.  Collected  by  Maj. 
,T  W.Powell. 

Double  wallets. — Made  of  grass,  neatly  trimmed  and  festooned  with  thick  braid; 
ornamented  with  colored  wools.  Aleut  Indians  (Eskhnauan  stock),  Aleutian 
Islands,  Alaska.  Collected  by  Dr.  W.  H.  Dall. 

Belt-ivearer's  equipment. — The  cotton  is  stretched  on  a  bed  of  sand,  and  is  vigorously 
beaten  with  a  flexible  rod  to  card  it;  it  is  spun  very  fine  with  a  spindle,  and  is 
used  for  the  manufacture  of  belts,  blankets,  etc.,  of  superior  quality.  Moki 
Indians  (Shoshouean  stock),  Arizona.  Collected  by  James  Stevenson. 

Apparatus  for  comminuting  cedar  bark. — Consisting  of  a  breaking  frame,  an  imple 
ment  for  comminuting  the  bark,  and  a  woman's  skirt. 

The  giant  cedar  (Thuja  gigantea;  grows  along  the  whole  Pacific  Coast  of  North 
America,  and  in  southeast  Alaska,  British  Columbia,  Washington,  and  Oregon. 
The  development  of  all  the  industries  among  the  natives  of  the  countries  men 
tioned  is  due  to  the  wood  and  bark  of  this  tree. 

The  bark  is  torn  from  the  tree  in  pieces,  as  is  done  by  our  tan-bark  gatherers, 
with  the  rib  bone  of  a  deer,  to  which  implement  is  given  the  name  of  "bark 
stripper."  One  side  of  this  implement  is  used  for  marking  and  splitting  the 
sections  and  the  other  for  severing  the  piece  from  the  trunk. 

The  comminuted  bark  is  used  for  manufacturing  stuffs  for  petticoats  and 
other  articles.  It  is  prepared  by  putting  a  strip  of  inside  bark  in  the  wooden 
frame,  No.  127868,  and  it  is  broken  to  pieces  with  a  wooden  or  bone  implement. 
The  bark  is  then  softened  by  rubbing  it  between  the  hands.  Usually,  packages 
or  bundles  are  made  of  it,  and  it  is  sold  by  weight.  It  is  used  for  clothes,  mat 
tresses,  etc. 

Ornaments  for  petticoats. — Made  of  long  strips  of  frayed  cedar  bark,  united  by  a  cord, 
and  with  a  cotton  fringe  at  the  bottom.  Length,  17  inches.  Quinaielt  Indians 
(Salishan  stock),  Quinaielt  Agency,  Washington  Territory,  1887.  127867.  Col 
lected  by  Charles  Willoughby. 

Equipment  of  weaver  of  rush  mats. — Consisting  of  rushes,  needles,  bark  fiber,  and 
creasers  for  flattening  the  seams.  Quinaielt  Indians  (Salishan  stock),  Chehalis 
County,  Washington  Territory,  1887.  127842-52-73.  Collected  by  Charles 
Willoughby. 

Models  and  photographs. — Showing  the  processes  employed  by  the  Navajo  Indians  of 
Arizona  for  tanning  skins.  129436.  Collected  by  Dr.  R.  W.  Shufeldt,  U.  S.  N. 

Tanned  buckskin. — Showing  the  result  ot  the  processes  employed  for  tanning  skins 
in  the  southwest  of  the  United  States.  Navajo  Indians  (Athapascan  stock), 
New  Mexico,  9548.  Collected  by  Dr.  Edward  Palmer. 

Navajo  shoemaker's  utensils. — Consisting  of  needles,  awls,  specimens  of  sewing  and 
of  finished  shoes,  and  the  published  description.  (Proceedings  of  the  United 
States  National  Museum,  1888,  p.  131.)  Navajo  Indians  (Athapascan  stock), 
Arizona.  128112-16.  Collected  by  A.  M.  Stephen. 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID.  183 

Gatherers  of  cactus  fruit. — Nippers,  hooka,  holders,  and  cutters  for  gathering  the 

fruit  of  the  cactus  (chumbo  tig).     Indians  of  Arizona,  New  Mexico,  and  Mexico. 

9971,  22535,  and  126577.     Collected  by  James  Stevenson  and  Edward  Palmer. 
Hoes  of  mussel  shells. — These  primitive  agricultural  implements  were  found  in  the 

hands  of  a  band  of  Yacqui  Indians,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Yacqui  River,  in  Sonora, 

Mexico.     129845.     Collected  by  Edward  Palmer. 

EXHIBIT  OUTSIDE  OF  THE  CASES. 

Kiowa  Indian  woman  (figure  of  a  woman). — Algoukian  stock.  Oklahoma,  Indian  Ter 
ritory  Modeled  by  Theodore  A.  Mills.  The  dress  was  collected  by  James 
Mooney 

Kiowa  Indian  warrior  (figure  of  a  man).— Algonkian  stock.  Oklahoma,  Indian  Terri 
tory.  Modeled  by  Theodore  A.  Mills.  The  dress  was  collected  by  James  Mooney. 

Sioux  Indian  woman  (female  figure). — Siouan  stock.  Missouri  River.  Modeled  by 
U-  S-  G.Dunbar. 

Sioux  Indian  warrior  (male  figure). — Siouan  stock.  Missouri  River.  Modeled  by 
Theodore  A.  Mills.  The  dress  belonged  to  Red  Cloud,  a  celebrated  chief,  and  was 
collected  by  Lieut  G.  A.  Warren,  U.  S.  N. 

' ' Zuni  Indian  (male  figure). — Zufiian  stock.  New  Mexico.  The  head  was  modeled  from 
life  by  Clark  Mills.  The  dress  was  collected  by  James  Stevenson. 

Eskimo  man. — Reindeer  coat  and  pants,  trimmed  with  white  skins.  Seal  skin  boots 
and  bearskin  gloves.  Eskimo  (Eskimauau  stock),  Prince  William's  Land.  Col 
lected  by  Capt.  C.  F.  Hall. 

Photographs  of  Indians.— Representing  85  different  tribes  of  the  majority  of  the 
stocks  still  in  existence.  This  magnificent  series  of  1,300  photographs  is  the 
result  of  the  work  of  many  years  of  collection  by  the  United  States  Geological 
Survey  and  Bureau  of  Ethnology,  and  supplements,  with  the  aid  of  the  photogra 
phy,  the  famous  galleries  of  Indian  portraits,  painted  by  George  Catliu  and 
Stanley.  A  portion  of  this  collection  forms  a  section  in  the  Northeast  Saloon. 
Exhibited  by  tha  Bureau  of  Ethnology  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution. 

Lithographs  of  celebrated  Indians. — This  series  of  130  lithographs  is  taken  from 
MacKenney  and  Hall's  Indian  Tribes.  These  pictures  form  a  section  in  the  large 
saloon.  Exhibited  by  the  National  Museum. 

Reed  wigwam. — These  wigwams  are  constructed  by  erecting  a  number  of  uprights  in 
a  circle,  and  inclining  them  until  they  meet  at  the  extremities,  which  are  fastened 
together  by  strong  ligatures  of  bark  fiber.  Above  the  uprights  are  placed  many 
horizontal  layers  of  small  saplings,  which  are  covered  with  rushes  attached  to 
other  layers  of  saplings  smaller  than  the  first,  and  which  are  tied  together  by 
cords  on  the  inside.  The  horizontal  layers  leave  an  opening  between  two 
uprights,  which  serves  as  an  entrance,  and  which  is  closed  by  a  door  of  elk  hide. 
The  chimney  is  constructed  in  such  a  way  that  the  wind  can  not  drive  back  the 
smoke.  The  fireplace  is  in  the  center  and  the  beds  are  around  the  sides  of  the 
wigwam  upon  an  earthen  bank.  Piute  Indians,  Nevada.  19027.  Collected  by 
Stephen  Powers. 

Eskimo  seal  hunter  in  his  skin  boat.— The  boat  (kyak)  is  built  with  great  care.  The 
frame  is  of  wood,  over  which  is  stretched  a  seal  skin  saturated  with  oil.  There 
is  a  hollow  space  in  the  deck,  with  a  raised  border,  and  in  this  the  hunter  seats 
himself,  dressed  in  an  inner  coat  of  skins  and  an  outer  one  made  of  th<}  intes 
tines  of  the  walrus,  thoroughly  waterproof,  and  carrying  a  short  paddle.  As  a 
projectile,  he  has  a  harpoon,  with  the  shafts  used  in  hurling  it,  cord,  and  buoy, 
which  he  keeps  fastened  to  the  boat  until  the  moment  arrives  when  he  has  to 
make  use  of  them.  This  "kyak"  is  an  extremely  unsteady  and  light  boat,  but 
the  Eskimo  is  capable  of  undertaking  any  navigation  whatever  when  embarked 
in  it.  Eskimo  of  St.  Michaels,  Norton  Sound,  Alaska.  Collected  by  E.  W.  Nelson. 


184  COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID. 

Canoe  of  birch  bark, — Manned  by  two  Algonkian  Indians,  occupied  in  fishing  with  the 
harpoon.  They  wear  dresses  of  buckskin,  with  painted  figures  imitating 
embroidery.  In  fishing  with  the  harpoon  it  is  necessary  that  a  fisherman  should 
guide  the  canoe  in  accordance  with  the  orders  of  the  one  who  handles  the  har 
poon.  The  canoe  ia  made  of  a  large  piece  of  birch  bark,  attached  to  a  wooden 
frame;  the  seams  and  holes  are  calked  with  spruce-pine  rosin.  These  canoes 
are  very  light  and  of  a  graceful  form.  Two  men  can  carry  one  of  them 
on  their  shoulders  for  a  stretch  of  many  miles,  which  they  do  at  rapids. 
The  canoe  exhibited  was  constructed  by  the  Algonkian  Indians  of  Canada. 

Cradle.— A  wooden  frame  bent  in  an  oval  form,  having  the  ends  tied  with  diagonal 
ligatures  of  bark  fiber.  A  mattress  and  blanket  of  pounded  bark  fiber  are 
attached  to  the  frame  by  a  fringe  of  woven  wool.  Tne  hood  for  the  protection 
of  the  head  of  the  infant  is  a  willow  texture.  Mojave  Indians  (Yuman  stock), 
Colorado.  152489.  Collected  by  Geo.  A.  Allen. 

Cradle.— Frame  made  of  walnut  staves,  in  the  shape  of  a  crutch,  having  the  ends 
ornamented  with  brase-headed  nails.  The  cover  is  of  buckskin,  ornamented 
with  a  great  profusion  of  white  and  colored  beads  and  with  ribbons.  Arapahoe 
Indians  (Algonkiau  stock).  Collected  by  Capt.  R.  H.  Pratt. 

Cradle. — Made  of  willow  switches,  in  the  form  of  a  shoe.  A  light  half  basket  of 
willow  switches  serves  as  a  parasol  to  it.  Hupa  Indians  (Athapascan  stock), 
California.  Collected  by  Stephen  Powers. 

Cradle. — The  frame  is  a  piece  of  wood  bent  in  an  oval  shape,  supported  by  transverse 
bars.  The  bottom  of  the  cradle  is  composed  of  twenty-one  wooden  rods  fast 
ened  to  the  frame  between  the  thick  bars  by  thread  made  of  sinew.  The  hood 
is  of  hide  covered  with  calico.  The  bed  articles  consist  of  two  mattresses  of 
cotton,  placed  on  a  thin  sheet  of  tin.  The  infant  is  supported  by  bolsters  made 
of  woven  belts.  The  cradle  has  two  Arches  to  protect  the  infant's  head  and  a 
transverse  piece  of  wood  to  support  the  feet.  Length,  3  feet.  Wichita  Indians 
(Caddoau  stock).  152944.  Collected  by  James  Mooney. 

Cradle. — Made  in  the  form  of  a  boat,  out  of  a  hollowed  cedar  trunk.  It  has  a  handle 
at  one  end.  The  bed  is  composed  of  pounded  cedar  fiber;  the  counterpane  is  of 
woven  cedar  bark.  Inside  of  the  cradle  there  is  a  wooden  model  of  an  infant, 
showing  the  process  for  flattening  the  head  with  a  special  apparatus,  which  is 
also  seen  in  the  cradle.  Indians  of  Oregon.  2574.  Collected  by  George  Catlin. 

Helmet. — Crowned  with  a  sculptured  beaver.  The  figures  painted  on  both  sides 
represent  sheets  of  copper,  emblems  of  fortune  and  power.  Skedan  Indians, 
British  Columbia.  89035.  Collected  by  James  G.  Swan. 

Helmet. — Carved  in  wood  in  the  form  of  a  bear  and  painted.  The  teeth  and  tongue 
are  imitated  with  sheets  of  copper.  It  is  worn  on  the  head  in  the  dances. 
Haida  Indians  (Skittagetan  stock),  British  Columbia.  89144.  Collected  by 
James  G.  Swan. 

Helmet. — Carved  in  wood  in  the  form  of  a  fish  and  painted.  The  lips  are  of  copper. 
This  helmet  is  used  in  the  dances.  Haida  Indians  (Skittagetan  stock),  British 
Columbia.  89054.  Collected  by  James  G.  Swan. 

Mask.—  Imitating  a  fabulous  marine  monster.  Made  of  pieces  of  wood  cut  with  au 
adze  and  painted.  Used  by  the  actors  in  the  ceremonies  called  "  dances,"  Maka 
Indians  (Wakashan  stock),  British  Columbia.  23949.  Collected  by  James  G. 
Swan. 

Wooden  figure. — Of  cedar,  painted.  Indians  of  the  northwest  coast.  Collected  by 
James  G.  Swan. 

Totem  post  (model).— Carved  out  of  a  cedar  trunk.  The  sculptured  figures  are 
painted  in  bright  colors.  Model  of  the  " totem  post"  which  is  erected  in  front 
of  the  houses  of  all  the  chief  men  of  the  tribe.  Indians  of  Bella-Bella,  British 
Colombia.  74743.  Collected  by  James  G.  Swan. 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID.  185 

Sculptured  Mem  post  (model). — Of  cedar,  painted.  The  sculpture  of  this  trunk  may 
have  been  made  in  commemoration  of  some  entirely  mythological  event,  or,  as 
is  commonly  said  in  heraldry,  to  show  the  genealogy  of  the  family  before 
whose  dwelling  the  pillar  was  erected.  Some  of  these  pillars  are  of  great  dimen 
sions,  and  are  beautifully  carved,  by  dint  of  great  labor.  Indians  of  Bella-Bella, 
British  Columbia.  74744.  Collected  by  James  G.  Swan. 

Council  house. — The  wood  which  is  used  for  these  structures  is  the  giant  cedar;  they 
are  built  with  great  care,  by  the  combined  efforts  of  many  laborers ;  usually  the 
whole  village  lends  its  cooperation.  The  erection  of  the  first  upright  is  always 
an  occasion  for  holding  great  festivities.  The  front  is  ornamented  with  paint 
ings  representing  some  legendary  date  and  that  of  the  inauguration.  Indians 
of  British  Columbia.  Collected  by  James  G.  Swan. 

Snowshoes. — Bent  sole,  raised  at  the  point;  three  transverse  bars;  netting  of  fine 
thread  of  twisted  sinew;  middle  portion  of  thick  seal-skin  straps,  interwoven. 
Length,  59  inches.  Eskimo  of  the  Yukon  River,  Alaska.  49099.  Collected  by 
E.  W.  Nelson.  , 

Snoicshoes.- --Oval  and  curved  wooden  sole,  with  two  wooden  braces  which  cross  the 
shoe  and  are  rabbeted  into  the  sides,  dividing  the  shoe  into  three  equal  parts. 
The  network  is  of  fine  rawhide.  A  small  strap  serves  to  tie  it  on.  Length,  32£ 
inches:  width,  28  inches.  Eskimo  of  Ungava  Bay,  Labrador.  90149.  Collected 
by  Lucien  Turner. 

Snoicshoes.—  Oval  and  curved  wooden  sole,  strengthened  by  a  toe  piece  and  two 
transverse  braces.  The  network  is  a  texture  of  fine  rawhide.  The  straps  are 
of  hide,  embroidered  with  painted  quills.  This  kind  of  suowshoe  is  used  by  the 
experienced  Canadians.  Quebec,  Canada.  24788.  Collected  by  G.  R.  Renfrew. 

Snowshoes.—  Curved  sole,  raised  at  the  point;  three  transverse  braces.  Strap  of  fine 
thread  of  twisted  sinew.  Network  of  thick  seal-skin  straps,  interwoven.  Length, 
59  inches.  Eskimo  of  the  Yukon  River,  Alaska.  49099.  Collected  by  E.  \V. 
Nelson. 

Provision  basket  (djelo). — Warp  of  pine  roots  and  the  weft  of  split  twigs,  and  joined 
together  by  twined  weaving.  The  twine  work  is  covered  with  fine  straws  of 
bright  colors,  forming  figures.  The  upper  edge  of  the  basket  is  strengthened  by 
a  wooden  hoop.  Height,  3  feet ;  diameter,  28  inches.  Hupa  Indians,  California, 
1889.  111433.  Collected  by  Jeremiah  Curtin. 

After  these  baskets  are  made  they  are  filled  with  hot,  wet  sand,  in  order  to 
give  them  a  good  shape.  They  are  placed  against  a  wall,  on  a  bank  of  earth, 
in  the  semi-subterranean  houses  of  the  Hupa  Indians,  and  are  filled  with  acorns  for 
the  winter's  provisions.  As  many  as  twelve  baskets  may  be  seen  in  one  house. 

Coiled  basket. — Made  of  bunches  of  small  twigs  joined  by  coiled  sewing.  The  bot 
tom  is  of  a  single  spiral,  and  the  body  of  the  basket  is  a  double  coil  formed  by 
carrying  two  coils  around  simultaneously.  It  is  ornamented  with  small  strips 
of  black  Martynia  pod.  All  the  colors  of  thiis  basket  are  natural.  Made  by  an 
Apache  Indian,  of  the  San  Carlos  Reservation,  Arizona.  This  is  the  largest 
specimen  of  basket  work  that  this  tribe  has  made  and  probably  the  largest  in  the 
world.  Height,  3  feet  6£  inches ;  depth,  30  inches.  San  Carlos,  Arizona.  Col 
lected  by  Mrs.  Charles  Dodge. 

Mexican  feather  shield  (copy  in  water  colors  and  gilt).— The  original  is  in  the  castle 
of  Ambras,  in  the  Tyrol,  where  it  was  discovered,  in  the  year  1891,  by  Mrs. 
Zelia  Nuttall,  of  Dresden,  Germany. 

Mrs.  Nuttall  made  this  copy  for  the  Smithsonian  Institution,  and  described  it 
in  a  writing  which  she  presented  to  the  American  Association  at  Washington,  in 
August,  1891.  Catalogue  number,  153192.  United  States  National  Museum. 

Pictograph. — Representing  a  battle  between  the  Sioux  and  Arickara  Indians;  painted 
on  cloth  by  a  Sioux  Indian.  Collected  by  Mrs.  General  Hazen. 


EXHIBITS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES  GOVERNMENT. 


EXHIBIT  OF  THE  BUREAU  OF  ETHNOLOGY. 
MAP  OF  THE  ABORIGINAL  LANGUAGES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

This  map  shows  the  distribution,  according  to  languages  of  the  North  American 
Indians  exclusive  of  Mexico  at  the  time  of  Christopher  Columbus.  This  map  has 
been  in  preparation  by  the  Bureau  of  Ethnology  for  a  number  of  years.  The  fol 
lowing  is  a  list  of  the  principal  tribes,  classified  by  families  according  to  language 
as  displayed  on  the  map : 
Adaizan  family  (Texas):  Adai. 

Algonquian  family  (in  the  east  of  the  United  States  and  Canada) :  Abnaki,  Algon 
quin,  Arapaho,  Blackfoot,  Cheyenne,  Chippewa,  Cree,  Delaware,  Kickapoo, 
Menomiuee,  Miami,  Micmac,  Missisaga,  Montagnais,  Mohegan,  Narraganset, 
Ojibwa,  Ottawa,  Pequot,  Potto wotomi,  Powhatan,  Sac  and  Fox,  Shawnee. 
(23.) 

Athapascan  family  (northwestern  Canada) :  Kutchin,  Slave,  Taculli,  Hupa,  and  the 
various  tribes  of  the  Apache,  Chippewyau,  Dog  Ribs.  Hares,  Nahanies,  Navajo. 
(10.) 

Attacapan  family  (Texas) :  Attacapa. 
Beothukan  family  (Newfoundland) :  Beothuk. 

Caddoan  family  (Louisiana) :  Pawnee,  Arikara,  Wichita,  Keechi,  Caddo.     (5.) 
Chimakuan  family  (coast  of  the  State  of  Washington) :  Chimakum,  Quile  Ute.    (2.) 
Chimarikan  family  (coast  of  California) :  Chimariko,  Chimalakwe.     (2.) 
Chimmesyan  family  (coast  of  British  Columbia) :  Chimsian,  Nass.     (2.) 
Chinookan  family  (coast  of  the  State  of  Washington) :  Cathlamet,  Chinuk,  Clatsop, 

Wasco.     (4. ) 

Chitimachan  family  (Gulf  of  Mexico,  Louisiana) :  Chitimacha. 

Chumashan  family  (coast  of  California) :  Indians  of  San  Buenaventura,  Santa  Bar 
bara,  and  San  Luis  Obispo,  Cal.  (3.) 

Coahuiltecan  family  (Texas) :  Comecrudo,  Cotoname,  Pacaos  or  Piiitos.     (3.) 
Copehan  family  (coast  of  California) :  ThePatwinand  Wintu  tribes  of  California.  (2.) 
Costanoan  family  (coast  of  California) :  Costano. 

Eskimo  family   (on  the  northeast  coast   of  the  ocean):    Aluik,  Ivimiut,  Narsuk, 
Taterat,  of  Greenland ;  Itivimiut,  etc.,  of  Labrador ;  Aggomiut,  Negumiut,  etc.,  of 
the  central  Arctic  region ;  Chiglit,  Ikogmiut,  Kuagmiut,  Oglemiut,  Unaligmiut, 
etc.,  of  Alaska,  and  the  Atka  and  Unalaska,  of  the  Aleutian  Islands.     (14.) 
Esselenian  family  (coast  of  California) :  Esselen. 
Iroquois  family  (Atlantic  Coast) :  Cherokee,  Cayuga,  Mohawk,  Oneida,  Onondaga, 

Seneca,  Tuscarora,  Wyandot,  Iroquois.     (9.) 

Kalapooian  family  (coast  of  Oregon) :  Atfalati,  Calopooya,  Lakmiut,  Yoncalla.     (4.) 
Karankawan  family  (Texas) :  Karankawa. 
Keresan  family  (New  Mexico) :  Acoma,  Tochiti,  Laguna,  Sin  Felipe,  Santa  Ana,  Santo 

Domingo,  Sia.     (7.)  , 

Kiowau  family  (Wyoming  and  Nebraska) :  Kiowa. 

Kitunahan  family  (Idaho  and  British  Columbia) :  Cootenai,  Akoklako,  Klanoh- 
Klatklam  and  Tobacco  Plains  Cooteuai.  (4.) 

187 


188  COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID. 

Koluschan  family  (coast  of  British  Columbia):  Auk,  Chilcat,  Hunah,  Kek,  Sitka, 

Taku,  Yakutat,  Tuugas.     (8. ) 
Ktilanapan  family  (coast  of  California)  :  Balld  Kai  Porno,  Chawisheh,  Erio,  Erussi, 

Kaiin6,  Kai  Porno,  Konitfcho,  Kulanapo,  Sokoa,  Yokaya  Poino.  Yusal.     (11.) 
Kusan  family  (coast  of  Oregon) :  Coos  Bay  tribes,  Mulluk,  and  Nacu?     (3.) 
Lutuamiaii  family  (coast  of  California) :  Klamath,  Modoc.     (2.) 
Mariposan  family  (coast  of  California) :  Chukaimina,  Chunut,  Kassovo,  Kiawetni, 

Tacbi,  Tinliuneh,  Wichikik,  Wiksachi,  Yukol.     (9. ) 
Mosquel unman  family  (coast  of  California) :  Miwok,  Olamentke.     (2.) 
Muskhogean  family  (Georgia,  Alabama,  Mississippi):    Cbata  (Choctaw),   Cbicasa, 

Creek  or  Maskoki  proper,  Semiuole,  Yamassi.     (5.) 
Natchesan  family  (Louisiana):  Nah'tchi  (Natchez)  and  Taensa.     (2.) 
Palaihnih.au  family  (coast  of  California):  Chumawa,  Hant^wa,  Ilmawi,  etc.,  of  Pit 

River,  California.     (3.) 

Piman  family  (southern  Arizona  and  Mexico):  Opata,  Pima,  Papago.     (3.) 
Puj  u  nan  ,  family  (coast   of    California):  Konkau,  Kwatoa,   Otaki,  Pusuua,  Wiina, 

Yuba.     (6.) 

Quoratean  family  (coast  of  California) :  Ehuek,  Karok,  and  Pehtsik.     (3.) 
Salinau  family  (coast  of  California) :  Indians  of  San  Antonio  and  San  Miguel  Mis 
sions,  California. 
Salishau  family  (Idaho,  Oregon,  British  Columbia) :  Atnah,  Bellacoola,  Chehalis, 

Clallam,  Cowlitz,  Nisqualli,  Pent  d'Oreilles,  Puyallup,  Salish,  Shooswap,  Skagit, 

Skokomish,  Suohomish,  Spokan,  Tillamook,  Twana.     (16.) 
Sastean  family  (California) :  Saste. 
Shahaptian  family  (Columbia  River,  Oregon  and  Washington) :  Clickatat,  Chopun- 

iiish  Umatilla,  Walla- Walla.     (4.) 
Shoshoneau  family  (Oregon,  Idaho,  Nevada,  California,  Utah,  Wyoming,  Colorado, 

New  Mexico,  and  Texas) :  Bannock,  Chemehuevi,  Comanche,  Pai  Ute,  Shoshoni, 

Uta,  Tusaya"u  (Moqui).     (7.) 
Siouan  family  (Canada,  Montana,  Dakota  (North  and  South),  Wyoming,  Minnesota, 

Nebraska,  Iowa,  Kansas,  Missouri,  Indian  Territory,  Arkansas) :   Santees,  Sisse- 

tons,  Wahpetons,  Yanktons,  Tetons,  Brules,  Blackfeet,  Ogalallas,  Assinaboiues, 

Omahas,  Poncas,  Kaw  or  Kansas,  Osages,  Quapaws,  lowas,  Otoes,  Missouris,  Win- 

iiebagoes,  Maiidans,  Gros  Veutres,  Crows,  Tuteloes,  Biloxi,  Catawba,  Woccon, 

Sioux,  Croro,  Hidatsa.     (28.) 

Skittagetan  family  (British  Columbia) :  Tribes  of  Queen  Charlottes  Islands,  etc.  (2.) 
Takilman  family  (Oregon) :  Takelma. 
Tan oan family  (NewMexico) :  Hauo,  Isleta,  Jemez,  Nambe',  Picuris,  Pojoaque,  Saudia, 

San  Ildefonso,  San  Juan,  Santa  Clara,  Senecu,  Taos,  Tesuque.     (13.) 
Timuquauan  family  (Florida):  Timucua,  Moscoso,  etc.  (extinct)     (2.) 
Touikan  family  (Mississippi) :  Tonika. 
T'onkawan  family  (Texas) :  Tonikawa. 
Uchean  family  (South  Carolina) :  Yuchi. 

Waiilatpuan  family  (State  of  Washington) :  Ka"yus,  Molale.     (2.) 
Wakashau  family  (coast  of  British  Columbia) :  Ahowsaht,  Muclaht,  and  Haeltzuk.  (3.) 
Washoan  family  (California) :  Washo. 

Weitspekan  family  (coast  of  California) :  Mita,  Weitspek,  Chillula.     (3.) 
Wishoskau  family  (coast  of  California) :  Wishosk,  Weeyot,  Patawat.     (3.) 
Yanan  family  (coast  of  California) :  Yana  or  Nozi. 
Yakonan  family  (coast  of  Oregon) :  Alsea,  Yakwina,  Kuitc,  Siuslaw.     (4.) 

Yurna  proper,  Mojave,  Havesupai,  Hualapai,  Seri.     (7). 
Yukian  family  (coast  of  California) :  Chumaya,  Napa,  Yuki.     (3.) 
Yuman  family  (southwestern  Arizona   and   Lower   California):    Cochiiai,   Cocopa, 

Cuchan  or  Yunia  proper,  Diegnefio,  Havasupai,  Maricopa,  Mohave,  Seri,  Wai- 

curu,  Walapai.     (10.) 
Zufiian  family  (New  Mexico):  Zuni.     (1.)     Total,  58  families. 


I 

COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID.  189 

PRECOLUMBIAN  MINING  AND  STONE  WORKING  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES 

OF  AMERICA. 

Collections  made  by  Mr.  W.  H.  Holmes,  from  seven  large  mines  and  quarries,  exhib 
ited  by  the  Bureau  of  Ethnology  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution.     J.  W.  Powell, 

director. 

This  collection  was  presented  after  the  close  of  this  exhibition  to  the  Spanish 
Museo  Arqueologico  by  the  Bureau  of  Ethnology. 

Primitive  quartzite  quarries  (suburbs  of  Washington,  District  of  Columbia) :  The 
aborigines  worked  this  very  extensive  quarry  to  procure  the  rounded  quartzite 
pebbles,  of  which,  when  chipped  into  thin,  oval  pieces,  they  made  various 
implements.  The  excavations  extend  over  many  acres,  and  the  residue  from  the 
work  is  considerable.  Little  was  done  in  the  quarry  itself,  only  the  formation 
of  the  rough  blanks,  which  were  carried  elsewhere  to  be  worked  into  implements. 
There  is  therefore  not  much  to  be  found  at  the  site  of  the  quarry  except  the 
waste  or  '•'  rejects,"  from  the  work  of  which  remains  have  been  found  in  all 
stages  of  completion,  so  that  we  have  a  complete  line  of  forms,  from  the  natural 
pebble  with  one  chip  removed  to  the  leaf  almost  finished,  which  line  is  repre 
sented  by  many  broken  blades  which  were  left  in  the  quarry.  These  are 
exhibited  in  the  lower  line.  All  the  leaf-blades  which  turned  out  well  were  carried 
away.  The  photographs  are  correctly  labeled  and  may  be  studied  in  detail. 

Remains  of  chipped  pebbles,  abandoned  at  the  beginning  of  the  work. 

Remains  of  blades  well   advanced  in  working.     Two  specimens.     There  is  little 
difference  between  them. 

Blades  which  turned  out  well,  removed  from  the  quarry,  but  yet  similar.    Eouud 
on  the  sites  of  villages  near  the  quarries. 

Various  implements  made  of  the  quarry  blades  and  found  on  the  sites  of  villages 
and  widely  scattered  over  the  country. 

Remains  of  knives  of  leaf  form  abandoned  in  various  stages  of  completion. 

Blades  of  quartzite,  abandoned  on  the  eve  of  completion. 

Blades  of  quartzite,  broken  on  the   eve   of  completion.     Section    of  an    ancient 

quarry,  with  ddbris,  C-(X     Stratum  of  stones,  B,  B. 

Primitive  flint  quarries  (Ohio):  The  ancient  flint  wrorks  of  Licking  County,  Ohio, 
are  the  most  noted  of  the  primitive  quarries.  A  very  good  quality  of  flint  for 
chipping  into  blades  could  be  obtained  from  a  thick  stratum  covered  by  a  high 
ridge  close  to  Licking  River.  The  ancient  pits  and  ditches  are  large  and  numer 
ous,  and  cover  a  little  more  than  a  square  mile  of  territory.  The  work  was  in 
nearly  the  same  state  as  that  of  other  qu  arries  where  similar  material  was  found. 
Little  was  shaped  on  the  spot,  except  the  rough  outline  of  the  blades,  the 
residuum  from  which  is  found  in  inexhaustible  quantities.  The  series  of  speci 
mens  illustrates  the  whole  range  of  the  abandoned  forms,  and  by  means  of  the 
photographs  may  be  learned  the  nature  of  the  blades  which  turned  out  well, 
and  the  various  forms  which  were  made  from  them. 

Rejects  of  blades  abandoned  at  the  start,  and  when  half  finished. 

Rejects  of  blades  abandoned  in  an  advanced  stage  of  completion. 

Well-finished  blades  found  on  sites  of  villages  in  the  vicinity  of  the  quarries. 

Implements  differing  from  the  quarry  blades,  found  on  sites  of  villages  dispersed 

widely  in  the  State  of  Ohio  and  the  neighboring  States. 

Primitive  novaculite  quarries  (Arkansas) :  These,  so  far  as  is  known,  are  the  most 
extensive  of  all  the  flint  quarries  of  America.  The  stone  is  found  in  massive 
strata  which  form  the  crests  of  the  mountain  chains,  and  these  quarries  have 
been  worked  by  the  quarriers  for  many  miles.  Many  of  the  pits  and  trenches 
are  very  large,  measuring  more  than  100  feet  in  length  or  diameter,  and  about 
25  feet  in  depth.  The  quantity  of  broken,  loose,  and  wasted  stone  abandoned  is 
enormous,  and  thousands  of  stone  hammers  and  blocks  which  were  used  in 
working  the  quarries  are  found  on  these  sites.  The  work  of  shaping  did  not 


190  COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION   AT    MADRID. 

extend  beyond  roughly  outlining  knives  in  the  form  of  leaf-hlades,  pictur3S  of 
which  are  in  the  collection  of  photographs.  The  blades  which  had  turned  out 
well  were  carried  away  to  be  utilized  in  various  ways. 

Photograph  No.  1  represents  a  series  of  blades,  and  No.  2  the  particular  imple 
ments  which  were  found  on  the  sites  of  villages  and  in  the  neighboring  fields. 

Quarry  refuse  which  was  abandoned  in  various  stages  of  manufacture  into  blades. 

Stone  hammers  which  were  used  in  breaking  and  extracting  the  novaculite. 

Blades   made   in    the    quarry,  and  dressed  in  the  neighboring  villages,  but  not 
different. 

Various  quarry  implements  made  of  blades  found  on  sites   of  villages,  and   of 

which  there  is  a  considerable  distribution  over  the  country. 

Primitive  chert  quarries  (Indian  Territory):  These  quarries  are  especially  interest 
ing  from  the  nature  of  their  stone.  It  is  a  whitish,  massive  chert,  found  in 
strata  of  many  feet  in  depth,  and  so  homogeneous  that  very  large  implements 
can  be  made  from  it.  The  deposits  of  quarry  refuse  on  the  spot  indicate  that 
here,  as  elsewhere,  the  principal  articles  made  were  blades,  the  largest  of  which 
were  15  or  more  inches  in  length.  A  series  of  rejects  of  manufacture  is  exhib 
ited  in  the  collection,  and  the  photographs  display  very  fine  specimens  belong- 
ing-to  the  Bureau  of  Ethnology.  The  explanations  may  be  read  on  the  labels 
of  the  photographs.  Stone  hammers  and  articles  in  the  form  of  a  pebble  are 
placed  in  the  lower  row. 

Rejected  articles  of  medium  size,  abandoned  at  the  beginning  of  their  manufacture 
into  knives  of  leaf  shape. 

Rejected  articles,  large  and  small,  abandoned  at  the  beginning  of  their  manufacture 
into  knives  of  leaf  shape. 

Refuse  of  the  leaf-shaped  knives,  half  finished. 

Refuse  of  the  leaf-shaped  knives  in  an  advanced  stage  of  manufacture. 

Refuse  of  leaf-shaped  knives,  almost  finished. 

Stone  hammers  which  were  used  in  breaking  and  flaking  the  chert. 

Quarry  residuum,  abandoned  in  various  stages  of  manufacture  into  blades. 

Refuse  of  pebbles. 

Stone  hammers  which  were  used  in  flaking  the  chert. 

Primitive  steatite  quarry  (suburbs  of  Washington,  District  of  Columbia) :  There  are 
many  steatite  quarries  from  one  end  to  the  other  of  the  eastern  slopes  of  the 
Appalachian  range  of  mountains.  The  pits  are  not  large,  seldom  more  than  25 
feet  in  diameter,  and  6  feet  in  depth.  The  rock  is  soft,  but  very  compact,  and 
when  it  hardens  cannot  be  worked  without  great  difficulty.  Nos.  1  to  12,  frag 
ments  of  bowls,  partly  finished,  from  the  quarry  and  the  adjacent  villages.  The 
finishing  was  not  done  in  the  quarries.  Nos.  13  to  20,  implements  of  quartzite, 
diorite,  etc.,  used  for  removing  and  cutting  the  steatite.  The  largest  specimens 
had  handles,  and  the  small  chisels  were  probably  fixed  on  bone  handles. 

Quarry  and  workshop  refuse  of  bowls  or  pots  left  unfinished. 

Tools,  picks  and  gouges,  which  probably  had  handles  when  they  were  used   in 

extracting  and  cutting  the  steatite. 

Primitive  copper  mines  (Royal  Island,  Lake  Superior,  Michigan):  Implements  Nos. 
1  to  11,  mauls  made  of  large  stones  rounded  by  the  water,  from  the  shore  of  Lake 
Superior.  Some  are  grooved  for  applying  handles,  and  almost  all  had  probably, 
when  they  were  in  use,  some  variety  of  handle.  The  largest  weighs  20  pounds. 
They  are  found  in  great  numbers  in  and  near  the  ancient  pits,  thousands  of  them 
being  seen  at  a  glance.  They  were  used  for  breaking  the  rock  in  which  the  cop 
per  was  concealed,  and  for  extracting  the  masses  of  native  copper.  Specimen 
No.  12,  native  copper  and  portions  of  the  rock  containing  it.  There  is  no  evidence 
that  the  copper  implements  were  made  at  or  near  the  quarries. 

Stone  mauls  which  were  used  for  breaking  the  rock  and  extracting  the  lumps  of 
copper. 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID.  191 

Pieces  of  copper,  and  rock  containing  copper. 

Section  showing  ancient  pits  and  the  distribution  of  lumps  of  copper. 

Stone  hammers  and  mauls  found  in  a  ditch  3  feet  wide,  crossed  by  an  ancient  pit 
20  feet  in  diameter  and  10  feet  deep. 

Section  of  an  ancient  pit  containing  heads  of  mauls. 

Exhibit  of  rubbish  from  an  ancient  pit  containing  heads  of  stone  mauls. 

Quarry  of  sacred  stone  for  pipes  (Minnesota) :  The  quarry  of  red  stone  for  pipeo 
is  situated  in  the  southwest  of  Minnesota.  In  the  ancient  pits  are  found  many 
stone  hammers  and  mauls,  which  are  an  evidence  that  this  work  was  performed 
in  prehistoric  times.  The  quarry  has  been  worked  uninterruptedly  up  to  the 
present  time,  and  the  Yankton  Sioux  make  a  journey  of  200  miles  every  year  to 
work  in  it.  The  Indians  manufacture  and  sell  pipes,  and  make  a  considerable 
revenue  by  selling  the  rough  material  to  the  whites,  who  manufacture  many 
articles  of  it.  The  stone  slab  for  pipes  is  about  12  inches  thick,  and  the  work 
•on  it  requires  much  time  and  labor.  The  collection  contains  a  quantity  of  pieces 
of  the  red  stone  for  pipes,  and  specimens  of  the  hammers  which  were  used  in  the 
prehistoric  quarry. 

Fragments  found  on  sites  of  workshops  and  dwellings. 

Hammers  and  mauls  which  were  used  in  extracting  and  breaking  the  pipestone. 

Red  quartzite  which  was  used  for  making  hammers,  picks,  and  sharpeners. 

Pipes  made  of  red  stone,  now  in  the  United  States  National  Museum.  All  the  above 
materials  for  the  study  of  the  ancient  quarries  were  collected  by  W.  H.  Holmes. 


VURKISH  HISTORY  OF  THE  DISCOVERY  OF  AMERICA. 

The  manuscript  is  illustrated  with  colored  maps  and  drawings. 

A  third  of  this  manuscript  treats  of  the  discovery  of  America  and  gives  a  succinct 
sketch  of  the  life  and  voyages  of  Christopher  Columbus  from  a  Moslem  point  of 
view.  Certain  political  events  give  rise  to  the  suppositior  that  this  manuscript 
was  written  in  A.  H.  977;  that  is  to  say,  in  1569-70  A.  D.  The  work  was  printed  in 
Constantinople  in  1730.  A  copy  of  it  exists  in  the  library  of  the  School  of  Oriental 
Living  Languages  at  Paris  and  another  in  the  Hodgson  collection  of  the  United 
States  National  Museum,  Washington,  D.  C.  Collected  at  Constantinople  in  1891, 
and  exhibited  by  Dr.  Cyrus  Adler,  United  States  National  Museum. 

DRAWINGS. 

I.  (F.  17.)  The  tree  "  wak  wak,"  with  women  instead  of  fruit.     Discovered  in  an 

island  of  the  Bay  of  Bengal. 
II.  (F.  45.)  Manati,  or  sea  cow,  found  in  the  West  Indies. 

III.  Mauatis,  or  sea  cows,  of  Darien  (F.  55) ;  probably  tapirs. 

IV.  The  "man  fish,"  found  in  Tobago.     (F.  57.) 

V.  Birds  of  the  Moluccas,  whose  flesh  is  supposed  to  possess  medicinal  virtues 

when  prepared  with  spice  and  cinnamon. 
VI.  Duck,  black  swan,  and  monster  pelican  (F.  65  op.),  which  " swallows  three 

babies  at  one  gulp." 
VII.  The  cochineal  cactus. 

VIII.  Wild  bull  and  stag  of  America.    (F.  86  op.) 
IX.  The  city  of  Potosi  and  its  mountains  of  silver. 

X.  Jaguar,  ant-bear,  and  a  rare  animal  which  has  a  natural  seat  on  its  body. 
XI.  A  sloth,  resting  on  the  trunk  of  a  tree,  and  a  maritacaca,  with  its  young. 
XII;  The  cacao  (F.  104).     "  Cures  almost  all  diseases.'7 
XIII.  Various  trees  of  the  New  World. 


192  COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID. 

MAPS   AND   DIAGRAMS. 

F.    6.  Diagram  of  the  equator  and  the  poles. 
F.  11.  Diagram  of  the  zones. 
F.  34.  Map  of  the  Old  World. 
F.  35.  Map  of  the  New  World. 
The  maps  of  the  two  worlds  form  a  single  one. 


EXHIBIT  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES  INDIAN  INDUSTRIAL  SCHOOL 
FOR  THE  EDUCATION  OF  ADULT  INDIANS,  CARLISLE,  PA., 
UNITED  STATES  OF  AMERICA.  ESTABLISHED  IN  1879. 

Number  of  pupils,  812;  male,  492;  female,  320.  Number  of  tribes  represented,  43. 
Total  of  pupils  admitted  to  date,  2,187.  Duration  of  instruction,  five  years,  or  more 
in  necessary  cases.  Voluntary  assistance  of  half  a  day  in  the  school,  and  the  other 
half  in  the  workshop.  'Official  expenses,  $100,000  a  year.  Occupations  and  trades 
taught  in  the  Industrial  School :  Cooking,  sewing,  washing,  nursing,  teaching,  bak 
ing,  blacksmithiug,  carpentry,  belt  making,  shoemaking,  wagon  making,  tinning, 
tailoring,  cabinet  making,  dairy  work,  gardening,  agriculture,  printing.  Education 
jn  all  branches  of  industry,  exclusively  iu  the  English  language.  Superintendent, 
R.  H.  Pratt,  captain  in  the  Tenth  Regiment  of  Cavalry  of  the  United  States  Army. 


EXHIBIT  OF  THE  NAVY  DEPARTMENT. 

MODEL  OF  THE    UNITED  STATES   SHIP-CF-WAR   COLUMBIA,  EXHIBITED 
BY  THE  NAVY  DEPARTMENT. 

So  named  in  honor  of  Christopher  Columbus,  and  built  in  1892,  to  commemorate 
the  fourth  centenary  of  the  discovery  of  America. 

The  ship  is  presented  in  broadside,  with  its  exact  proportions  and  with  all  its  most 
minute  details. 

This  model  was  constructed  expressly  to  be  exhibited  at  this  exhibition. 

UNITED  STATES  THREE-SCREW  CRUISER  COLUMBIA. 

Length  over  all 416  ft.  3  iu . 

Greatest  beam 58  ft.  2 f  in. 

Average  draft 23  ft.  . 

Lanzamiento  on  the  main  deck 17  ft. 

Displacement 7,  550  tons. 

Indicated  horse  power 23,  000. 

Maximum  velocity 22  knots. 

.  ARMAMENT. 

Principal  battery. — One  8-inch  breech-loading  rifle,  two  6-inch  rapid-fire  guns, 
eight  4-inch  rapid-fire  guns. 

Secondary  battery. — Twelve  6-pounder  rapid-fire  guns,  four  1-pounder  rapid-fire 
guns,  four  gatling  guns,  five  torpedo  tubes. 

ARMOR. 

Protected  deck :  . 

Waist inches . .  4 

Forward  and  aft do 2£ 

REDOUBTS. 

Four  4-inch  rapid-fire  guns,  two  6-pounder  rapid-fire  guns. 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID.  193 


EXHIBIT  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES  ARMY  MEDICAL  MUSEUM. 

Skull  of  a  Nisqually  Indian  chief,  Puget   Sound,  Washington.     The  flattening  is 

extraordinary. 
Skull  of  a  Peel  River  Indian,  Fort  McPhefson,  Arctic  America  (Jukkuthkutchin). 

From  Mr.  R.  Kennicott's  collection. 
Skull  of  a  Pawnee  Indian,  near  Fort  Barker,  Kansas.     Presented  by  Dr.  B.  E.  Pryer, 

surgeon,  U.  S.  A. 
Skull  of  an  Arapahoe  Indian  warrior,  from  Fort  Lamed,  Kansas.     Presented  by  Dr. 

W.  H.  Forwood,  assistant  surgeon,  U.  S.  A. 
Skull  of  a   Ponka   Indian,    from  Fort  Randall,  Dakota.     Presented  by  Dr.  A.  J. 

Comfort,  assistant  surgeon,  U.  S.  A. 

Skull  of  a  Piegan  Indian,  of  the  Blackfeet  Nation.     Killed  near  Fort  Shan,  Mon 
tana.     Presented  by  Dr.  F.  L.  Jown,  surgeon,  U.  S.  A. 
Skull   of  a  California   Indian,  from  Santa  Rosa  Island,    California.     From  Rev. 

Stephen  Bowers's  collection. 
Skull  of  a  Brul6  Sioux  Indian,  from  Beaver  Creek,  Nebraska,  4  miles  north  of  Camp 

Sheridan,  Nebraska.    Presented  by  Dr.  W.  H.  Corbusier,  assistant  surgeon,  IT.  S.  A. 
Skull  of  a  Wahpeton  Sioux  Indian,  from  near  Fort  Sissetou,  Dakota.     Presented  by 

Mr.  A.  Geeks,  hospital  steward,  U.  S.  A. 
Skull  of  a  Nez  Perce"  Indian,  from  Bear  Paw  Mountain,  Montana.     Presented  by 

Dr.  David  S.  Snively,  assistant  surgeon,  U.  S.  A. 
Skull  of  an  Eskimo  of  Alaska,  from  the  northwestern  extremity  of  St.  Lawrence 

Island,  Bering  Sea.     From  Mr.  E.  W.  Nelson's  collection. 
Skull  of  an  Alaskan  Eskimo,  from  the   northwestern   extremity  of  St.  Lawrence 

Island,  Bering  Sea.     From  Mr.  E.  W.  Nelson's  collection. 

In  the  same  case  are  seen  "  composite"   craneographic  photographs,  with  the 

apparatus  for  making  them,  and  a  collection  of  craneographic  outlines,  taken 

with  the  craneoscope. 

H.  Ex.  100 13 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  OBJECTS  EXHIBITED  BY  THE  DEPARTMENT  OF 
ARCHEOLOGY  AND  PALEONTOLOGY,  UNIVERSITY  OF  PENNSYLVANIA, 
PHILADELPHIA, 


STEWART  CULIN,  Director  of  the  Museums  of  Archaeology  and  Palaeontology  of  the  University  of  Penn 
sylvania. 


VALLEY  OF  THE   DELAWARE   RIVER. 
CASE  I. 

The  valley  of  the  Delaware  River  embraces  part  of  the  States  of  Pennsylvania, 
New  Jersey,  New  York,  and  Delaware ;  it  is  rich  in  remains  of  its  primitive  inhab 
itants.  The  Cases  I  to  III  contain  different  classes  of  objects  found  in  this  region, 
and  Case  IV  contains  a  special  collection  from  a  limited  area.  The  greater  part  of 
these  objects,  except  those  specially  indicated,  were  found  on  the  surface  of  the 
earth,  and  many  of  them  were  brought  to  light  by  the  plowshare. 

Some  circumstances  excepted,  there  are  no  indications  of  their  precise  antiquity, 
as  they  might  come  from  the  times  of  the  first  contact  with  European  civilization, 
before  the  abandonment  of  stone  implements,  or  from  a  more  remote  epoch. 


1.  Historical  map  of  Pennsylvania,  with 

the  Indian  names  of  the  streams, 
towns,  roads,  sites  of  forts,  battle 
fields,  etc.,  made  by  P.  W.  Sheafer. 
Private  publication  of  the  Penn 
sylvania  Historical  Society.  Phil 
adelphia,  1875. 

2.  Grooved    axe;  weight,    13      pounds: 

Scrabbletown,  New  Jersey. 

3.  Grooved     axe:    Burlington    County, 

New  Jersey. 

4.  Grooved    axe:    Burlington    County, 

New  Jersey. 

5.  Grooved  axe:  Trenton,  New  Jersey. 

6.  Grooved  axe:  Burlington,  New   Jer 

sey. 

7.  Grooved  axe:  Burlington,  New   Jer 

sey. 

8.  Grooved  axe:  Wilmington,  Delaware. 

9.  Grooved    axe:     Burlington    County, 

New  Jersey. 

10.  Grooved  axe :  Delaware  Valley. 

11.  Celt :  Burlington  County,  New  Jersey. 

12.  Celt:  Burlington   County,  New  Jer 

sey. 
194 


13.  Celt:  Burlington   County,  New  Jer 

sey. 

14.  Celt:  Burlington  County,  New  Jer 

sey. 

15.  Celt :  Gloucester,  New  Jersey. 

16.  Celt:  Delaware,  Pennsylvania. 

17.  Celt:  Delaware,  Pennsylvania. 

18.  Celt :  Chalfont,  Bucks  County,  Penn 

sylvania. 

19.  Gouge:  Burlington  County,  New  Jer 

sey. 

20.  Gouge :  Burlington  County,  New  Jer 

sey. 

21.  Gouge :  Burlington  County,  New  Jer- 

'sey. 

22.  Gouge:  Burlington  County,  New  Jer 

sey. 

23.  Gouge:  Burlington  County,  New  Jer 

sey. 

24.  Gouge:  Burlington  County,  New  Jer 

sey. 

25.  Spade  (?):   Doylestown,    Bucks 

County,  Pennsylvania. 

26.  Spade  (?):    Doylestown,     Bucks 

County,  Pennsylvania. 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID. 


195 


27.  Implement  (?):    Bristol,    Bucks 

County,  Pennsylvania. 

28.  Wooden  mortar ;  Indian  manufacture : 

Burlington  County,  New  Jersey. 

29.  Wooden  mortar :  Burlington  County, 

New  Jersey. 

30.  Mortar:    Burlington     County,     New 

Jersey. 

31.  Pestle:      Burlington     County,     New 

Jersey. 


32.  Pestle :  Pennsylvania. 

33.  Pestle :  Salem  County,  New  Jersey. 

34.  Pestle:  Lumberton,  New  Jersey. 

35.  Pestle :    Durham,       Bucks      County, 

Pennsylvania. 

36.  Grinding    stone:    Western    Pennsyl 

vania. 

37.  Cup-shaped  stone. 


CASE  II. 


1.  Three  discoidal  stones:    Burlington 

County,  New  Jersey. 

2.  Stone   disk:    Germantown,    Pennsyl 

vania. 

3.  Three  perforated  stones:    Gloucester 

County,  New  Jersey. 

4.  Worked     stone :     Burlington,    New 

Jersey. 

5.  Sinker :  Camden,  New  Jersey. 

6.  Sinker:  Gloucester,  New  Jersey. 

7.  Sinker:     Burlington     County,     New  j 

Jersey. 

8.  Sinker:     Burlington     County,    New  j 

Jersey. 

9.  Sinker:     Burlington     County,    New 

Jersey. 

10.  Drilled  stone:  Trenton,  New  Jersey. 

11.  Worked  stone  (?):  New  Jersey. 

12.  Worked  stone:    Doylestowu,    Bucks 

County,  Pennsylvania. 

13.  Worked  stone:   Burlington  County, 

New  Jersey. 

14.  Worked  stone:    Burlington  County, 

New  Jersey. 

15.  Ground  and    polished    stone:     New 

Jersey. 

16.  Semilunar  slate  knife :    Wilmington, 

Delaware. 

17.  Semilunar   slate   knife:     Burlington 

County,  New  Jersey, 

18.  Gorget :     Burlington     County,    New 

Jersey. 

19.  Gorget:     Burlington     County,    New 

Jersey. 

20.  Gorget:  Ocean  County,  New  Jersey. 

21.  Gorget:  Trenton,  New  Jersey. 

22.  Pendants:    Burlington  Island,   New  j 

Jersey. 

23.  Gorget:     Burlington     County,    New 

Jersey. 

24.  Gorget:    Northumberland,    Pennsyl 

vania. 

25.  Gorget:  Pennsylvania. 


26.  Gorget:  Pennsylvania. 

27.  Gorget :     Burlington    County,     New 

Jersey. 

28.  Fragment  of  engraved  gorget :   Mar 

shall  Island,  Bucks  County,  Penn 
sylvania. 

29.  Gorget:  Pennsylvania. 

30.  Ceremonial    object:     Burlington 

County,  New  Jersey. 

31.  Ceremonial    object:     Burlington 

County,  New  Jersey. 

32.  Ceremonial    object:     Burlington 

County,  New  Jersey. 

33.  Ceremonial    object:     Burlington 

County,  New  Jersey. 

34.  Ceremonial    object:     Burlington 

County,  New  Jersey. 

35.  Ceremonial    object:     Burlington 

County,  New  Jersey. 

36.  Ceremonial    object:     Burlington 

County,  New  Jersey. 

37.  Ceremonial  object:  Bridgeport,  New 

Jersey. 

38.  Ceremonial  object:   Bridgeport,  New 

Jersey. 

39.  Ceremonial  object  (fragment   show 

ing  method  of  drilling) :  Trenton, 
New  Jersey. 

40.  Pipe:  Pennsylvania. 

41.  Pipe:  Burlington  County,  New  Jer 

sey. 

42.  Pipe,  catlinite. 

43.  Pipe,  catlinite. 

44.  Pipe:  Burlington  County,  New  Jer 

sey. 

45.  Pipe,  with  double  face:    Burlington 

County,  New  Jersey. 

46.  Pipe,     resembling     the     preceding, 

found  in  Allegheny  County,  Penn 
sylvania. 

47.  Four    clay    pipestems:      Burlington 

County,  New  Jersey. 


196 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID. 


48.  Iron     tomahawk:     Bucks     County, 

Pennsylvania. 

49.  Three  conical  beads  of  iron  and  cop 

per  :  Burlington  County,  New  Jer 
sey. 

50.  Thirteen  fragments  of  pottery :  Bur 

lington  County,  New  Jersey. 

51.  Two  hundred  and  two  notched  peb- 

bles  :     Point    Pleasant,    Bucks 
County,  Pennsylvania. 


This  series  of  notched  pebbles,  or 
"  net  sinkers/'  was  found  buried  at 
Point  Pleasant,  Bucks  County, 
Pennsylvania.  It  has  been  claimed 
that  these  simple  implements  had 
also  other  uses  than  that  indicated 
by  the  name  of ' '  net  sinkers,"  which 
is  very  probable,  as  they  are  fre 
quently  found  in  ash  pits  and  in 
other  places  a  great  distance  from 
the  water. 


CASE  III. 

1.  Ten  argillite  stones,  roughly  flaked :  Trenton,  New  Jersey. 

2.  Argillite  stone,  roughly  flaked :  Morrisville,  Bucks  County,  Pennsylvania. 

3.  Eight  argillite  stones,  roughly  flaked:  Point   Pleasant,  Bucks   County,  Penn 

sylvania. 
These  are  the  objects  which  have  been  designated  as  palaeolithic  implements. 

4.  Argillite  stone,  roughly  flaked:  Trenton,  New  Jersey. 

5.  Five  argillite  stones,  roughly  flaked. 

6.  Eighteen  stones,  roughly  flaked:  Point  Pleasant,  Bucks  County,  Pennsylvania. 

7.  Argillite  blade :  Point  Pleasant,  Bucks  County,  Pennsylvania. 

8.  One  hundred  and  sixteen  argillite  blades :  Point  Pleasant,  Bucks  County,  Penn 

sylvania. 

These  objects  were  discovered  in  a  cache  in  an  island  in  the  Delaware  River, 
Bucks  County,  Pennsylvania,  by  Mr.  Henry  C.  Mercer,  of  Doylestown,  Penn 
sylvania. 

Deposits  of  objects  of  the  same  kind,  apparently  intended  to  serve  as  materials 
for  the  manufacture  of  implements,  have  been  discovered  in  various  localities 
east  of  the  Mississippi  River.  The  continuation  of  The  History  of  Travaile 
in  Virginia,  by  William  Strachey,  treats  of  this  subject. 

Their  maize  and,  no  doubt,  their  copper,  hatchets,  horses,  wampum,  beads,  and 
many  other  of  their  articles  were  of  great  value,  owing  to  the  estimation  which 
they  attached  to  them.  The  Indians  hid  them  from  each  other  in  the  earth  or 
the  woods,  where  they  kept  them  whole  years,  until  they  needed  them. 

9.  Flat  stone,  with  worked  edges :  Found  in  the  cache  above  mentioned. 

10.  Four  spearheads :  Lumberton,  Burlington  County,  New  Jersey. 

11.  Eight  spearheads :  Lumberton,  Burlington  County,  New  Jersey. 

12.  Thirteen  spearheads :  Trenton,  New  Jersey. 

13.  Four  arrow  or  spear  heads :  Trenton,  New  Jersey. 

14.  Nine  flaked  blades,  usually  described  as  knives,  but  probably  " blanks,"  which 

were  made  to  be  wrought  into  arrowheads,  etc. :  From  a  cache  containing  some 
200.     Lumberton,  New  Jersey. 

15.  Flaked  stone,  probably  a  "blank:"  From  a  cache  which   contained  some   150 

similar  specimens,  found  in  a  meadow  about  3  miles  south  of  Trenton,  New 
Jersey. 

NOTE. — According  to  the  observations  of  Mr.  William  H.  Holmes,  it  was  custom 
ary  to  dress  the  stones  in  the  quarry  in  the  manner  resembling  Nos.  14  and 
15,  in  order  to  facilitate  their  transportation.  The  form  that  was  wanted  was 
afterwards  given  to  these  "blanks." 

16.  Three  flaked  stones,  resembling  the  preceding:  Mercer  County,  New  Jersey. 

17.  Two  flaked  stones,  resembling  the  preceding :  Burlington  County,  New  Jersey. 

18.  Flaked  implement :  Burlington  County,  New  Jersey. 

19.  Two  spearheads :  Burlington  County,  New  Jersey. 


COLUMBIAN   HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION   AT    MADRID.  197 

20.  Spear:  Burlington  County,  New  Jersey. 

21.  Two  spearheads :  Gloucester  County,  New  Jersey 

22.  Spearhead:  Chester  County,  Pennsylvania. 

23.  Spearhead :  Burlington  County,  New  Jersey. 

24.  Spearhead:  Burlington  County,  New  Jersey. 

25.  Spearhead:  Sussex,  New  Jersey. 

26.  Sword  (?) :  Cape  May  County,  New  Jersey. 

27.  Five  arrowheads :  Burlington  County,  New  Jersey. 

28.  Three  arrowheads :  Trenton,  New  Jersey. 

29.  Arrowhead:  Trenton,  New  Jersey. 

30.  Two  arrowheads :  Burlington  County,  New  Jersey. 

31.  Five  arrowheads :  Burlington  County,  New  Jersey. 

32.  Four  arrowheads :  Burlington  County,  New  Jersey. 

33.  Six  spearheads:  Burlington  County,  New  Jersey. 

34.  Four  arrowheads:  Burlington  County,  New  Jersey. 

35.  Four  arrowheads :  Trenton,  New  Jersey. 

36.  Fifteen  arrowheads,  Burlington  County,  New  Jersey. 

37.  Eleven  arrowheads:  Trenton,  New  Jersey. 

38.  Five  awls :  Burlington  County,  New  Jersey. 

39.  Five  awls:  Trenton,  New  Jersey. 

40.  Six  scrapers :  Trenton,  New  Jersey. 

41.  Scraper :  Burlington  County,  New  Jersey. 
42,.  Scraper:  Lumberton,  New  Jersey. 

43.  Three  knives  ( ?) :  Trenton,  New  Jersey. 

44.  Three  blades  of  argillite :  Trenton,  New  Jersey. 

CASE  IV. 
Riegelsville,  Bucks  County,  Pennsylvania. 

The  objects  exhibited  in  this  case  were  found  on  the  site  of  the  old  village  inhab 
ited  by  Shawnee  Indians,  near  Riegelsville,  Bucks  County,  Pennsylvania,  which  is 
thought  to  have  been  given  to  them  by  the  Delawares  (Lenni  Lenape")  in  1680,  and 
which  was  abandoned  in  1727-1728. 

The  village  was  called  "  Pechot-Woalhenk/'  which  means  "  great  hollow  in  the 
ground,"  doubtless  with  reference  to  the  large  cave  Avhich  was  within  its  limits, 
and  of  which  a  part  still  exists. 


1.  Grooved  axe. 

2.  Grooved  axe. 

3.  Grooved  axe. 

4.  Grooved  axe. 

5.  Celt. 

6.  Celt. 

7.  Celt. 

8.  Grooved  hammer. 


19.  Ceremonial  object. 

20.  Ceremonial  object. 

21.  Ceremonial  object. 

22.  Ceremonial  object. 

23.  Ceremonial  object. 

24.  Iron  tomahawk. 

25.  Drilled  stone. 

26.  Glass  bead. 


9.  Grooved  hammer.  27.  Drilled  pendant. 

10.  Ten  stone  balls.  j  28.  Engraved  pestle. 


29.  Ten  pestles. 

30.  Two  discoid al  pieces  of  argillite. 

31.  Two  discoidal  stones,  engraved. 

32.  Four  fragments  of  argillite,  probably 


11.  Thirteen  pestles. 

12.  Stone  cup. 

13.  Mortar. 

14.  Pestle. 

15.  Pestle.  rejected  in  working. 

16.  Pestle.  33.  Five  flaked  stones,  similar  to  the  pre- 
17.  Pestle.  ceding  ones. 

18.  Ceremonial  object. 


198 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID. 


34.  Stone  blade. 

35.  Six  argillite  spearheads. 

36.  Thirteen  argillite  spearheads. 

37.  Eight  argillite  spearheads. 

38.  Twenty-four  argillite  spearheads. 

39.  Eighty-four  argillite  arrowheads. 


The  distinction  between  the  spears, 
the  arrows,  and  the  perforating 
objects  frequently  can  not  be  made. 

40.  Three  scrapers. 

41.  Two  awls. 

42.  Fourteen  fragments  of  pottery. 


STATE  OF  OHIO. 
CASE  V. 

The  objects  from  Ohio  are  usually  of  better  workmanship  than  those  of  the  eastern 
coast  of  the  United  States.  Many  of  those  found  in  mounds  are  worked  to  great  per 
fection.  The  greater  part  of  the  specimens  exhibited  in  this  case  are  from  the  col 
lection  of  Dr.  Daniel  G.  Brinton,  of  Philadelphia,  by  whom  they  were  presented  to 
the  museum  of  the  university. 


1.  Grooved  axe. 

2.  Grooved  axe. 

3.  Grooved  axe. 

4.  Grooved  axe. 

5.  Grooved  axe. 

6.  Grooved  axe. 

7.  Grooved  axe. 

8.  Celt. 

9.  Celt. 

10.  Celt. 

11.  Celt. 

12.  Celt. 

13.  Celt. 

14.  Celt. 

15.  Celt. 

16.  Celt. 

17.  Celt  of  hematite. 
1*<.  Copper  celt. 

19.  Celt. 

20.  Chisel. 

21.  Grooved  hammer. 

22.  Pestle. 

23.  Pestle. 

24.  Pestle. 

25.  Pestle. 

26.  Pestle. 

27.  Pestle. 

28.  Mortar  and  pestle. 

29.  Discoidal  stone. 

30.  Discoidal  stone. 

31.  Discoidal  stone. 

32.  Worked  stone. 

33.  Worked  stone. 

34.  Worked  stone. 

35.  Hematite  paint  stone. 

36.  Paint  stone  of  hematite. 

37.  Ring. 

38.  Perforated  stone  disk. 

39.  Perforated  stone  disk. 


40.  Perforated  stone  disk:  Ross  County. 

41.  Ball  with  imperfect  hole. 

42.  Gorget :  Ross  County. 

43.  Gorget. 

44.  Gorget. 

45.  Gorget. 

46.  Gorget. 

47.  Gorget. 

48.  Gorget. 

49.  Gorget. 

50.  Gorget. 

51.  Gorget. 

52.  Gorget. 

53.  Of  shell  Ceremonial,  object :  Auglaize 

County. 

54.  Ceremonial  object :  Warren  County. 

55.  Ceremonial  object. 

56.  Ceremonial  object:  Auglaize  County. 

57.  Ceremonial  object. 

58.  Cross. 

59.  Bird-  shaped  stone. 

60.  Bird-shaped  stone. 

61.  Bird-shaped  stone. 

62.  Boat-shaped  stone. 

63.  Boat-shaped  stone. 

64.  Ornament  (?). 

65.  Ceremonial  object. 

66.  Ceremonial  object:  Ross  County. 

67.  Worked  stone. 

68.  Worked  stone. 

69.  Ceremonial  ornament. 

70.  Ceremonial  object. 

71.  Pipe. 

72.  Pipe. 

73.  Catlinite  pipe. 

74.  Five  rudely  flaked  blades. 

75.  Rudely  flaked  blade :  Allen  County. 

76.  Flaked  stone :  Clermont  County. 

77.  Flaked  stone :  Warren  County. 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID. 


199 


78.  Flaked  stone. 

79.  Flaked  implements :  Warren  County. 

80.  Three  implements. 

81.  Seven  flaked  implements. 

82.  Three  spearheads. 

83.  Spearhead:  Hardin  County. 

84.  Spearhead:  Flint  Ridge. 

85.  Thirteen  spearheads. 

86.  Spearhead:  Warren  County. 

87.  Spearhead. 

88.  Spearhead :  Allen  County. 

89.  Six  spearheads. 

90.  Two  spearheads :  Chillicothe. 


91.  Seven  spearheads. 

92.  Sixteen  arrowheads. 

93.  Six    arrowheads:   Blennerhasset 

Island. 

94.  Twelve  arrowheads. 

95.  Awl:  Pike  County. 

96.  Two  awls  :  Warren  County. 

97.  Three  awls. 

98.  Seinilunar  knife. 

99.  Thirteen  scrapers. 

100.  Scraper:  Brown  County. 

101.  Three  scrapers. 


FLINT  RIDGE,  LICKING  COUNTY,  OHIO. 
CASE  VI. 

From  the  chert  quarries  of  Flint  Ridge,  Licking  County,  Ohio,  the  Indians  of  the 
adjacent  country  obtained  the  materials  for  their  chipped  implements.  The  deposit 
lies  between  the  cities  of  Newark  and  Zanesville,  and  forms  a  ridge  of  rock  10  miles 
in  length.  The  ridge  displays  on  all  sides  the  trenches  and  pits  made  by  the  ancient 
quarriers. 

The  quality  of  the  stone  varies,  and  is  principally  of  three  kinds:  Chert,  jasper, 
and  chalcedony.  Specimens  of  these  various  stones,  in  worked  condition,  have 
been  found  in  the  States  of  Indiana,  Kentucky,  at  the  source  of  the  Kanawha 
River,  and  in  the  Allegheny  River,  near  the  boundary  of  the  State  of  New  York. 
Many  objects  of  this  stone  have  also  been  found  in  mounds  widely  distributed. 

It  is  thought  that  tbe  Indians  first  removed  the  upper  covering  of  earth,  which  is, 
in  many  places,  9  or  10  feet  deep,  and  on  reaching  the  flint  made  a  large  fire  on  the 
rock,  in  order  that  the  heat  might  crack  it,  and  they  then  probably  threw  water  on 
it  to  expedite  the  work. 

Large  quantities  of  flakes,  broken  arrowheads,  knives,  etc.,  found  in  the  vicinity 
of  Flint  Ridge,  give  reason  for  the  belief  that  the  greater  part  of  the  materials 
were  worked  in  the  quarry  itself;  but  fragments  found  at  great  distances,  some 
times  a  hundred  miles  or  more  from  the  quarries,  indicate  that,  after  diminishing 
the  weight  of  the  blocks  by  chipping  them  hastily,  they  carried  them  away  to  give 
them  suitable  form. 

The  quarrier,  to  shape  his  block,  knocked  off  flakes  with  a  stone  hammer,  hun 
dreds  of  which  of  different  sizes  are  found  scattered  over  the  country. 

1.  Fourteen  stone  hammers  of  various  sizes. 

2.  Two  large  masses  of  flint. 

3.  Twenty-one  masses  of  flint,  partly  flaked. 

4.  Twenty-three  flaked  flints  worked  in  the  quarry,  more  or  less  imperfectly,  and 

commonly  designated  as  " blanks"  or  leaf-shaped  blades. 

5.  Nine  spearheads. 

6.  Twenty-four  spearheads  or  knives. 

7.  Five  knives. 

8.  One  hundred  and  one  arrowheads. 

9.  Forty-two  scrapers. 

10.  Eleven  awls. 

11.  One  hundred  and  thirty-six  small  flakes. 

12.  Flint  cores  from  which  knives  have  been  flaked. 

13.  Twelve  large  flakes. 


200 


COLUMBIAN   HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID. 


IREDELL  COUNTY,  NORTH  CAROLINA. 
CASE  VII. 


1.  Grooved  stone  axe. 

2.  Grooved  stone  axe. 

3.  Grooved  stone  axe. 

4.  Grooved  stone  axe. 

5.  Grooved  stone  axe. 

6.  Grooved  stone  axe. 

7.  Grooved  stone  axe. 

8.  Stone  pestle. 

9.  Discoidal  stone. 

10.  Discoidal  stone. 

11.  Stone  ball. 

12.  Stone  ball. 

13.  Stone  ball. 

14.  Stone  ball. 


15.  Stone  ball. 

16.  Fragment  of  steatite  pipe. 

17.  Steatite  pipe. 

18.  Steatite  pipe. 

19.  Seven  fragments  of  pottery. 

20.  Nine'  chipped  blades. 

21.  Six  dressed  knives  or  spearheads. 

22.  Three  spearheads. 

23.  Nine  spearheads. 

24.  Forty-one  spear  or  arrowheads. 

25.  Six  roughly  flaked  stones. 

26.  Four  knives  (?). 

27.  Arrowheads. 

28.  Five  awls. 


FLORIDA. 


CASE  VIII. 


sp.): 


1.  Twenty  roughly  worked    stones, 

probably  rejected  in  the  quarry: 
Marco  Pass,  southwest  coast. 

2.  Three  worked  stones,  like  the  preced 

ing:   St.   Johns  Island,  Hernando 
County. 

3.  Polishing  stone :  Punta  Rassa. 

4.  Polishing  stone :  Punta  Rassa. 

5.  Celt. 

6.  Celt. 

7.  Celt:  Levy  County. 

8.  Perforated     shell     (strombus 

Marco  Pass,  southwest  coast. 

9.  Perforated     shell     (strombus 

Marco  Pass,  southwest  coast. 

10.  Perforated     shell     (strombus 

Marco  Pass,  southwest  coast. 

11.  Perforated      shell     (strombus 

Marco  Pass,  southwest  coast. 

12.  Perforated     shell     (strombus 

Marco  Pass,  southwest  coast. 

13.  Perforated     shell     (strombus 

Marco  Pass,  southwest  coast. 

14.  Perforated     shell     (strombus 

Marco  Pass,  southwest  coast. 

15.  Perforated     shell     (strombus 

Marco  Pass,  southwest  coast. 

16.  Perforated     shell     (strombus 

Marco  Pass,  southwest  coast. 

17.  Perforated     shell     (strombus 

Marco  Pass,  southwest  coast. 

18.  Perforated     shell     (strombus 

Marco  Pass,  southwest  coast. 


19. 
20. 

21. 
22. 

23. 
24. 

25. 


26. 

sp.): 

27. 

28. 

sp.): 

29. 

30. 

sp.): 

31. 

sp.): 

32. 

sp.): 

33. 

sp.): 

34. 

sp.): 

35. 

sp.): 

36. 

sp.): 

37. 

sp.): 

Perforated  shell  (strombus  sp.): 
Marco  Pass,  southwest  coast. 

Perforated  shell  (strombus  sp.): 
Marco  Pass,  southwest  coast. 

Dish,  worked  shell :  Punta  Rassa. 

Five  sinkers,  shell:  Marco  Pass, 
southwest  coast. 

Eighteen  sinkers,  shell :  Punta  Rassa. 

Five  disks,  shell :  Marco  Pass,  south 
west  coast. 

Two  disks,  shell:  Goodland  Point, 
near  Cape  Roman. 

Disk,  shell:  Punta  Rassa. 

Spoon,  shell :  Punta  Rassa. 

Two  spoons,  shell:  Alafia  River. 

Worked  shell :  Punta  Rassa. 

Worked  shell:  Marco  Pass,  south 
west  coast. 

Two  fragments  of  shell  rings:  Marco 
Pass,  southwest  coast. 

Two  fragments  of  pottery :  Marco 
Pass,  southwest  coast. 

Six  fragments  of  pottery :  South  Flor 
ida. 

Three  fragments  of  pottery:  West 
Florida. 

Fragment  of  pottery :  Mound,  Tampa 
Bay. 

Seven  fragments  of  pottery,  Gulf 
Park,  Heruando  County. 

Fragment  of  pottery. 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID. 


201 


The  articles  which  follow,  from  No.  38  to  No.  102,  inclusive,  were  found  in  the  shell 
heaps  at  Punta  Rassa,  dating  from  the  time  of  the  Spaniards. 

The  stone  objects  are  of  Indian  manufacture;  those  of  metal  are  chiefly  of  Euro 
pean  origin. 

The  rough  beads  of  gold  are  made  of  native  gold  dust,  probably  brought  from 
Georgia  or  North  Carolina. 

The  large  beads  are  of  glass. 


38.  Fragment  of  a  human  skull. 

39.  Human  lower  jaw. 

40.  Two  fragments  of  pelvis. 

41.  Three  human  bones,  femur. 

42.  Six  silver  disks. 

43.  Silver  ornament  in  the  form  of  a  bird's 

head. 

44.  Silver  cross. 

45.  Silver  cross. 

46.  String  of  silver  beads. 

47.  Silver  beads. 

48.  String  of  shell  and  glass  beads. 

49.  String  of  shell  and  glass  beads. 

50.  String  of  shell  and  glass  beads. 

51.  Bead.   - 

52.  Grooved  bead. 

53.  String  of  glass  beads. 

54.  String  of  glass  beads. 

55.  String  of  glass  beads. 

56.  String  of  glass  beads. 

57.  Three  strings  of  small  glass  beads. 

58.  Two  strings  of  small  shell  and  glass 

beads. 

59.  String  of  glass  beads. 

60.  String  of  glass  and  amber  beads. 

61.  Two  shell  beads. 

62.  Coral  bead. 

63.  Brass  buttons. 

64.  Gilt  bead  and  two  metal  buttons. 

65.  Earrings  of  blue  glass. 

66.  Imitation  precious  stone,  blue. 

67.  Two  fragments  of  cut  glass. 

68.  Carved  ornament  of  bone  in  the  form 

of  a  bird. 

69.  Implement  of  carved  bone. 

70.  Bone  awl. 

71.  Two  carved  bone  beads. 

72.  Fragment  of  the  end  of  a  bone. 

73.  Bone  arrowhead. 

74.  Three  bullets. 

75.  Lead  plummet. 


76.  Small  shell  plummet. 

77.  Ornament  of  metal,  gilded. 

78.  Ornament,  copper. 

79.  Ornament,  brass. 

80.  Two  fragments  of  copper  ornaments. 

81.  Three  fragments  of  metal  ornaments. 

82.  Two  metal  disks. 

83.  Head  of  a  pair  of  brass  compasses. 

84.  Fragment  of  a  Spanish  sword  hilt, 

with  the  arms  of  Leon  audCastile. 
85    Fragment  of  a  sword  blade. 

86.  Fragment  of  iron. 

87.  Iron  key. 

88.  Iron  axe. 

89.  Four  fossil  shark  teeth. 

90.  Two  fragments  of  glazed  pottery. 

91.  Fragment  of  pottery. 

92.  Fragment  of  glass. 

93.  Two  large  gold  beads. 

94.  Two  oval  gold  beads. 

95.  Small  oval  gold  bead. 

96.  Oval  gold  bead. 

97.  Oval  gold  bead. 

98.  Oval  gold  bead. 

99.  Long  gold  bead. 

100.  Gold  disk. 

101.  Two  gold  beads. 

102.  Small  gold  bead. 

103.  Finger  ring. 

104.  Pipe  carved  in  the  form  of  a  bird : 

Southwest  coast. 

105.  Copper  pendant. 

106.  Carved  bone  in  form  of  a  bird. 

107.  Die. 

108.  Silver  disk  found  in  a  pile  of  shells; 

Estero  Bay. 

109.  Fragment  of  hammered  gold. 

110.  Two  gold  beads. 

111.  Fragment  of  pottery:  Gulf   Park, 

Hernando  County. 


202  COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION   AT    MADRID. 


PUBLICATIONS  OF  THE  DEPARTMENT  OF  ARCHEOLOGY  AND 
PALEONTOLOGY  OF  THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  PENNSYLVANIA, 
PHILADELPHIA. 

1.  Annual  Report  of  the  Curator  of  the  Museum  of  American  Archaeology,  Philadel 

phia,  1891. 

2.  Catalogue  of  the  Loan  Exhibition.     Objects  used  in  the  religious  ceremonies,  and 

charms  and  implements  for  divination,  1892. 

3.  Addresses  Delivered  at  the  Opening  Ceremonies  of  the  Exhibition  of  Objects 

Used  in  Worship  (Philadelphia,  1892). 


COLLECTION  OF   ABORIGINAL   INDIAN  SKULLS  EXHIBITED   BY  THE 
ACADEMY  OF  NATURAL  SCIENCES  OF  PHILADELPHIA, 


STEWART  CULIN,  Active  Member  of  the  Academy. 


The  forty-four  skulls  forming  this  collection  represent  thirty-five 
Indian  tribes  of  the  United  States,  found  in  graves  and  mounds. 
Many  of  these  tribes  are  extinct. 

This  collection  possesses  great  historic  interest.  It  forms  part  of  the 
celebrated  collection  of  human  skulls  made  by  Mr.  Samuel  George 
Morton,  of  Philadelphia,  and  referred  to  by  him  in  his  great  work 
Crania  Americana.  A.  copy  of  this  work  is  also  exhibited.  Some  of 
these  specimens  are  engraved  in  this  work. 

The  interior  capacity  of  the  skulls  is  given  in  cubic  inches. 

NOTE. — The  skulls  are  classified  according  to  the  language  of  the 
stock  to  which  they  belong,  following  the  system  of  linguistic  classifica 
tion  of  the  Bureau  of  Ethnology. 

ALGOXQUIAN   STOCK. 

Skull  of  a  Lenape  or  Delaware  Indian:  Woman  40  years  old.     Facial  angle,  76°; 

cubic  inches,  82.     (Crania  Americana,  pi.  82,  p.  159.) 

Skull  of  Menominee  Indian  :  Woman  40  years  old.    Facial  angle,  76° ;  cubic  inches,  87. 
Skull  of  Miami  Indian  :  Woman  40  years  old.     Facial  angle,  79°  ;  cubic  inches,  81. 
Skull  of  Narragansett  Indian  :  Woman  80  years  old.     Cubic  inches,  84. 
Skull  of  Ottigamie  or  Fox  Indian  of  Wisconsin:  Man  50  years  old.     Facial  angle, 

82° ;  cubic  inches,  92.     (Crania  Americana.) 
Skull  of  Nantick  Indian  of  Nantucket. 
Skull  of  Nantick  Indian  of  Nantucket. 

Skull  of  an  Ottawa  warrior:  75  years  old.     Cubic  inches,  89. 
Skull  of  Indian  of  the  Penobscot  tribe  of  Maine:  Man  50  years  old.     Facial  angle, 

76°;  cubic  inches,  80. 
Skull  of  the  young  Pottawatomie :  A  warrior  20  years  old,  who  killed  Majimik,  the 

chief  of  the  Miamis,  at  the  Wabash  River,  in  1841,  and  who,  in  his  turn,  died  at 

the  hands  of  the  Miamis. 

Skull  of  Sac  Indian :  Woman  40  years  old.     Cubic  inches,  98. 
Shawnee  ( ?)  Indian  of  Ohio :  Cubic  inches,  87. 

ATHAPASKAN   STOCK. 

Skull  of  Chippewa  Indian:  Man  30  years  old.     Facial  angle,  73°;  cubic  inches,  85. 

CHITIMACHAN   STOCK. 

Skull  of  Chitimacha  Indian  of  Louisiana:  Man  50  years  old.     Facial  angle,  71°; 
cubic  inches,  75.     (Crania  Americana,  pi.  19,  p.  163.) 

203 


204  COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID. 


CADDOAX    STOCK. 


Skull  of  Arickara  Indian  of  the  Missouri   River:    Woman   50   years  old.      Cubic 

inches,  80. 
Fikull  of  Pawnee  Indian  of  Platte  River:  Woman  30  years  old.     Facial  angle,  75°; 

cubic  inches,  75.     (Crania  Americana,  pi.  38.) 

CHINOOK AX   STOCK. 

Skull  of  Chinook  Indian  of  Oregon:  Woman  60  years  old.  Facial  angle,  73°;  cubic 
inches,  82.  Natural  form. 

CHUMASKAN   STOCK. 

Skull  of  Indian  of  Santa  Barbara,  Cal. 

IROQUOIAN   STOCK. 

Skull  of  Cherokee  Indian :  Woman  20  years  old.     Facial  angle,  74° ;  cubic  inches,  84. 
Skull  of  Huron  Indian :  Woman  40  years  old.     Cubic  inches,  83.     Found  in  a  mound 

near  Michigan  Strait  in  1844. 
Skull  of  Iroquois  Indian  ( ?) :  Exhumed,  with  many  others,  near  Lake  Erie,  about  20 

miles  east  of  the  Niagara,  in  1824.     Facial  angle,  74° ;  cubic  inches,  103. 
•Skull  of  Mohawk  Indian:  Woman  16  years  old.     Exhumed  near  Manheim,  N.  Y. 

Cubic  inches,  81. 

KITUNAHAX   STOCK. 

Skull  of  the  Chief  Cootonay  (Blackfoot),  called  the  "  Bloody  Hand":  50  years  old 
Facial  angle,  75°;  cubic  inches,  88.  Missouri  River,  1845. 

MUSKHOGEAN   STOCK. 

Skull  of  Athla-Ficksa,  Maskoki,  or  Creek  chief:  50  years  old.     Facial  angle,  72°; 

cubic  inches,  97.     (Crania  Americana,  pi.  26,  p.  170.) 
Skull  of  a  Seminole  warrior  of  Florida:  50  years  old.     Facial  angle,  72°;  cubic 

inches,  96.     (Crania  Americana,  pi.  22,  p.  166.) 
Skull  of  Yamasi  (?)  Indian  of  Florida:  Man  50  years  old. 

SALISHAN    STOCK. 

Skull  of  Indian  of  the  Klatsoui  tribe  of  Oregon:  Man  50  years  old.  Facial  angle, 
70°;  cubic  inches,  75.  Artificially  compressed.  (Crania  Americana,  pi.  44,  p. 
210). 

Skull  of  Nass  Indian  of  Fort  Simpson,  Washington  Territory. 

SHOSHONEAX    STOCK. 

Skull  of  Shoshone  Indian;  Women  40  years  old.     Cubic  inches,  72. 

SIOUAX  STOCK. 

Skull  of  Assinaboine  Indian  of  Missouri :  Woman  20  years  old.     Cubic  inches,  85. 
Skull  of  Aubsaroke  or  Crow  Indian:  Woman  40  years  old.     Cubic  inches,  95  (1845). 
Skull  of  Dacota  or  Sioux  Indian  of  Wisconsin :  Man  20  years  old. 
Skull  of  Mandan  Indian  of  the  Upper  Missouri :  Man  40  years  old.     Cubic  inches,  91. 
Skull  of  Minnetare  or  Gros-Ventre  Indian  of  the  Missouri :  Man  40  years  old.     Cubic 

inches,  94. 

Skull  of  an  Otoe  warrior  of  the  Upper  Missouri :  50  years  old.     Cubic  inches,  83. 
Skull  of  a  Winnebago  warrior :  Facial  angle,  79° ;  cubic  inches,  92. 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION   AT    MADRID.  205 

UNIDENTIFIED. 

Skull  of  Indian,  found  in  a  tomb  at  Steubenville,  Ohio. 

Skull  of  Indian,  found  in  a  tomb  at  Steubenville,  Ohio :  Man  60  years  old.     Facial 

angle,  77°. 

Skull  of  Indian,  found  in  a  tomb  at  Steubenville,  Ohio:  Facial  angle,  79°. 
Skull  of  Indian,  found  in  a  tomb  at  Steubenville,  Ohio. 
Skull  of  Indian,  found  in  a  mound  about  3  miles  from  the  mouth  of  Huron  River, 

Ohio:  Woman  60  years  old. 

Skull  of  Indian,  found  in  a  mound  at  Chillicothe,  Ohio :  Man  60  years  old.     1846. 
Skull  of  Indian,  found  in  a  mound  in  Butler  County,  Ohio. 
Skull  of  Indian,  found  in  an  ancient  mound  in   Illinois :  Man  70  years  old.     Cubic 

inches,  80. 
Crania  Americana,   or  a  Comparative  View  of  the   Skulls  of  Various  Aboriginal 

Nations  of  the  North  and  South  of  America,  by  Samuel  George  Morton,  M.  D. ; 

296  pages,  4to.     72  plates.     Philadelphia,  1839. 
Catalogue  of  the  Collection  of  Human  Skulls  in  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences 

of  Philadelphia,  by  J.  Aitken  Meigs,  M.  D.     112  pages.     Philadelphia,  1875. 


AMERICAN  MEDALS,  PAPER  MONEY,  AND  WORKS  ON  AMERICAN  COINS 
AND  PAPER  CURRENCY,  EXHIBITED  BY  THE  NUMISMATIC  AND 
ANTIQUARIAN  SOCIETY  OF  PHILADELPHIA, 


STEWART  CULIN,  Recording  Secretary  of  the  Society. 


Fifty  medals  of  Gen.  George  Washington. 

Fifty  medals  of  eminent  Americans. 

Fourteen  medals  of  the  War  of  the  Revolution  and  the  Independence  of  America. 

Forty  A.mericau  medals,  religious,  political,  and  miscellaneous. 

Collection  of  paper  money,  220  specimens  (1800  to  1863). 

This  paper  money  was  issued  by  the  State  and  private  hanks  and  commercial 

houses,  from  1800  to  1863,  before  the  creation  of  the  national  banks  and  the 

currency  of  the  national  paper. 
Collection  of  the  fractional  currency  of  the  United  States.     Fifty  specimens  (1862 

to  1876). 
By  act  of  Congress,  in  1862,  the  issue  of  paper  money  of  less  value  than  $1 

was  authorized,  of  which  a  total  amount  of  $368,720,079.51  was  issued  from  1862 

to  1876,  in  five  series.     Of  this  amount  $6,903,462.62  remained  in  circulation  on 

the  30th  of  June,  1892. 

PUBLICATIONS  OF  THE  NUMISMATIC  AND  ANTIQUARIAN  SOCIETY 

OF  PHILADELPHIA. 

1.  Constitution  and  By-Laws.  1870. 

2.  The  Falsification  of  Antique  Coins.     By  H.  K.  Harzfeld,  1879. 

3.  Presentation  of  a  Silver  Medal  to  Hon.  Eli  K.  Price,  president,  1879. 

4.  The  Remains  of  an  Aboriginal  Encampment  at  Rehoboth,  Delaware.     By  Francis 

Jordan,  jr.,  1880. 

5.  Some  Modern  Monetary  Questions,  Viewed  by  the  Light  of  Antiquity.     By  Robert 

Noxon  Toppan,  1881. 

6.  The  Books  of  Chilan  Balan.     By  Daniel  G.  Brinton. 

7.  Act  and  Bull. 

8.  William  Penn's  Landing  in  Pennsylvania,  1881. 

9.  Old  and  New  Style  Fixed  Date  Calendars.     By  John  R.  Baker,  1881. 

10.  Proceedings  in  Celebration  of  the  Twenty-Fifth  Anniversary  of  its  Foundation, 

1883. 

11.  Constitution  and  By-Laws,  1883. 

12.  Report  of  the  proceedings  of  the  society  for  1865. 

13.  Report  of  the  proceedings  of  the  society  for  1878, 1879. 

14.  Report  of  the  proceedings  of  the  society  for  1880. 

15.  Report  of  the  proceedings  of  the  society  for  1881. 

16.  Report  of  the  proceedings  of  the  society  for  1882. 

17.  Report  of  the  proceedings  of  the  society  for  1883. 

18.  Report  of  the  proceedings  of  the  society  for  1884. 

206 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID.  207 

19.  Report  of  the  proceedings  of  the  society  for  1885. 

20.  Report  of  the  proceedings  of  the  society  for  1886. 

21.  Report  of  the  proceedings  of  the  society  for  1887-88-89. 

22.  Report  of  the  proceedings  of  the  society  for  1890-91. 

23.  A  collection  of  books  and  pamphlets  relating  to  American  coins  and  paper  money , 

WORKS    OF  STEWART   CULIN   ON  THE  CHINESE  IN   THE  UNITED 

STATES  OF  AMERICA. 

I.  The  Religious  Ceremonies  of  the  Chinese  in  the  Eastern  Cities  of  the  United 

States.     Philadelphia,  1887. 

Ii.  China  in  America.     Study  on  the  social  life  of  the  Chinese  in  the  United 
States.     Philadelphia,  1887. 

III.  The  Practice  of  Medicine  by  the  Chinese  in  America.     Philadelphia,  1887. 

IV.  Chinese  Drug  Stores  in  America.     1887. 

V.  Chinese  Games  with  Dice.    Philadelphia,  1889. 
VI.  The  "I  Hing,"  or  Patriotic  Rising.     Philadelphia,  1890. 
VII.  Chinese  Secret  Societies  in  the  United  States.     1890. 
VIII.  Customs  of  the  Chinese  in  America.     1890. 
IX.  The  Gambling  Games  of  the  Chinese  in  America.     Philadelphia,  1891. 


AMERICAN  MEDALS,  PAPER  MONEY,  AND  BOOKS  CONCERNING 
THE  CURRENCY  AND  MANUFACTURE  OF  AMERICAN  MONEY, 
EXHIBITED  BY  THE  NUMISMATIC  AND  ANTIQUARIAN  SOCI 
ETY  OF  PHILADELPHIA. 


By  STEWART  CULIN,  Recording  Secretary  of  the  Society. 


Fifty  medals  of  Gen.  George  Washington. 

Fifty  medals  of  eminent  Americans. 

Fourteen  medals  of  the  War  of  the  Revolution  and  of  the  Independence  of  America. 

Forty  American  medals  of  religions,  corporations,  politics,  and  miscellaneous. 

Collection  of  the  manufacture  of  paper  money,  containing  220  specimens  (1800  to 
1863). 

This  paper  money  was  issued  by  the  State  and  private  banks  and  commercial 
houses,  from  1800  to  1863,  before  the  creation  of  the  national  banks  and  the 
currency  of  the  national  paper. 

Collection  of  the  fractional  currency  in  the  United  States.     Fifty  specimens  (1862 
to  1876). 

By  act  of  Congress,  in  1862,  the  issue  of  paper  money  of  less  value  than  $1 
was  authorized,  of  which  a  total  amount  of  $368,720,079.51  was  issued  from 
1862  to  1876,  in  five  series.  Of  this  amount  $6,903,462.62  remained  in  circula 
tion  on  the  30th  of  June,  1892. 

PUBLICATIONS  OF  THE  NUMISMATIC  AND  ANTIQUARIAN  SOCIETY 

OF  PHILADELPHIA. 

1.  Constitution,  1870. 

2.  The  Counterfeiting  of  the  Ancient  Dice.     By  H.  K.  Harzfeld,  1879. 

3.  Presentation  of  a  Silver  Medal  to  Hon.  Eli  K.  Price,  president,  1879. 

4.  The  Ruins  of  a  Primitive  Encampment  of  Rehoboth,  Delaware.     By  Francis  J. 

Jordan,  1880. 

5.  The  Modern  Monetary  Questions,  Viewed  in  the  Light  of  Antiquity.     By  Robert 

Noxon  Toppan,  1881. 

6.  The  Books  of  Chilan  Balan.     By  Daniel  G.  Brinton. 

7.  Proceedings. 

8.  William  Penn's  Sand-Glass  in  Pennsylvania,  1881. 

9.  Ancient  and  Modern  Calendars.     By  John  R.  Baker,  1881. 

10.  Memorial  of  the  Twenty-Fifth  Anniversary  of  its  Foundation,  1883, 

11.  Legal  Constitution,  1883. 

12.  Account  of  the  labors  of  the  society  in  the  year  1865. 

13.  Account  of  the  labors  of  the  society  in  1878, 1879. 

14.  Account  of  the  labors  of  the  society  in  1880. 

15.  Account  of  the  labors  of  the  society  in  1881. 

16.  Account  of  the  labors  of  the  society  in  1882. 

17.  Account  of  the  labors  of  the  society  in  1883. 

18.  Account  of  the  labors  of  the  society  in  1884. 

H.  Ex.  100 14  209 


210  COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID. 

19.  Account  of  the  labors  of  the  society  in  1885. 

20.  Account  of  the  labors  of  the  society  in  1886. 

21.  Account  of  the  labors  of  the  society  in  1887-88-89. 

22.  Account  of  the  labors  of  the  society  in  1890-91. 

23.  A  collection  of  books  and  pamphlets  relative  to  the  currency  of  American  paper 

money  and  of  the  coined  money. 


WORKS  OF    STEWART  CULIN   ON    THE  CHINESE    IN    THE  UNITED 
STATES  OF  AMERICA. 

I.  The  Religious  Ceremonies  of  the  Chinese  in  the  Western  Cities  of  the  United 

Slates.     Philadelphia,  1887. 

II.  China  in  America.     Study  on   the  social  life  of   the  Chinese  in  the  United 
States.     Philadelphia,  1887. 

III.  The  Practice  of  Medicine  by  the  Chinese  in  America.     Philadelphia,  1887. 

IV.  Chinese  Drug  Stores  in  America.     1887. 

V.  Chinese  Games  of  Dice.     Philadelphia,  1889. 
VI.  The  "I  Hiiig,"  or  Patriotic  Rising.     Philadelphia,  1890. 
VII.  Secret  Chinese  Sanctuaries  in  the  United  States.     1890. 
VIII.  Dresses  of  the  Chinese  in  America.     1890. 
IX.  The  Gambling  Games  of  the  Chinese  in  America.     Philadelphia,  1891. 


EXHIBIT  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES  MINT. 


One  hundred  and  twenty-one  medals,  coined  by  the  mint  in  honor  of  the  Presidents 
of  the  United  States,  including  the  originals  of  the  medals  presented  to  the 
Indian  chiefs  by  the  Presidents;  together  with  the  originals  of  the  medals  voted 
by  resolutions  of  Congress  to  officers  of  the  Army  and  Navy  for  distinguished 
conduct,  and  to  citizens  for  eminent  services,  and  the  medals  coined  in  commem 
oration  of  national  events,  and  the  medals  of  the  directors  and  superintendents 
of  the  mint. 
The  following  coins  of  the  American  colonies,  medals  of  the  United  States,  and 

paper  money  of  the  colonies  and  of  the  continental  era,  are  from  the  United  States 

National  Museum : 

Sixty-eight  coins  of  the  British  colonies  of  Asia    and  of  the  time  of  the  Revolution 
of  the  United  States. 

Ninety-seven  medals  of  Gen.  George  Washington. 

Seventeen  medals  of  eminent  Americans. 

Sixty-seven   medals    of  the    war    of    the   revolution    and   of  the   independence  of 
America. 

^a)  Paper  money  of  the  British  colonies  of  America  and  of  the  American  States. 

Paper  money  of  Massachusetts:  Four  notes  (1780). 

Paper  money  of  New  Jersey:  Nineteen  notes  (1756-1776). 

Paper  money  of  New  York:  Eight  notes  (1771-1775-1776). 

Paper  money  of  Delaware:  Eight  notes  (1776). 

Paper  money  of  Pennsylvania:  Twenty-five  notes  (1775-1776). 

Paper  money  of  Pennsylvania:  Fifteen  notes  (1777). 

Paper  money  of  Pennsylvania:  Nineteen  notes  (1760-1773). 

Paper  money  of  Maryland:  Twenty-two  notes  (1775-1776). 

Paper  money  of  Rhode  Island:  Nineteen  notes  (1780-1786). 

Paper  money  of  Maryland:  Twelve  notes  (1767-1770-1774). 

Paper  money  of  North  Carolina:  Twenty -three  notes  (1776-1779). 

Paper  money  of  North  Carolina:  Eight  notes  (1780). 

Paper  money  of  South  Carolina:  Twelve  notes  (1775-1779). 

Paper  money  issued  by  resolution  of  the  Continental  Congress :  Twenty-four  notes 

(1775-1776). 

Paper  money  of  Georgia:  Eight  notes  (1776-1777). 
Paper  money  of  Virginia:  Nine  notes  (1775-1781). 
Paper  money  of  Georgia:  Twenty-three  notes  (1776-1777). 
Paper  money  issued  by  resolution  of  the  Continental  Congress :  Twenty-four  notes 

(1778-1779). 

211 


212  COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID 


EXHIBIT  OF   THE  UNITED  STATES  BUREAU   OF  ENGRAVING  AND 

PRINTING. 

EXAMPLES   OF   BONDS   AND   NOTES   ISSUED   BY   THE   UNITED    STATES. 

(a)  Legal  value  of  the  notes. 

One  dollar.  One  hundred  dollars. 

Two  dollars.  Five  hundred  dollars. 

Five  dollars.  One  thousand  dollars. 

Ten  dollars.  Five  thousand  dollars. 

Twenty  dollars.  Ten  thousand  dollars. 
Fifty  dollars. 

In  1862  the  United  States  Government  began  the  issue  of  paper  money  with  pro 
visional  notes,  and  declared  them  a  legal  tender  in  payment  of  all  public  and  private 
debts  except  customs  duties  and  interest  on  the  national  debt. 

(fc)   Treasury  note*  of  1890. 

One  dollar.  Ten  dollars. 

Two  dollars.  Twenty  dollars. 

Five  dollars. 

The  issue  of  this  paper  money  began  in  1890,  and  it  is  redeemed  in  gold  or  silver 
coin,  at  the  discretion  of  the  Treasurer  of  the  United  States. 

(c)  National -bank  notes. 

Five  dollars.  Fifty  dollars 

Ten  dollars.  One  hundred  dollars. 

Twenty  dollars. 

(d)  National-bank  notes. 

Five  dollars.  Fifty  dollars. 

Ten  dollars.  One  hundred  dollars. 

Twenty  dollars. 

The  national  banks  were  authorized  to  issue  paper  money  by  act  of  Congress  in 
1863.  The  national  banks,  before  issuing  paper  money,  must  deposit  in  the  coffers 
of  the  United  States  Treasury  a  sum  equal  to  the  issue. 

(e~)  Silver  certificates,  issue  of  1878. 

One  dollar.  Ten  dollars. 

Two  dollars.  Twenty  dollars. 

Five  dollars. 

The  issue  of  silver  certificates  began  in  1878.  This  paper  money  is  guaranteed  by 
the  silver  coin  deposited  in  the  United  States  Treasury. 

(J  )  Stiver  certificates,  series  of  1881. 

One  dollai.  Twenty  dollars. 

Two  dollars.  Fifty  dollars. 

Five  dollars.  One  hundred  dollars. 

Ten  dollars.  One  thousand  dollars. 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION   AT    MADRID.  213 

(g)  Gold  certificates. 

Twenty  dollars.  One  thousand  dollars. 

Fifty  dollars.  Five  thousand  dollars. 

One  hundred  dollars.  Ten  thousand  dollars. 
Five  hundred  dollars. 

The  issue  of  gold  certificates  hegan  in  1863.  This  paper  money  is  guaranteed  by 
the  coined  gold  deposited  in  the  United  States  Treasury. 

(h)  4  per  cent  bonds  of  1907. 

Fifty  dollars.  Five  thousand  dollars. 

One  hundred  dollars.  Ten  thousand  dollars. 

Five  hundred  dollars.  Twenty  thousand  dollars. 

One  thousand  dollars.  Fifty  thousand  dollars. 

The  bonds  bearing  interest  at  4  per  cent  per  annum,  redeemable  July  1,  1907,  were 
issued  by  act  of  Congress  of  July  14,  1870. 

(i)  3 per  cent  bonds  of  1882. 

Fifty  dollars.  One  thousand  dollars. 

One  hundred  dollars.  Ten  thousand  dollars. 

Five  hundred  dollars. 

The  bonds  bearing  interest  at  5  per  cent,  issued  from  1865  to  1868,  were,  by  act  of 
Congress  of  July  12,  1882,  converted  into  3  per  cent  bonds,  which  were  redeemed 
prior  to  1888. 

(j)  4%  Per  cent  bonds  of  1891. 

Fifty  dollars.  Five  thousand  dollars. 

One  hundred  dollars.  Ten  thousand  dollars. 

Five  hundred  dollars.  Twenty  thousand  dollars. 

One  thousand  dollars.  Fifty  thousand  dollars. 

The  coupon  bonds  bearing  interest  at  4£  per  cent  per  annum  were  issued  by  act 
of  Congress  of  July  14,  1870,  When  those  bonds  fell  due,  in  September,  1891,  they 
were  converted  into  2  per  cent  bonds  or  paid,  at  the  option  of  the  holder. 


EXHIBIT  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES  POST-OFFICE  DEPARTMENT. 

UNITED    STATES   POSTAGE    STAMPS. 

Stamps :  1847-1890.  Ordinary  stamp. 

Stamped-letter  envelopes.  Special-delivery  stamps. 

Envelope  for  certified  and  stamped  pack-  Postal  cards. 

ages.  Official  stamps. 

Wrappers  for  periodicals.  Stamped  official  envelopes, 

Centennial  envelope,  1876.  Envelope  for  official  documents. 

Stamps  for  periodicals  and  magazines.  Stamped  envelopes. 


REPORT  OF  WM.  E.  CURTIS,  ASSISTANT  TO  COMMISSIONER 
GENERAL,  IN  CHARGE  OF  THE  HISTORICAL  SECTION, 
EXHIBIT  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES  AT  THE  COLUMBIAN 
HISTORICAL  EXPOSITION,  MADRID,  SPAIN,  1892. 


WASHINGTON,  I).  C.,  April  5, 1893. 

SIR:  I  have  the  honor  to  hand  you  herewith  my  report  as  your 
assistant  in  charge  of  the  historical  section  of  the  exhibit  of  the  United 
States  at  the  Columbian  Historical  Exposition  at  Madrid,  Spain, 
1892-93. 

The  delay  of  Congress  in  authorizing  the  participation  of  the  United 
States  in  the  Spanish  celebration  of  the  Columbian  anniversary,  and 
in  making  an  appropriation  to  defray  the  necessary  expense,  left  no 
time  to  prepare  a  historical  exhibit  suitable  to  the  importance  of  the 
Exposition  and  the  event  it  was  intended  to  commemorate.  This  is 
much  to  be  regretted  for  many  reasons. 

There  is  in  existence  much  historical  material  concerning  the  early 
voyages  to  and  the  exploration  and  settlement  of  the  United  States  by 
Spanish  soldiers,  sailors,  colonists,  and  missionaries  that  has  never 
been  assembled  or  described,  and  which  will  undoubtedly  disappear 
unless  some  steps  are  taken  to  collect  and  preserve  it.  Some  of  it  is 
for  sale ;  more  could  be  obtained  as  permanent  loans  or  gifts  if  the 
owners  were  properly  approached  and  adequate  assurances  could  be 
given  of  its  protection  and  preservation.  There  is  no  association  in 
existence,  so  far  as  I  have  been  able  to  ascertain,  whose  motive  is  the 
collection  and  preservation  of  Spanish  remains  in  North  America, 
although  there  is  no  more  interesting  or  attractive  field  for  the  student 
and  collector.  The  Southern  and  Southwestern  States  and  Territories, 
which  were  once  a  portion  of  the  Spanish  domain — particularly  New 
Mexico,  Arizona,  and  California — still  shelter  many  interesting  relics 
of  Spanish  occupation,  and  could  have  contributed  a  large  number 
of  valuable  objects  to  a  historical  collection  at  Madrid  had  there 
been  time  and  means  to  secure  them  for  the  United  States  exhibit. 
Such  collections  are  brought  together  much  more  easily  by  public 
authority,  and  upon  some  similar  occasion,  when  the  attention  of  those 
interested  can  be  concentrated,  than  by  the  slow  and  patient  search  of 
the  curators  of  our  museums;  and  so  favorable  an  opportunity  for 
gathering  the  relics  of  the  Spanish  epoch  in  the  history  of  the  United 
States  may  never  again  occur. 


216  COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID. 

Fortunately,  however,  as  chief  of  the  Latin -American  department 
of  the  Chicago  Columbian  Exposition,  I  had  for  two  years  been  engaged 
in  collecting  material  for  a  historic  exhibit  there,  with  the  inspiring 
sympathy  and  cooperation  of  the  late  James  G.  Elaine,  then  Secretary 
of  State.  The  subject  had  for  him  more  than  ordinary  interest,  and  he 
gave  me  much  valuable  advice  and  assistance. 

The  funds  to  meet  the  expense  were  furnished  from  the  allotment  of 
the  Department  of  State  of  the  appropriation  made  by  Congress  for 
the  board  of  management  and  control  of  i he  United  States  Govern 
ment  exhibit  at  Chicago,  and  the  work  was  done  under  the  direction 
and  subject  to  the  approval  of  that  body.  Additional  funds  were  fur 
nished  by  the  board  of  directors  of  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition. 
They  provided  the  means  for  Mr.  Frederick  A.  Ober,  one  of  iny  assist 
ants,  to  follow  the  course  of  Columbus  among  the  Bahama  and  the 
West  India  Islands  and  visit  all  the  scenes  with  which  the  great 
discoverer  was  identified  in  America,  and  also  for  the  survey  and  inves 
tigation  by  the  same  gentleman  of  the  ruins  of  the  first  three  towns 
established  in  the  New  World,  where  many  relics  of  value  and  interest 
were  obtained. 

This  collection,  so  far  as  it  was  completed  or  could  be  made  avail 
able,  was  hastily  packed  and  shipped  to  Madrid,  where  it  added  some 
thing  to  the  importance  of  the  United  States  exhibit  and  received 
considerable  attention,  particularly  from  historical  students  and  those 
engaged  in  scientific  study. 

It  is  a  singular  fact  that,  although  the  Exposition  at  Madrid  was 
intended  to  be  exclusively  historical,  and  to  commemorate  the  discov 
ery  of  America  by  Christopher  Columbus  by  a  nation  whose  greatest 
glory  is  in  his  achievments,  both  the  man  and  the  event  were  practi 
cally  ignored  by  Spain,  and  all  the  other  nations  participating,  with  the 
exception  of  the  United  States.  The  building  was  crowded  with  a 
magnificent  and  remarkable  display  of  articles  illustrating  the  art,  the 
industry,  the  piety,  the  martial  conquests,  and  the  luxury  of  the  reign  of 
Ferdinand  and  Isabella,  the  golden  age  of  Spain.  The  archives  of  the 
Government,  the  museums  and  libraries,  the  cathedrals,  churches,  and 
monasteries,  the  public  and  private  palaces  of  the  Peninsula  \vere 
stripped  of  their  treasures  to  form  an  exhibition  that  was  never  sur 
passed  in  the  extent  and  value  of  its  historical  features;  but  the  only 
articles  contributed  by  Spain  that  related  directly  or  indirectly  to 
Christopher  Columbus  were  the  following: 

(1)  An  autograph  letter  from  Juan  Colona,  the  notarial   secretary 
of  Ferdinand  and  Isabella,  to  Friar  Boil,  the  priest  who  accompanied 
Columbus  upon  his  second  voyage.     Exhibited  by  the  Koyal  Academy 
of  History. 

(2)  A  certified  copy,  made  in  1545,  of  the  will  of  Diego  Colon,  the 
son  of  the  discoverer,  dated  September  8,  1523,  with  a  codicil  dated 
May,  1526.     Exhibited  by  Don  Ignacio  de  Alcazar  Castaneda. 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID.  217 

(3)  A  copy  of  the  letter  written  to  the  Catholic  sovereigns  by  Colum 
bus  after  his  wreck  on  the  coast  of  Jamaica  in  1503.     Exhibited  by  the 
Queen  Begent. 

(4)  The  original  of  a  memorial  addressed  by  Don  Luis  Colon,  the 
grandson  of  the  discoverer,  to  the  Licenciado  Prado,  treasurer  of  their 
majesties,  demanding  the  rights  to  which  he  was  entitled  under  the 
contract  made  with  the  Catholic  sovereigns  by  his  grandfather.    Exhib 
ited  by  the  Queen  Regent. 

There  were  also  several  medals  struck  in  Spain  and  elsewhere  from 
time  to  time  commemorating  the  discovery  of  America. 

In  the  Papal  exhibit  was  a  facsimile  of  an  autographic  letter  from 
Alexander  VI,  Pontiff,  dated  at  Borne,  May  3,  1493,  congratulating 
Ferdinand  and  Isabella  upon  the  triumphant  return  of  Columbus  and 
invoking  for  them  the  divine  blessing. 

There  was  also  a  facsimile  of  the  famous  Bull  of  Demarcation  by 
which  the  same  Pope,  upon  the  same  date,  divided  the  world  between 
the  Spaniards  and  the  Portuguese. 

Also  a  facsimile  of  a  communication  from  Pope  Alexander  VI,  dated 
June  25,  1493,  to  Friar  Bernardo  Boil,  the  first  missionary  to  the  New 
World,  who  accomparied  Columbus  on  his  second  voyage. 

Also  a  facsimile  of  a  letter  from  Pope  Julius  II,  dated  at  Borne,  April 
10,  1507,  commending  Bartholemew,  the  brother,  and  Diego,  the  son,  of 
Christopher  Columbus,  to  King  Ferdinand,  then  an  exile  in  Naples  or 
Sicily, 

The  Government  of  Santo  Domingo  exhibited  a  facsimile  of  a  cross 
set  up  by  Columbus  in  1493  at  Santo  Cerro  in  token  of  his  first  victory 
over  the  Indians,  and  a  number  of  photographs  of  that  island,  which 
was  the  scene  of  the  first  civilized  settlement  in  the  New  World;  and 
the  Government  of  Guatemala  exhibited  two  manuscripts  which  are 
claimed  to  be  genuine  autograph  letters  of  Columbus,  but  which  are 
only  clever  copies  of  the  originals,  to  Nicolo  Oderigo  and  the  directors 
of  the  Bank  of  St.  George,  preserved  in  the  municipal  palace  at  Genoa. 

Spain  is  rich  in  precious  manuscripts.  In  the  archives  of  the  Indies, 
and  the  Colombina  Library  at  Seville;  in  the  collection  of  the  Duke  of 
Veragua,  the  Duke  of  Alva,  and  the  Boyal  Historical  Society  at 
Madrid  are  the  most  valuable  and  interesting  historical  documents  in 
the  world,  while  scattered  through  the  Kingdom  are  private  collections 
relating  to  the  discovery  and  the  conquest  of  America  that  are  both 
unique  and  extensive.  But  for  some  reason  none  of  them  were  exposed 
at  the  Columbian  Historical  Exposition,  and  it  was  noticeable  that 
during  all  the  festivities  that  attended  the  celebration  of  the  anniver 
sary  the  descendants  of  Columbus  were  conspicuous  by  their  absence. 

It  was,  therefore,  as  opportune  as  it  was  appropriate  that  a  consid 
erable  portion  of  the  space  allotted  to  the  United  States  should  be  occu 
pied  by  objects  illustrating  the  life  and  achievements  of  Christopher 
Columbus,  and  it  was  not  unnatural  that  they  should  attract  more  than 
ordinary  attention. 


218  COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID. 

The  collection  was  necessarily  incomplete  and  unsymmetrical.  It  con 
tained  only  suck  articles  as  bad  been  made  ready  in  July,  1892,  for  an 
Exposition  that  was  to  open  in  May,  1893;  but  it  was  sufficient  to  con 
vey  an  adequate  idea  of  the  broad  plan  of  which  it  was  a  part,  and  to 
indicate  the  purpose  it  was  designed  to  accomplish.  It  was  installed 
under  my  direction  in  two  large  and  well-lighted  rooms  on  the  main 
floor  at  the  right  of  the  main  entrance  to  the  Bibliotheca  National,  the 
handsome  and  permanent  building  occupied  by  the  Exposition.  The 
rooms  opened  upon  the  principal  patio  of  the  building,  which  was  beau 
tifully  embellished  by  plants  and  flowers. 

Her  Majesty  the  Queen  Regent  graciously  asked  a  private  view  of 
the  exhibit  before  the  public  opening  of  the  Exposition,  and  made  sev 
eral  appropriate  suggestions  as  to  its  rearrangement,  which  were 
adopted. 

The  Iconografia  Coloinbina,  as  it  was  designated  in  the  official  cata 
logue,  was  divided  into  four  parts,  as  follows: 

I.  The  portraits  of  Columbus  and  his  descendants,  and  the  monu 
ments  erected  in  his  honor. 

II.  Places  identified  with  the  life  history  of  Columbus. 

III.  Pictures  illustrative  of  the  manner  in  which  America  received 
its  name. 

IV.  Remains  of  Spanish  occupation  in  the  United  States. 

THE   PORTRAITS    OF    COLUMBUS. 

The  portraits  of  Columbus,  which  were  77  in  number,  included  the 
originals  or  copies  of  all  that  had  been  painted  or  published  of  any  his 
torical  interest  or  artistic  value  up  to  the  1st  of  January,  189U.  It  was 
the  first  time  any  attempt  had  been  made  to  assemble  the  various  types 
and  ideals,  although  partial  and  incomplete  collections  exist  in  several 
of  the  European  and  American  libraries  and  galleries.  In  securing 
these  pictures  I  received  valuable  assistance  from  Lieut.  W.  McCarty 
Little,  United  States  Navy;  Frank  H.  Mason,  United  States  consul- 
general  at  Frankfort-on-the-Maiu;  Henry  Viguaud,  secretary  of  lega 
tion,  Paris;  Remsen  Whitebouse,  secretary  of  legation,  Rome;  Col.  F. 
D.  Grant,  United  States  minister,  Vienna;  B.  F.  Stevens,  United  States 
dispatch  agent,  London;  Mr.  Howell,  the  librarian  of  the  British 
Museum;  Hayden  Edwards,  United  States  consul-general,  Berlin; 
Cav.  (iuiseppi  Baldi,  and  James  Fletcher,  United  States  consul,  Genoa; 
Nestor  Ponce  de  Leon  and  Benjamin  Betts,  New  York;  Edward  M. 
Barton,  Worcester,  Mass. ;  Prof.  Halsey  C.  Ives,  St.  Louis,  and  from 
Jami'S  W.  Ellsworth,  of  Chicago,  who  generously  furnished  the  funds 
to  purchase  the  Lotto  portrait,  which  was  too  valuable  to  be  paid  for 
from  the  slender  appropriation  allowed  for  the  work.  I  am  also  under 
obligations  to  the  Eastman  Company,  of  Rochester,  N.  Y.,  for  the 
excellence  of  the  mechanical  enlargements  tbat  were  made  at  their 
establishment. 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID.  219 

None  of  the  portraits  were  collected  or  exhibited  as  works  of  art. 
They  were  presented  solely  for  their  historical  interest,  and  to  furnish 
a  complete  exhibit  of  the  varied  conceptions  which  artists  in  all  coun 
tries,  for  four  hundred  years,  have  had  of  the  appearance  of  the  genius 
who  discovered  America.  Nor  were  any  of  the  portraits  offered  as 
authentic.  It  was  distinctly  stated  in  the  catalogue  of  the  collection 
that  there  was  no  evidence  that  the  features  of  Columbus  were  ever 
painted  or  engraved  by  anyone  during  his  life,  and  that  the  date  of 
the  earliest  picture  that  pretended  to  represent  him  was  six  years  later 
than  his  death.  The  most  reliable  authorities  (and  the  subject  has 
been  under  discussion  for  two  centuries)  agree  in  this  opinion,  and 
although  the  whole  world  was  carefully  searched  in  making  this  col 
lection,  the  investigation  only  confirmed  the  belief  that  all  are  apoc 
ryphal.  His  portrait  has  been  painted,  like  that  of  the  Madonna  and 
those  of  the  saints,  by  many  famous  artists,  each  dependent  upon  the 
verbal  descriptions  given  of  the  man  by  contemporaneous  writers,  and 
each  conveying  to  the  canvas  his  own  conception  of  what  the  great 
seaman's  face  must  have  been ;  but  it  may  not  be  said  that  any  of  the 
portraits  are  genuine,  and  it  is  believed  that  all  of  them  are  more  or 
less  fanciful. 

Five  contemporaneous  writers,  who  knew  him,  sympathized  with  him, 
and  were  intimately  associated  with  his  career,  have  left  us  descriptions 
of  his  features  and  his  person. 

His  son,  Fernando,  says: 

The  Admiral  was  a  well-made  man,  of  a  height  above  the  medium,  with  a  long 
face,  and  cheek  bones  somewhat  prominent;  neither  too  fat  nor  too  lean.  He  had 
an  aquiline  nose,  light-colored  eyes,  and  a  ruddy  complexion.  In  his  youth  he  had 
been  fair,  and  his  hair  w;is  of  a  light  color,  but  after  he  was  30  years  old  it  turned 
white.  In  eating  and  drinking  he  was  an  example  of  sobriety,  as  well  as  simple  and 
modest  about  his  person. 

Gonzales  Fernandez  de  Oviedo  y  Valdez  witnessed  the  triumph  of 
the  discoverer  at  Barcelona,  was  present  at  several  of  his  receptions, 
and  at  his  interviews  with  the  Queen.  u  Columbus,"  he  writes,  "was  a 
man  of  honest  parentage  and  sober  life.  He  had  a  noble  bearing,  good 
looks,  and  a  height  above  the  medium,  which  was  well  carried.  He 
had  sharp  eyes,  and  the  other  parts  of  his  visage  were  well  propor 
tioned.  His  hair  was  a  bright  red,  his  complexion  flushed  and  marked 
with  freckles.  His  language  was  easy,  prudent,  showing  a  great  genius, 
and  he  was  gracious  in  manner." 

Andres  Bernaldez,  who  was  known  as  "the  good  curate  of  Los 
Palacios,"  and  at  whose  house  at  Grenada  Columbus  made  his  home 
for  months  at  a  time,  wrote  the  Historia  de  los  Reyes  Catolicos,  and 
gave  a  description  of  the  person  of  the  admiral.  "Columbus,"  he 
said,  uwas  a  man  of  fine  stature,  strong  of  limb,  Avith  an  elongated 
visage,  fresh  and  ruddy  of  complexion,  marked  with  freckles.  He  had 
a  noble  bearing,  was  dignified  of  speech,  and  bore  a  kindly  manner." 

Peter  Martyr,  or  Petrus  Martyris  Anglerius,  afterward  secretary  to 
Charles  V,  described  the  admiral  in  similar  terms. 


220 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID. 


Fray  Bartliolome  de  Las  Casas  was  also  an  intimate  friend  of  Colum 
bus.  From  him,  also,  we  know  that  Columbus  had  red  hair  and  freckles, 
keen  gray  eyes  and  aquiline  nose,  a  large  mouth  and  a  sad  expression 
of  countenance,  which  was  the  result  of  much  mental  suffering.  From 
him  we  know,  too,  that  he  was  unusually  reticent,  but  spoke  with  great 

fervor  and  fluency  when  so  inclined.  He 
describes  him,  too,  as  a  lover  of  justice, 
but  quick  in  anger  when  there  was  reason 
for  it. 

These  verbal  portraits  do  not  coincide 
with  many  of  the  pictures  which  bear  the 
name  of  Columbus,  and  most  of  them  were 
doubtless  painted  without  a  knowledge 
of  what  had  been  written  of  his  ap 
pearance.  The  only  portrait  which  is 
positively  known  to  have  been  drawn 
during  the  life  of  the  discoverer  was  a 
caricature,  the  sketch  of  La  Cosa,  the  pilot. 


THE  LA  COSA. 


No.  1.  THE  LA  COSA  VIGNETTE. 


Juan  de  la  Cosa  was  the  pilot  of  Columbus,  aiid  made  the  first  chart  of  the  West 
Indies.  It  was  drawn  upon  an  oxhide,  and  is  inscribed:  "  Juan  de  la  Cosa  la  Fijo 
en  el  Puerto  de  St.  Maria  en  ano  de 
1500."  At  the  top,  in  the  center,  is 
a  rude  vignette,  drawn  Avith  an 
ordinary  pen  and  an  awkward  hand, 
representing  St.  Christopher  bear 
ing  the  Christ  child  across  a  stream, 
and  meant  to  be  symbolical  of  Co 
lumbus  carrying  Christianity  to 
the  New  World.  It  was  one  of  the 
legends  of  the  day  that  La  Cosa 
intended  to  give  St.  Christopher 
the  features  of  Columbus.  Baron 
von  Humboldt,  who  had  heard  ot 
the  chart,  found  it  in  Paris,  in  1832, 
in  the  library  of  Herr  Walcknaer, 
from  whom  it  was  purchased  by  the 
Spanish  Government,  and  it  now 
hangs  in  the  Naval  Museum  at 
Madrid 

The  several  pictures  which  are 
intended  to  represent  the  real  or 
the  ideal  Columbus  may  be  grouped 
into  four  classes,  as  follows : 

(1)  Those  of  the  Giovio  type — 

either  copies  of  the  portrait  which  hung  in  the  gallery  of  the  archbishop  of  Como, 
or  drawn  from  verbal  descriptions  given  of  the  Admiral  by  his  contemporaries,  upon 
which  that  was  undoubtedly  based. 

(2)  The  De  Bry  type,  representing  Columbus  as  a  Dutchman. 

(3)  The  portraits  with  beards  and  costumes  of  the  century  subsequent  to  his 
death. 

(4)  The  fanciful  pictures  without  pretense  to  authenticity. 


THE  CAPRIOLO. 
See  page  222. 


Columbian  Historical  Exposition  at  Madrid. — Curtis. 


PLATE  I. 


THE  GIOVIO. 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION   AT    MADRID. 


221 


THE  FLORENTINE. 
See  page  222. 


Xo.  2.  THE  GIOVIO  PORTRAIT,  FROM  AX  OLD  ENGRAVING  (plate  I). 

Paulus  Jovius,  or  Paolo  Giovio,  as  the  name  is  given  in  Italian,  was  the  archbishop 

of  Nocera.     He  was  a  man  of  wealth,  and  of  literary  and  artistic  tastes.     He  was  23 

years  old  when  Columbus  died.      On  the  banks  of 

Lake  Como  he  erected  a  magnificent  palace,  which 

is  said  to  have  occupied  the  exact  site  of  Pliny's  villa. 

Attached'to  his  palace  was  a  gallery,  in  which  hung 

the  most  famous  private  art  collection  of  that  age. 

It  was  particularly  rich  in  portraits,  and  as  Giovio  was 

an  ardent  admircrof  Columbus,  aportrait  of  the  latter 

hung  in  a  conspicuous  place.     Fueillet  de  Conches, 

a  learned  modern  French  writer,  says  there  were  two 

portraits  of  Columbus  in  the  collection,  but  an  Italian 

author  named   Ticozzi,  who   described  it   in   eight 

large  volumes,  published  in  1546,  mentions  only  one. 

The  collection  was  subsequently  described  by  Vasari 

in  his  Lives  of  the  Painters,  published  at  Florence  in 

1568.     He  alludes  to  but  one  portrait  of  Columbus,  and 

accepts  it  as  genuine,  but  does  not  name  the  artist, 

or  give  the  time  when  or  place  where  it  was  painted. 
It  is  known  that  in  1552  Cosmo  di  Medici  and  the 

Princess  Hippolyti  Gonzaga  sent  Cristofanodell  Altis- 

simo  and  Bernadino  Campo,  both  competent  artists, 

to  Como,  to  copy  the  portrait  of  Columbus;  and  that 

in  1550  Ferdinand  I  of  Austria  did  the  same.     About 

1613  the  collection  of  Giovio  was  divided  among  his  descendants,  and  the  pictures 

were  widely  scattered.     It  is  impossible  to  trace  them  at  this  day,  but  five  of  the 

existing  portraits  of  Columbus  are 
claimed  to  have  been  the  original 
of  the  archbishop's  gallery.  Cir 
cumstantial  evidence  is  presented 
in  support  of  each;  but  if  the 
Giovio  portrait  was  so  often  copied 
as  above  stated,  the  origin  of  the 
several  claimants  is  explained. 

The  Giovio  portrait  was  used  to 
illustrate  a  eulogy  upon  Columbus 
originally  written  by  Giovio  in 
1549,  under  the  title  of  "Elogia 
Virorum  Bellica  Virtute  Illus- 
trium,"  but  the  illustration  did  not 
appear  until  the  second  edition, 
which  was  published  at  Basle,  1575. 
According  to  De  Conchas,  this 
edition  contained  some  very  bad 
woodcuts  by  an  engraver  named 
Pern  a,  and  Ginguere,  in  his  Bio- 
graphie  Uuiverselle,  says  they 
were  neither  accurate  nor  Avell 
executed .  The  edition  of  1578  con 
tained  similar  portraits,  engraved 
on  wood  by  Tobias  Stimmer,  who 
was  born  at  Schaff hausen  in  1534. 
The  same  portrait  of  Columbus  was 

described  by  Theobold  Muller  in  True  and  Memorable  Engravings  or  Pictures  of  Well 

Deserved  and  Famous  Warriors,  published  at  Basle,  1577,  and  also  in  Michel  Beuther's 

Pictures  of  Famous  Emperors,  Kings,  and  Nobles,  published  at  Basle  in  1582. 


THE  YANEZ. 

See  page  223. 


222 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID. 


THE   COGOLETO. 
See  page  224 


Xo.  3.  THE  CAPRIOLO  PORTRAIT  (page  220). 

Ibis  was  engraved  from  the  Giovian  portrait,  by  Alipramlo  Capriolo,  for  the  Ritratti 
dedi  Cento  Capitani  lllustri,  published  at  Rome  in  1596,  and  was  reproduced  by 
Carderera  and  Navarette  in  their  celebrated  works  on  Columbus,  as  well  as  by  many 

authors  who  accepted  it  as  genuine.  It  dosely  re 
sembles  the  engravings  in  Giovio's  Elogia,  but  is  con 
sidered  a  more  accurate  and  artistic  piece  of  work. 

Xo.  4.  THE  CRISPIN  DE  PAZ  PORTRAIT  (platen;. 

The  portrait  that  hung  in  the  luxurious  palace  of  the 
archbishop  of  Nocera  ou  the  banks  of  Lake  Coino  was 
engraved  for  another  work,  Eft'egies  Regnum  et  Prin- 
cipium,  Cologne.  1598,  by  Crispin  de  Pa/,  or  Crispin  de 
Passe,  as  the  name  is  sometimes  given,  and  as  a  work 
of  art  is  considered  to  surpass  both  the  woodcut  in  the 
Elogia  of  Giovio,  and  that  of  Capriolo.  But  the  artist 
added  a  hood  to  the  Franciscan  frock,  placed  an  octant 
in  the  hand,  and  hung  a  chain  around  the  neck  of 
Columbus.  The  appearance  of  the  latter  is  explained 
by  Carderera,  ou  the  ground  that  contemporary 
writers  said  he  constantly  wore  over  his  monkish  habit 

a  chain  of  gold  that  was  given  him  by  Guacauagari,  the  cacique  of  Hispaniola. 
A  copy  of  the  Giovian  portrait,  with  the  face  reversed  as  it  would  appear  in  a 

mirror,  was  engraved  for  Peter  von  Opmeer's  Opus  Chrouographicum,  1611. 

Xo.  5.  THE  FLORENTINE  PORTRAIT  (page  221). 

While  a  portrait  that  hangs  in  the  Ufrizi  Gallery,  at  Florence,  is  claimed  by  some 
writers  to  have  been  the  original  Giovio,  there  seems  to  be  indisputable  evidence 
that   it   is    a    copy  of  that   work, 
painted  about  the  middle  of   the 
sixteenth  century   by   Christofano 
dell     Altissimo,    at    the    order    of 
Cosmo  di  Medici.      It    is    painted 
on  a  panel  of  wood,  and  is  con 
sidered  an  admirable  work  of  art. 

When  Thomas  Jefferson  was  min 
ister  to  France,  in  1784,  he  engaged 
an  artist  to  copy  "  what  was  consid 
ered  by  the  most  competent  critics 
to  be  the  best  authenticated  like 
ness  of  Columbus."  The  Altissimo 
picture  was  selected,  and  the  copy 
hung  in  Mr.  Jefferson's  library  at 
Monti  cello  until  the  settlement  ot 
his  estate.  It  then  passed  into 
the  hands  of  Mr.  Israel  Thorndike, 
who  presented  it  to  the  Massachu 
setts  Historical  Society,  Boston,  THE  NAVARETTE. 
November  26,  1835.  Mr.  Jefferson  see  page  226. 
wrote  of  this  portrait  as  follows: 

"  The  Columbus  was  taken  for  me  from  the  original,  which  is  in  the  gallery  of 
Florence.  I  say  from  the  original,  because  that  it  is  well  known  that  in  collections 
of  any  note — and  that  of  Florence  is  the  first  in  the  world — no  copy  is  ever  admitted, 
and  an  original  existing  in  Genoa  would  be  readily  obtained  for  a  royal  collection 
in  Florence.  Vasari  names  this  portrait,  but  does  not  say  by  whom  it  is  made." 


Columbian  Historical  Exposition  at  Madrid. — Curtis. 


PLATE 


THE  CRISPIN  DE  PAZ. 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID. 


223 


Xo.  6.  THE  YANEZ  PORTRAIT  (page  221). 

In  1763  the  Spanish  Government  purchased  from  Sefior  N.  Yanez,  of  Grenada,  four 
portraits — those  of  Columbus,  Lope,  Cortez,  and  Quevedo — all  claiming  to  be  genuine. 
The  portrait  of  Columbus  was  placed  in  the  National  Library,  and  was  recognized 
by  all  critics  as  bearing  a  close 
resemblance  to  that  by  Altissimo, 
at  Florence.  Artists  who  gave  it 
close  study  were  satisfied  that  it 
had  been  tampered  with,  and  ob 
tained  permission  to  make  ail 
examination.  On  the  upper  mar 
gin  of  the  canvas  were  the  words 
"Christof  Columbus  novi  orbis 
inventor."  When  subjected  to  a 
chemical  test  tbis  inscription 
disappeared,  and  another  was 
found  beneath  it  which  read, 
"Columb  Lygur  novi  orbis  rep- 
tor."  Further  investigation  de 
monstrated  that  the  original  had 
been  repainted,  and  by  some  in 
ferior  artist ;  and  upon  the  further 
application  of  chemicals  the  flow 
ing  robe  with  a  heavy  fur  collar, 
"more  befitting  a  Muscovite  than 
a  mariner/'  as  the  investigators 
said,  vanished,  leaving  a  simple 
garb  such  as  Columbus  usually 
wore,  a  closely  fitting  tunic  and 
a  mantle  folded  across  the  breast. 
The  lines  of  the  face  were  also  changed  and  a  new  expression  was  disclosed. 

Carderera  believes  this  to  be  a  copy  of  the  Giovio  portrait,  also  painted  in  Italy, 
perhaps  that  made  by  order  of  Cosmo  di  Medici,  in  1552,  or  that  made  for  the  Princess 

Hippolyte.  It  is  of  the  same  size  as 
the  Altissimo  portrait  at  Florence, 
and  is  painted  upon  poplar  wood, 
which  was  not  used  in  Spain,  al 
though  common  in  Italy.  The  style 
is  that  of  the  Florentine  school  of 
the  middle  of  the  sixteenth  century, 
and  the  horizontal  plaiting  of  the 
toga  was  in  fashion  at  that  date. 
Its  age  is  about  the  same  as  that  of 
the  Altissimo  picture,  and  the  por 
traits  of  Cortez,  Lope,  and  Quevedo, 
which  were  found  Avith  it,  are 
painted  on  poplar  panels  of  the  same 
size,  with  the  same  materials,  and 
evidently  by  the  same  hand.  De 
Conches  pronounces  it  the  most 
ancient  portrait  of  Columbus  that 
'exists,  and  Seiior  Rios  y  Rios,  a  good 
Spanish  authority,  maintains  with 
considerable  circumstantial  evi 
dence  that  the  Yanez  is  the  long-lost  and  much-desired  original  of  the  Giovian  col 
lection.  Sefior  Montojo,  of  Madrid,  insists  that  it  formerly  belonged  to  the  Council 
of  the  Indies  at  Seville,  and  was  probably  painted  by  an  artist  named  Ibanez. 


THE  CANCELLIERA. 
See  page  226. 


THE  BELVEDERE. 
See  page  227. 


224 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID. 


THE   CEVASCO. 
See  page  227. 


A  copy  of  this  portrait,  by  M.  Hernandez,  was  secured  by  Gen.  Lucius  Fairchild 
when  minister   to   Spain,  and  presented  to  the   Historical   Society  of  Wisconsin. 

It  hangs  in  the  capitol  at  Madison.  There  is  also  a 
copy  in  the  collection  of  Dr.  E.  M.  Hale,  at  Chicago. 

No.  7.  THE  MARINE  PORTRAIT.    ORIGINAL  IN  THE 
MARINE  MUSEUM,  MADRID  (plate  in). 

This  is  one  of  the  most  widely  known  and  generally 
accepted  portraits  of  Columbus,  and  has  been  used 
more  than  any  other  to  illustrate  biographies  and 
volumes  of  history.     It  is  given  a  conspicuous  place  in 
the  Marine  Museum  at  Madrid,  and  has  been  asserted 
to  be  a  genuine  portrait,  painted  in  1504  or  1505,  at 
Seville,  upon  the  return  of  Columbus  from  his  fourth 
and  last  voyage,  and  shortly  before  his  death.     There 
is  no  testimony  to  sustain  this  claim,  but  there  is 
very  good  evidence  that  it  was  painted  during  the 
present  century,  at  the  order  of  the  ministry  of  marine, 
and  that  the  artist  used  the  Capriolo  engraving  as  his 
model,  taking  the  liberty  to  add  age  and  signs  of  anxiety  to  the  face  of  the  Admiral. 
A  good  copy  was  presented  to  Colby  University,  Maine,  by  the  Honorable  Han 
nibal  Hamlin,  while  minister  to  Spain.      It  resembles  the  Caprioli  very  closely, 
except  that  the  face  is  turned  to  the  right  instead  of  the  left. 

No.  8.  THE  RINCON  PORTRAIT  (plate  iv). 

A  portrait  of  Columbus  which  hangs  in  the  private  library 

of  the  Queen  of  Spa  u  in  the  palace  at  Madrid  is  said  to  have 

been  painted  by  Antonio  del  Riucou,  upon  the  return  of  Colum 
bus  from  his  second  voyage,  although  in  the  long  list  of  the 

works  of  this  famous  artist  there  is  no  mention  of  this  picture. 

Rincon  was   the   founder  of  the  Spanish  school  of  portrait 

painting.     He  was  made  painter  in  ordinary  to  the  court  of 

Ferdinand  and  Isabella,  who  decorated  him  with  the  Order  of 

Santiago  in  1500.     He  was  born  at  Guadalajara  in  1446,  and 

was  therefore  contemporary  with  Columbus.     At  the  time  of 

the  latter's  return  from  his  first  voyage,  Rincou  was  engaged,  under  the  orders  of 

Cardinal  Ximenes,  in  decorating  the  University  of  Alcala,  and  had  every  opportunity 

to  paint  his  portrait  had  he  desired  to  do  so.  He 
doubtless  witnessed  the  triumphal  reception  of 
Columbus,  and  Sir  William  Stirling  Maxwell,  in  his 
Annals  of  the  Artists  of  Spain,  says  "he  mingled 
with  the  great  navigator  in  the  courtly  throngs  of  the 
presence  chamber  of  Isabella." 

No.  9.  THE  COGOLETO  PORTRAIT  (page  222). 

Cogoleto  is  a  small  town  15  miles  from  Genoa,  which 
claims  the  honor  of  being  the  birthplace  of  Columbus. 
An  old  house  on  one  of  the  principal  streets  bears  a 
tablet  to  commemorate  the  fact,  and  visitors  are  shown 
the  room  in  which  the  eyes  that  discovered  America 
first  opened  to  the  light  of  day.  The  portrait,  which 
bears  110  date  or  signature,  hangs  in  the  town  hall. 
Its  history  can  be  traced  back  three  centuries,  and  it, 
too,  is  asserted  to  be  the  original  of  the  Giovian  collection.  The  portrait  bears  a 
similar  inscription  to  that  of  Dr.  di  Orchi  at  Como:  "  Christoforus  Columbus  novi 
orbis  repertor,"  but  the  artist  is  unknown. 


THE  BOSSI. 
See  page  227. 


THE  ARAMBURU. 
See  page  227. 


Columbian  Historical  Exposition  at  Madrid. — Curt's, 


PLATE 


THE  MARINE  PORTRAIT. 


Columbian  Historical  Exposition  at  Madrid.  — Curtis. 


PLATE  IV. 


THE  RINCON. 


Columbian  Historical  Exposition  at  Madrid.  — Curtis. 


PLATE  V, 


THE  Di  ORCHI  PORTRAIT. 


Columbian  Historical  Exoosition  at  Madrid  — Curtis. 


PLATE  VI. 


THE  LORENZO  LOTTO  PORTRAIT. 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID. 


225 


THE  FOCIU.ON. 
See  page  229. 


THE  LEFOBT. 


No.  10.  THE  ORCHI  PORTRAIT  (plate  v). 

There  is  in  possession  of  Dr.  Alessandro  di  Orchi,  of  Como,  Italy,  a  portrait  bearing 
the  inscription:  "Columbus  Lygur  Xovo  Orbis  Reptor/'  which  is  believed  by  many 
competent  critics  to  be  the  original  of  the  Giovian  collection.     According  to  Dr.  di 
Orchi,  the  villa  of  Paolo  Giovio  was  sold  in  1600  to  his 
nephew,  Francisco  Giovio,  and  thirteen  years  later  the 
art  collection  was  divided  among  the  sons  of  the  pur 
chaser.     Most  of  the  pictures  remained  in  the  possession 
of  the  heirs  of  the  eldest  brother  of  the  family,  including 
the  portrait  of  Columbus,  and  this  was  passed  down, 
from  father  to  sou,  until  the  last  of  the  male  line,  Paolo 
Giovio,  dying  in  1849  without  direct  descendants,  the 
picture  of  Columbus  was  inherited  by  his  sister,  Antonia 

Giovio,  the  wife  of  Dr. 
Alessandro  di  Orchi,  its 
present  owner.  It  has  a 
striking  resemblance  to 
that  in  the  museum  in 
Florence.  It  bears  no 
signature,  but  has  been 
attributed  to  both  Sebas- 

tian  del  Piombo  and  Bartolombo  Suardo.  Piombo 
could  not  have  painted  Columbus  from  life,  as  he  was 
only  21  years  old  when  the  latter  died,  and  at  the  date 
of  the  alleged  visit  of  the  great  navigator  to  Rome  he 
was  12  years  of  age  and  still  living  at  Venice,  where 
he  was  born  in  1485.  He  removed  to  Rome  a  few  years 
later,  became  a  pupil  of  Michael  Angelo,  and  was  a 
rival  of  Rafael.  He  might  have  painted  the  Giovian 

portrait,  for  the  Archbishop  employed  the  best  artists  to  contribute  to  his  collection ; 
but  if  so  it  was  a  copy  or  made  from  verbal  descriptions.  Bartolombo  Suardo,  or 
Suardi,  also  called  Bramantiuo,  was 
contemporary  with  Columbus,  al 
though  a  younger  man,  and  reached 
his  greatest  fame  in  1620.  He  was 
working  at  Rome  in  1513  when  the 
archbishop  of  Nocera  was  living.  Dr. 
Fossati,  who  has  given  the  subject  con 
siderable  study,  suggests  that  the  por 
trait  was  painted  in  Rome,  after  an 
original  sketch  obtained  from  Barthol 
omew  Columbus,  who  visited  that  city 
to  intercede  with  the  Pope  in  1505.  Or 
it  may  have  been  painted  at  the  order 
of  Giovio,  who  was  frequently  asso 
ciated  with  Ferdinand,  the  son  of 
Christopher  Columbus,  while  he  was 
in  Rome  in  1512. 

No.  11.  THE  LOREXZO  LOTTO  FOR- 
TRAIT  (plate  vi). 

This  portrait,  which  is  recognized  by 
experts  to  be  as  nearly  authentic  as  any 

that  exists,  is  believed  to  have  been  painted  for  Domeuico  Malipiero,  a  Venetian  sen  ator 
and  historian,  at  the  instance  of  his  correspondent,  Angelo  Trevisan  (Trivigiano), 
secretary  to  the  ambassador  sent  to  Spain  by  the  Venetians  in  1501,  and  who  was  in 
H.  Ex.  100 15 


THE  ZEAKING. 
Sie  page  229. 


226 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID. 


constant  communication  with  Columbus  at  that  time.     Malipiero's  manuscripts,  and 

presumably  this  picture,  passed  into  the  possession  of  Senator  Francesco  Longo. 

The  Gradenigos  were  the  heirs  of  Lougo,  and  it  was  from  them  that  the  Caviliera 
Luigi  Rossi,  a  steward  of  the  Duchess  of  Parma,  purchased 
the  portait.  Shortly  before  Rossi's  death  the  picture  was 
sold  to  a  Signer  Goudolfi,  who  had  it  restored  and  repaired, 
the  badly  damaged  head  and  cap  of  an  Indian  at  the  right 
being  cut  out,  and  the  canvas  made  square  instead  of  oblong. 
FromGondolii  it  passed  to  Signer  Antonio  della  Rovere,  from 
whom  it  was  bought  by  Capt.  Frank  H.  Mason,  United  States 
consul-general  at  Frankfort,  for  Mr.  James  W.  Ellsworth,  of 
Chicago.  The  signature 
and  date  read,  "Lawrens 
Lotto  f.  1512.''  Lotto  was 
a  painter  scarcely  second 
to  Titian.  He  was  born 

about  1480,  and  reached  the  summit  of  his  fame 

about  1522.     The  chart  which  is  represented  in  the 

portrait  is  very  nearly  like  the  Ruysch  map  pub 
lished  in  the  Rome  editiooi  of  Ptolemy  of  1508.    This 

portrait  was  selected  as  the  model  for  the  face  of 

Columbus  upon  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition 

souvenir  coin,  and  was  awarded  a  silver  medal  at 

the  Columbian  Historical  Exposition  at  Madrid  as 

being  the  most  authentic  likeness  of  the  discoverer. 


THE  EINGK. 

See  page  230. 


No.  12.  THE  NAVARETTE  PICTURE  (page  222). 

M.  Navarette,  in  his  Relations  des  Quatre  Voyages 
de  Christopher  Colomb,  Paris,  1828,  uses  as  a  frontis 
piece  a  beautiful  engraving  of  the  admiral,  evidently 

copied  from  the  portrait  of  Columbus  in  the  ministry  of  marine  at  Madrid.  It 
resembles  the  Capriolo,  however,  and  wears  the  same  costume,  but  the  face  is  turned 
to  the  right  instead  of  the  left.  The  engraving  has  an  inscription,  which  in  English 
reads  "  Drawn  on  stone  from  an  original  and  contem 
porary  portrait  belonging  to  His  Catholic  Majesty,  by 
Pedro  Columbus,  Duke  of  Veragua,  a  great-grandson  of 
the  illustrious  navigator." 

No.  13.     THE  CANCELLIERA  PORTRAIT  (page  223). 

The  family  of  Fidele  Colombo,  which  sprang  from  the 
brother  of  Dominco,  father  of  Christopher  Columbus, 
owned  what  was  known  as  the  Castillo  di  Cuccaro,  an 
ancient  castle  near  the  village  of  Cuccaro,  in  the  Mont- 
serrat,  Italy.  In  the  hall  of  this  castle  was  an  alleged 
portrait  of  Columbus,  which  is  said  to  have  been  painted 
by  Antonio  del  Rincon,  a  famous  Spanish  artist  contem 
porary  with  Columbus,  and  to  have  been  brought  to 
Italy  from  Spain  by  Baltazar  Columbus,  second  cousin  of 
the  discoverer,  who  in  the  reign  of  Philip  II  contested 
in  the  courts  with  other  relatives  for  the  rights,  titles, 
and  dignities  of  Christopher  Columbus.  This  portrait 
was  accepted  as  genuine  by  Napione,  and  was  used  by 
him  to  illustrate  his  Della  Patria  di  Colombo  (Florence,  1805),  and  by  Francisco 
Cancelliera  in  his  Notizie  di  .Vristofero  Colombo  (Rome,  1809).  It  is  signed  by  Jean 
Patrini,  and  was  engraved  by  Joseph  Callandi.  Patrini  was  a  painter  of  the  Milanese 
school  and  left  many  works  of  distinction.  This  portrait  was  given  by  the  last 


THE  GEEOORI. 
See  page  230. 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID. 


227 


descendent  of  Fidele  Colombo,  about  forty  years  ago,  to  Count  Roaely  do  Lorgues, 
of  Boulevard  San  Germain,  Rue  Chanel,  No.  16,  Paris,  the  author  of  the  well-known 
eulogistic  life  of  Columbus. 

Xo.  14.  THE  BELVEDEKE  PORTRAIT  (page  223). 

In  1579,  according  to  written  evidence,  Ferdinand  I  of  Austria  had  a  copy  painted 
of  the  portrait  owned  by  Archbishop  Giovio.  In  1610  it  passed  into  the  possession 
of  the  Archduke  Ferdinand,  his  son,  Count  of  Tyrol,  who  was  also  a  nephew  of 
Charles  V  of  Spain.  For  many  years  it  hung  in  the  castle  of  Ambras,  near  Inspruck, 
in  the  Tyrol,  but  in  1805  it  was  returned  to  Vienna,  where  it  now  appears  in  one 
of  the  several  magnificent  collections  of  the  Austrian  capital.  It  is  a  miniature 
in  oil,  painted  upon  a  small  panel  of  wood.  De  Conches  says  it  is  very  old,  as 
old  as  the  Altissimo  at  Florence,  and  was  done  by  an  accomplished  artist,  but 
it  bears  no  signature.  It  was  engraved  for  FraukTs  German  poem,  "  Cristo- 
foro  Colombo"  (Stuttgart,  1836). 

No.  15.  THE  11OHKBECK  PORTRAIT. 

A  young  artist  named  Carl  Rohr- 
beck,  of  Milwaukee,  has  produced  a 
very  excellent  full-length  portrait  of 
Columbus  in  oil,  from  photographs  of 
other  and  more  famous  representa 
tions  of  the  discoverer. 

Xo.  16.  THE  CEVASCO  PORTRAIT. 

A  portrait  was  presented  to  the  city 
of  Genoa  some  years  ago  by  Commen- 
dador  Cevasco,  that  bears  signs  of  an 
tiquity  and  resembles  the  accepted 
likeness  of  the  discoverer,  but  the  art 
ist  is  unknown.  It  hangs  in  the  royal 
palace.  (See  page  224). 

Xo.  17.  THE  BOSSI  PORTRAIT  (page  224). 

The  Bossi  portrait  of  Columbus  as  a 
boy  was  first  published  in  1596,  as  an 
engraved  medallion  to  illustrate  a 

biography  of  Columbus.  It  has  no  claim  to  genuineness,  but  was  used  by  Bossi 
in  La  Vera  Patria  e  la  Vita  di  C.  Columbo.  The  same  face  appears  beside  that  of 
Vespucci  in  a  frescoed  frieze  in  the  municipal  palace  at  Genoa. 

Xo.18.    THE  ARAMBURU  PICTURE  (page  224). 

A  work  of  art,  but  a  pure  fancy,  is  the  head  of  Columbus  painted  by  Ricardo 
Aramburu  in  1892.  It  is  owned  by  Don  Francisco  de  Paula  Domiuguez  of  Seville, 
and  has  been  published  widely  in  the  illustrated  papers  of  Spain. 

An  ancient  portrait  in  oil,  on  a  small  panel,  very  similar  to  the  Yanez  in  the 
National  Library  of  Spain,  hung  for  many  years  in  the  palace  of  the  Marquis  de  Mai- 
pica  at  Madrid.  It  lacks  the  sadness  of  the  Yauez  face  and  has  more  hair,  but  it  is 
of  the  same  dimensions,  and  de  Conches  pronounces  it  a  copy.  The  inscription  on 
the  background  is  the  same.  Carderera  says : 

11  Although  the  painting  is  almost  three  hundred  years  old,  it  is  unfortunately  but  a 
copy,  somewhat  shorter,  of  the  portrait  placed  in  the  series  of  illustrious  men  in  the 
gallery  of  Florence,  and,  like  that  of  other  different  persons,  scattered  through  the 
city,  was  copied,  with  slight  alterations  either  in  the  costume  or  in  the  age,  and  of  the 
same  size,  during  the  third  part  of  the  sixteentli  century  and  the  beginning  of  the 


THE  MELLADO. 
See  page  231. 


228 


COLUMBIAN   HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION   AT    MADRID. 


seventeenth,  from  those  contained  in  the  famous  museum  founded  by  Paulus  Giovius  in 

his  country  seat  at  Como,  precisely  on  the  spot  where  Pliny,  the  younger,  had  his  villa." 

According  to  Carderera  the  Giovian  portrait  was  also  copied  for  Don  Pedro  de 

Toledo,  Fifth  Marquis  of  Villa- 
franca,  in  1601.  It  has  the  same 
features  as  the  Capriolo. 

In  a  German  translation  of 
Washington  Irving's  Life  of  Co 
lumbus  appears  a  quaint  represen 
tation  of  the  admiral  in  chains. 

No.  19.  THE  ROUEN  PORTRAIT. 

In  the  museum  at  Rouen,  France, 
there  used  to  be  two  alleged  pic 
tures  of  Columbus,  side  by  side, 
but  as  unlike  as  it  is  possible  for 
two  portraits  of  t.he  same  person 
to  be,  and  the  contrast  was  very 
amusing.  In  one  the  hair  is  gray 
and  thin,  and  the  flesh  is  pallid, 
almost  livid.  It  is  a  modern  can 
vas,  presented  to  the  city  in  1851 
by  Paul  Le  Carpentier,  who 
painted  it  in  1835  from  the  Rincon 
in  the  Queen's  library  at  Madrid, 
and  inscribed  it,  " Columbus  Ly- 
gur  novi  orbio  Repertor."  A  note 
on  the  back  says:  "This  portrait 
was  copied  in  wax  in  1835  from  the 
original  portrait  of  Sebastian  del 
Piombo,  which  formed  a  part  of  the 

collection  of  the  Escurial,  and  which  is  attributed  by  some  to  Antonio  del  Rincoii." 
The  other  portrait  was  a  sharp  and  vigorous  piece  of  work,  with  black  hair,  black 

eyes,  considerable  color,  and  expressive  features.     It 

points  a  finger  to  a  sphere  resting  upon  a  table  with 

some  books.     It  is  attributed  both  to  Velasquez  and  to 

Ribera,  and  figures  in  the  catalogue  as  the  work  of  the 

first-named  artist.     Within  recent  years  the  catalogue 

has  been  corrected,  so  that  the  picture  no  longer  pre 
tends  to  be  a  portrait  of  Columbus,  but  as  a  "Portrait 

of  a  man  disserting  on  a  globe.'' 

No.  20.  THE  STUPPI  PORTRAIT. 

Undoubtedly  a  copy  in  oil  of  the  Capriolo  by  G. 
Stuppi,  engraved  for  Iconographia  di  Uomini  Sommi 
nelle  Scienze  e  nelle  Arti  Italiaue,  Napoli,  1854. 

No.  21.  THE  FONTAINE  PORTRAIT. 

Painted  by  J.  M.  Fontaine,  and  engraved  by  P. 
Columbo,  Duke  de  Veragua.  Published  by  Danlos. 
Evidently  a  copy  of  the  ministry  of  marine  portrait, 
with  a  more  cheerful  expression. 

No.  22.  THE  FARMER  PORTRAIT. 

The  portrait  which  has  been  longest  in  America  hangs  in  the  New  York  State 
library,  in  the  capitol  at  Albany.  It  was  presented  to  the  State  in  1784  by  Mrs. 
Maria  Farmer,  a  granddaughter  of  Jacob  Leister,  governor  of  the  province  of  New" 


THE   HAVANA. 
See  page  231. 


THE  YOUTH  OF  COLUMBUS. 

From  an  old  print     ( Page  231. ) 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID. 


229 


TALLEYRAND  PORTRAIT. 
See  page  232. 


York  in  1689,  ami  is  said  to  have  been  painted  in  1592,  the  centennial  of  the  dis 
covery,  by  some  Spanish  artist.  It  bears  the  inscription  "  Ano  1592,  ./E.  23/7  which 
is  supposed  to  mean  that  the  artist  represents  Columbus  at  the  age  of  23. 

The  inscription  on  the  frame  reads :  "  Columbus.  The  gift  of  Maria  Farmer  to  the 
senate  of  New  York,  1784."  The  entry  in  the  Sen  ate  journal  for  that  year  (p.  57)  reads: 

"  A  letter  from  Mrs.  Maria  Farmer,  directed 
to  his  honor  the  president,  offering  to  the  ac 
ceptance  of  the  senate  an  ancient  portrait  of  the 
celebrated  discoverer  of  America,  Christopher 
Columbus,  taken  from  an  original  painting, 
anno  1592,  and  which  has  been  in  her  family  for 
upward  of  one  hundred  and  fifty  years,  was  read. 

"Resolved,  That  this  senate  do  accept  with 
grateful  acknowledgments  the  ancient  and' 
valuable  portrait  offered  by  Mrs.  Maria  Farmer. 

"Ordered,  That  the  acceptance  thereof  be 
signified  by  the  president  in  a  letter  to  that 
lady  with  the  thanks  of  the  Senate." 

When  the  capitol  was  removed  from  New- 
York  in  1797  this  picture  was  left  behind,  and 
remained  in  New  York  until  1827.  In  that  year 
the  clerk  of  the  senate  was  directed  to  remove 
the  portrait  from  New  York  and  place  it  in  the 
senate  chamber.  After  considerable  search  it 
was  found  in  the  garret  of  the  city  hall  and 

taken  to  Albany.  In  1850  it  was  found  to  be  somewhat  damaged  by  heat,  as  it  had 
been  placed  over  the  fireplace,  and  was  sent  to  New  York  for  restoration  and  refraining. 

No.  23.  THE  FOCILLON  ETCHING  (page  225). 

An  etching  has  been  made  by  F.  Focillon,  of  Paris,  after  the  painting  in  possession  of 
Dr.  di  Orchi,  of  Como,  and  the  portrait  that  hangs  in  the  Naval  Museum,  Madrid.  It  is 
owned  and  exhibited  by  W.  H.  Lowdermilk  and  V.  G.  Fischer,  of  Washington,  U.  S.  A. 

No.  24.  THE  LEFORT  ETCHING  (page  225). 

This  is  an  artist's  proof  of  an  etching  by  M.  Henri  Lefort,  from  the  portrait  in  the 
Marine  Museum,  Madrid.  M.  Henri  Lefort,  the  author 
of  this  copy,  was  born  in  Paris,  1852.  He  was  a  pupil 
of  Flameng  and  Courtry,  and  is  now  president  of  the 
French  Society  of  Etchers, 

No.  25.  THE  ZEARING  BAS-RELIEF  (page  225). 

The  Zearing  portrait  is  purely  fanciful,  and  was  made 
by  H.  H.  Zearing,  of  Chicago,  in  1890,  after  a  close  study 
of  other  portraits.  The  original  is  a  bronze  cast  in  low 
relief. 

No.  26.  PORTRAIT  OF  COLUMBUS.     AUTHOR  UNKNOWN. 

A  dignified  but  rather  youthful  representation  of 
Columbus  appears  in  several  of  his  biographies  and 
numerous  works  of  biography  and  history;  but  there 
is  no  knowledge  of  its  origin  or  authorship,  and  it  is 
probably  the  work  of  some  engraver. 

No.  27.  THE  HULL  PORTRAIT  (page  226). 

Miss  Esther  Hull,  of  Danbury,  Conn.,  has  a  portrait  of  Columbus  which  is  of  evi 
dent  antiquity,  but  there  is  no  knowledge  of  its  age  or  origin.  It  represents  Colum 
bus  of  middle  age,  with  a  dove  resting  upon  his  shoulder,  and  there  is  a  companion 


BRADLEY  PORTRAIT. 
See  page  231. 


230  COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID. 

piece,  by  the  same  artist,  of  Americus  Vespucci.  All  the  owner  knows  of  their  his 
tory  is  that  many  years  ago  they  were  left  for  storage  with  Mr.  William  Jaggers,  of 
New  York,  with  several  other  paintings.  In  1850  the  owner  wrote  Mr.  Jaggers,  from 
a  Western  State,  that  he  had  met  with  reverses  and  desired  to  sell  his  collection. 
The  two  portraits  were  purchased  by  the  father  of  Miss  Hull,  who  brought  them  to 
Daubury.  At  the  left-hand  upper  corner  of  each  canvas  is  an  inscription.  On  one 
is  u  Amerigo  Vespucci,  "on  the  other  "  Cristoforo  Colombo," 
which  indicates  that  the  artist  was  an  Italian,  but  no  signa 
ture  can  be  traced.  The  canvas  has  been  very  frequently 
repaired  by  a  delicate  and  skillful  hand. 

Xo.  28.  THE  RIXCK  PORTRAIT  (page  226). 

This  portrait  has  a  curious  history.  The  owner  is  an 
old  gentleman  who  lives  on  Clinton  place,  New  York. 
Many  years  ago  he  was  a  dealer  in  second-hand  articles 
in  New  Orleans,  and  purchased  the  picture  at  auction. 
It  had  belonged  to  an  old  Spanish  family  then,  and  is 
said  to  have  been  brought  by  them  from  Cuba.  He  claims 
that  it  is  an  original,  painted  when  Columbus  was  an  old 
see  page  234.  in  an,  and  taken  to  San  Domingo  by  one  of  his  descendants. 

One  corner  is  cut  oif,  which  Mr.  Rinck  believes  was  for 

the  purpose  of  identification.     It  was  brought  before  the  Congress  of  Americanists 

at  Luxembourg  in  1877  and  discussed  at  length. 

No.  29.  THE  SAVAGE  ENGRAVING. 

An  old  engraving,  which  is  claimed  to  represent  Columbus,  engraved  by  D.  Edwin, 
from  a  painting  by  E.  Savage,  published  in  the  city  of  Philadelphia,  by  the  painter, 
in  1800.  The  inscription  is  as  follows : 

"The  Landing  of  Christopher  Columbus.  On  the  morning  of  Oct.  12,  1492, 
Columbus  (Richly  Dress'd)  with  a  drawn  Sword  in  his  hand 
First  set  his  foot  on  the  New  World,  which  he  had  Dis 
covered.  The  Portrait  of  Columbus  is  copied  from  the 
original  Picture  in  the  Collection  of  the  Grand  Duke  of 
Tuscany  at  Florence." 

Savage  was  a  resident  of  Worcester  County.  Mass.,  and 
his  will,  on  file  in  the  probate  court  of  that  county,  shows 
that  he  painted  and  engraved  many  portraits  of  distin 
guished  men.  There  are  two  portraits  of  Washington  by 
him,  one  owned  by  Harvard  College,  and  the  other  by  the 
Adams  family  at  Quiucy.  The  engraver,  Edwin,  was  an 
artist  of  considerable  note  in  his  day. 

Xo.  30.  THE  GREGORI  PORTRAIT  (page  226). 

In  the  University  of  Notre  Dame,  South  Bend,  Ind.,  is  a 
collection  of  pictures  representing  scenes  in  the  life  of 

Columbus,  painted  by  Luigi  Gregori,  an  Italian  artist,  as  MONTAXUS  PORTRAIT. 

the  gift  of  Father  Sorin,  a  venerable  member  of  the  fac-  seepage 235. 

ulty.     One  of  them  represents  Columbus  in  the  costume  of 

a  Spanish  courtier.     The  face  is  modeled  after  the  accepted  likeness,  but  it  is  a  recent 
work,  and  offers  no  greater  claim  to  attention  than  artistic  merit. 

Xo.  31.  AX  UXIDEXTIFIED  CARICATURE. 

A  curious  freak  of  the  imagination  of  some  unknown  artist  is  foundin  a  preposterous 
picture  that  has  been  before  the  public  for  many  years,  labeled  "A.  portrait  of  Chris 
topher  Columbus."  It  bears  no  resemblance  to  any  other  representation  of  him. 


Columbian  Historical  Exposition  at  Madrid. — Curtis. 


PLATE  VII. 


THE  VERSAILLES 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION   AT    MADRID. 


231 


The  Spanish  scientific  review,  entitled  El  Cosmos,  in  the  editions  for  April  18  .and 
25, 1891,  gives  a  description  of  an  unpublished  portrait  of  Columbus  recently  dis 
covered.  The  picture,  according  to  the  statement  in  the  publication,  is  painted  in 
oil,  belongs  to  a  good  school,  is  well  preserved,  and  experts  fix  the  date  of  its  origin 
at  the  beginning  of  the  sixteenth  century.  It  measures  48  by  40  centimeters,  and 
reproduces  the  head  of  Christopher  Columbus,  with  these  words  disposed  in  the 
following  order:  Columbus  Orbis  Lygvy-f-Nov 
Reptor.  It  represents  a  man  past  60  years  of  age, 
with  a  high  forehead  and  scanty  white  hair,  pro 
nounced  cheek  bones,  aquiline  nose,  and  an  unusually 
prominent  forehead.  It  bears  a  general  resemblance 
to  the  Florentine  and  Giovian  types. 

No.  32.  THE  MELLADO  PICTURE  (page  227). 

A  purely  fanciful  portrait  of  Columbus  appears  in 
D.  F.  Mellado's  translation  into  Spanish  of  Fenimore 
Cooper's  Columbus,  published  at  Madrid  in  1852. 

No.  33.  THE  BRYAN  ENGRAVING. 

What  is  claimed  to  be  a  portrait  of  Columbus  in  his 
youth  is  owned  by  William  A.  Bryan,  Sandy  Hill, 
N.  Y.,  but  the  author  is  unknown. 


No.  34.  THE  HAVANA  PORTRAIT  (page  228). 
A  portrait  of  Columbus,  which  hangs  in  the  "con- 


PAKMIGIANO  PORTRAIT. 
See  page  235. 

sistorial  hall"  (council  chamber)  of  the  captain-gen 
eral's  palace  at  Havana,  was  presented  to  the  municipality  by  one  of  the  Dukes  of 
Veragua,  a  descendant  of  Columbus,  nearly  two  hundred  years  ago.     The  features 
differ  from  all  other  likenesses,  and  the  admiral  is  given  a  small  mustache  and  goatee. 
The  garb  is  that  of  a  Familiar  of  the  Holy  Inquisition.     Its  origin  is  unknown. 

No.  35.  WOODCUT  FROM  THE  GOODRICH  LIFE  OF  COLUMBUS. 

A  man  by  the  name  of  Aaron  Goodrich,  of  St.  Paul,  Minn.,  some  years  ago  wrote  a 
book  entitled,  A  History  of  the  Character  and  Achievements  of  the  so-called  Chris 
topher  Columbus,  which  wasinteuded  as  a  "  protest 
against  the  further  propagation  of  a  falsehood  in  the 
name  of  history,"  and  "  to  place  in  its  true  light  the 
character  of  a  man  the  merits  of  whose  connection 
with  the  history  of  America  has  been  magnified." 
This  curious  volume  contains  a  picture  of  Columbus 
with  a  sword  in  one  hand  and  a  flag  in  the  other, 
which  was  intended  to  be  a  portrait. 

No.  36.  THE  HERNANDO  PORTRAIT. 
A  modern  piece  of  work  of  much  merit  artistically, 
but  bearing  no  resemblance  to  the  traditional  fea 
tures  of  Columbus.     It  is  owned  by  Don  Mariano 
Hernando,  of  Madrid. 

No.  37.  THE  YOUTH  OF  COLUMBUS.— FROM  AN  OLD 
PRINT  (page  228). 

No.  38.  THE  VERSAILLES  PORTRAIT  (plate  vn). 
There  were  two  portraits  of  Columbus  in  the  great 

galleries  at  Versailles,  France.  One  was  presented  by  the  Count  de  Montesquieu 
many  years  ago.  It  bears  no  signature,  but  Feuillet  de  Conches,  the  famous  French 
savant,  who  spent  a  great  deal  of  time  in  the  investigation  of  its  origin,  believes  that 
it  was  painted  by  a  student  of  "Jean  of  Bruges,"  Jan  Van  p]yck,  for  with  its  heavy 
Flemish  face  it  possesses  all  the  characteristics  of  his  school;  and  it  is  known  that 


MORO  PORTRAIT. 
See  page  235. 


232 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID. 


his  students  were  scattered  widely  over  Spain  and  Portugal.  One  of  the  legends 
attached  to  this  work  is  that  it  was  painted  while  Columbus  was  at  the  court  of 
Portugal,  and  De  Conches  observes  that  it  is  entirely  probable  that  Columbus  might 
have  sat  to  a  Flemish  painter  there.  It  is  on  a  small  wooden  panel,  and  is  of  ancient 
appearance.  J.  I).  C.  Gavard  has  reproduced  it  in  his  Galeries  Historique,and  it  has 
been  beautifully  engraved  by  Paolo  Mercuri,  the  famous  Roman  artist.  De  Conches 
also  believes  that  this  portrait  is  the  original  of  theDe  Bry  (No.  46),  which  the  latter 
refers  to  as  having  been  stolen  from  the  council  of  the  Indies.  It  has  been  reproduced 
thirteen  times  with  variations,  by  De  Bry,  1595;  J.  Boissard,  1650;  Isaac  Bullart,  1682; 
D.  Pauli  Freheri,  1688;  A.  Azett,  1690;  Etienne  Desroches,  1723;  Bodonia.  1781 ;  Luigi 
Bosse,  1818;  Geruano  Scotto,  1821 ;  J.  D.  C.  Gavard,  1844;  P.  Mercuri,  1844 ;  Angelos 
Sauguieneti,  1850;  Edouard  Cat,  1862. 

The  second  Versailles  portrait,  which  is  said  to  have  disappeared  during  the 
Franco-Prussian  war,  Avas  Arery  ancient  also,  and  plainly  of  Dutch  origin.  It  was 
painted  on  a  small  panel  of  wood,  12  by  14  centimeters  in  size.  It  was  not  on 
exhibition,  but  was  retained  in  a  private  room.  There  was  an  anchor  on  the  frame, 

and  on  the  right  side  of  the  figure  an  inscription  of 
eight  lines  in  ancient  Dutch,  which  read,  "Cristoff 
de  Colornb  Groots  Admiral  Vost  Zee  ouder  Fern  and," 
that  is,  "  Christopher  Columbus,  Grand  Admiral  of 
the  Eastern  Seas,  under  Ferdinand."  The  head  was 
completely  bald,  and  the  costume  a  great  coat,  or 
vitchouva,  worn  by  sailors  in  the  beginning  of  the 
sixteenth  century.  Its  antiquity  A\as  evident,  not 
only  because  of  the  materials  used,  but  because 
of  the  costume  and  the  style  of  letters  and  or 
thography  of  the  inscription,  which  were  not  in 
vogue  later  than  1650. 

No.  39.  PORTRAIT  OWNED  BY  THE  DUKE  OF 
TALLEYRAND  (page  229). 

One  of  the  most  artistic  of  all  the  alleged  portraits 
of  Columbus  has  hung  for  more  than  a  century  in 
CLADERA  PORTRAIT.  *ne   chateau   of   Valencay,   department  of  Indre, 

see  page  236.  France,  and  belongs  to  the   Due  de  Valencay  de 

Talleyrand  de  Legan.  It  belonged  to  Prince  Talley 
rand,  and  is  an  ancient  work.  It  is  claimed  that  it  was  painted  by  Sebastian  del 
Piombo,  and  it  bears  his  signature.  Piombo  lived  from  1485  to  1547,  and  was  an 
artist  of  great  fame.  His  family  name  was  Luciano.  His  usual  signature  was 
Sebastian  Venetus  faciebat.  The  picture  bears  the  following  inscription:  "Hsec  est 
effigies  Liguri  Miranda  Columbi  antipodum  primus  rate  qui  penetravit  in  orbem. 
Sebastianus  Venetus  facit." 

The  National  Gallery  at  London  has  a  Resurrection  of  Lazarus,  bearing  the  same 
signature  as  this  portrait. 

In  the  National  Library,  Paris,  is  a  copy  of  the  Talleyrand  portrait,  of  which  the 
engraver  is  unknown. 

No.  40.  THE  JULIENNE  PORTRAIT. 

A  modern  fancy,  painted  in  1891  by  M.  Julienne,  a  celebrated  artist  of  Madrid. 
It  does  not  claim  to  be  anything  more  thau  an  ideal. 

No.  41.  THE  LOUIS  PHILIPPE  PORTRAIT. 

In  1837  King  Louis  Philippe,  of  France,  presented  to  the  chapter  of  the  cathedral  at 
Seville  an  alleged  portrait  of  Columbus,  which  has  since  been  hanging  in  the  library 
founded  by  Fernando  Columbus  in  that  city.  It  is  generally  regarded  as  an  excel 
lent  work  of  art,  although  the  posture  and  drawing  have  sometimes  been  criticised. 
There  is  no  signature,  and  the  artist  is  unknown. 


Columbian  Historical  Exposition  at  Madrid.— Curtis. 


PLATE  VII 


OE  BRY. 


Columbian  Historical  Exposition  at  Madrid. — Curtis. 


PLATE  IX. 


THE  VENETIAN  MOSAIC. 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID. 


233 


No.  42.  THE  HERMITAGE  PICTURE. 

There  hangs  in  the  Hermitage  at  St.  Petersburg,  in  that  magnificent  collection  of 
art  and  archaeology  which  Catherine  the  Great  erected  as  her  own  monument,  a 
portrait  (Catalogue  No.  852)  of  a  man,  by  Ferdinand  Bal,  a  Flemish  artist  of  the 
seventeenth  century,  who  was  a  pupil  of  Rembrandt.  It  is  an  excellent  work  of  art, 
and  was  purchased  by  Count  Bandoni,  of  Paris,  in  1780.  In  his  catalogue  it  appeared 
as  a  portrait  of  Columbus,  but  in  modern  catalogues  it  appears  as  the  Philosopher. 

In  a  biography  of  Columbus,  published  about  two  hundred  years  ago,  in  the  German 
language,  appears  a  rude  picture  of  a  man  with  a  battle-ax  in  one  hand  and  a  shield 
in  the  other,  standing  on  the  deck  of  a  vessel.  Behind  him  are  bags  of  gold  and  at 
his  left  a  seaman's  chest.  It  is  claimed  to  be  an  ''authentic  likeness  of  the  great 

discoverer." 

No.  43.  FACSIMILE  OF  THE  DE  BUY  PICTURE  (plate  vm). 

In  the  preface  to  his  famous  work,  Grand  et  Petit  Voyages,  published  at  Frankfort, 
1595,  familiarly  known  as  De  Bry's  Voyages,  the  author  says : 

" Theodore  De  Bry  sends  help  to  the  reader.  In  a  former  number  of  the  History 
of  America,  containing  not  only  a  written  account  of  wonderful  and  extraordinary 
matters  relating  to  the  recently  discovered  New 
World,  but  also  pictorial  representations,  by  means  of 
drawings,  of  many  scenes,  it  was  stated  that  the  dis 
covery  had  been  made  by  the  persevering  industry  of 
Christopher  Columbus,  contrary  to  the  expectation  of 
all  those  whom  he  had  consulted  on  the  subject.  As 
Columbus  was  a  man  of  intelligence,  and  endowed 
with  great  genius  and  spirit,  the  King  and  Queen  of 
Castile,  before  his  departure,  directed  his  portrait  to 
l)e  painted  by  a  skillful  artist,  that  they  might  have 
a  memorial  of  him  in  case  he  should  not  return  from 
his  expedition.  Of  this  portrait  I  have  had  the  good 
fortune  to  obtain  a  copy,  since  finishing  the  fourth 
book  of  this  work,  through  a  friend,  who  had  received 
it  from  the  artist  himself;  and  it  has  been  my  desire, 
kind  reader,  to  share  this  pleasure  with  you,  for  which 
purpose  I  have  caused  it  to  be  engraved  in  a  reduced 
form  on  copper  by  my  son,  with  as  much  care  as 
possible,  and  now  offer  it  for  your  inspection  in  this 

book.  And,  in  truth,  the  portrait  of  one  possessing  such  excellence  deserves  to  be 
seen  by  all  good  men,  for  he  was  upright  and  courteous,  pure  and  noble  minded, 
and  an  earnest  friend  of  peace  and  justice." 

At  another  place  De  Bry  observes  that  the  original  of  his  portrait  was  painted  from 
life  by  order  of  King  Ferdinand,  and  was  stolen  from  a  salon  of  the  council  of  the 
Indies  and  taken  to  the  Netherlands.  The  engraving  appears  in  all  the  many 
editions  of  De  Bry's  Voyages,  and  has  been  widely  copied.  It  shows  Columbus  with 
a  Dutch  countenance,  and  in  the  earliest  prints  two  warts  appeared  on  his  right 
cheek,  but  they  were  afterwards  erased.  Do  Conches,  as  stated  above,  insists  that 
the  picture  in  the  Versailles  Gallery  (No.  27)  was  the  original  from  which  the  De 
Bry  was  engraved,  with  a  more  elaborate  costume  and  the  hair  dressed  after  the 

fashion  of  the  time. 

Xo.  44.  THE  VENETIAN  MOSAIC  (plate  ix). 

A  mosaic  portrait  of  Columbus  was  presented  by  the  city  of  Venice  to  the  city  of 
Genoa  as  a  peace  offering  to  her  ancient  enemy  when  the  latter  joined  the  sisterhood 
of  States  which  now  constitutes  the  Kingdom  of  Italy.  It  is  inclosed  in  a  beautiful 
frame  of  ebony,  inlaid  with  ivory,  and  is  considered  a  remarkable  work  of  art, 
although  it  makes  no  claim  to  genuineness  and  is  of  modern  workmanship.  The 
Giovio,  Capri olo,  and  other  accepted  portraits  of  Columbus  were  used  as  models. 
The  portrait  hangs  in  the  municipal  palace  at  Genoa. 


THE  BAINBKIDGE. 


234 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID. 


No.  45.  THE  BRADLEY  PORTRAIT  (page  229). 

Mr.  William  Harrison  Bradley,  of  Chicago,  the  United  States  consul  at  Nice,  has  a 
portrait  of  Columbus,  which  he  purchased  in  the  winter  of  1891  from  the  heirs  of  an 
.aristocratic  French  surgeon  and  courtier  named  Imbert-Dolonnes,  Avho  figured  con 
spicuously  at  the  court  of  Louis  XVI.  The  portrait  is  of  the  De  Bry  type,  and 
resembles  very  closely  the  Talleyrand  canvas.  During  the  general  panic  and  flight 
which  followed  the  inauguration  of  the  revolution,  Imbert-Dolonnes  fled  with  the 
multitude  of  Royalists  to  seek  safety  out  of  Paris.  For  some  time  he  remained 
secluded  at  Avignon,  but,  hearing  that  many  of  the  King's  paintings  and  household 
effects  were  to  be  sold  at  auction,  he  ventured  to  return  and  save  from  the  wreck  this 
portrait  of  Columbus  and  copies  of  two  Titians,  which  are  now  in  the  Louvre.  The 
story  has  come  down  through  the  family  that  Imbert-Dolonnes  himself  set  a  very 
high  estimate  on  the  portrait,  and  that  it  was  a  particular  favorite  of  Marie  Antoi 
nette.  The  canvas  is  cased  in  an  old  frame.  Its  general  tone  is  somewhat  somber, 
and  the  "school '"  is  unmistakably  Flemish. 

The  navigator  is  represented  in  a  dark-green  or  green-black  coat,  and  his  headdress 
is  of  the  same  hue.  The  background  is  filled  in  with  a  very  warm  and  reddish 

brown.  Across  the  top  of  the  canvas  is  painted 
the  legend  in  simple  Latin,  "Christoph.  Co 
lombo,  Ligur.  Orbeiu  Alterum  Excogitavit  et 
primus  Visit,  an.  1492."  At  the  side  of  the 
picture  appears  the  line  from  Virgil,  "Etmihi 
facti  fama  sat  est." 

How  the  portrait  came  into  the  royal  family 
of  France  no  one  knows,  but  it  is  claimed  to 
be  the  original  of  the  De  Bry. 

In  Frijherus  is  a  sour-faced  De  Bry,  with  the 
head  turned  to  the  right,  by  Rosapina.  The 
inscription  is  "Christopher  Columbus,  India- 
rum  Primus  Inventor." 

Xo.  46.  THE  COSTA  PORTRAIT  (page  230). 

A  type  of  the  De  Bry  or  Versailles  appears  in 
Cento  Ritratti  de  Illustri  Italiani,  Milano,  1825, 
Germo  Costa,  Del  Germo  Scotto. 


COLUMBUS  IX  CHAIN?. 

From  an  old  Print.     (See  page  237. ) 


Xo.  47.  THE  BERWICK- ALBA  PICTURE  (plate  x). 

There  are  two  portraits  bearing  the  name  of 
the  family  of  Berwick-Alba,  which  at  one  time 

held  the  titles  and  dignities  descending  from  Columbus.  One  of  them  is  a  painting 
and  the  other  an  engraving.  They  are  generally  .alike,  representing  Columbus 
arrayed  in  highly  colored  silks  and  embroideries — a  costume  he  never  wore,  and 
which  was  unsuitable  to  his  rank  and  circumstances.  In  the  painting  he  is  repre 
sented  as  seated  in  a  gorgeous  chair,  while  in  the  engraving  he  is  represented  as 
standing,  and  there  are  some  additional  variations  in  the  background.  The 
engraving  was  executed  with  considerable  spirit  and  vigor  by  the  distinguished 
artist,  D.  Rafael  Esteve,  from  a  drawing  made  by  the  painter'  Galiano,  and  bears 
this  inscription:  "El  quadro  original  fue"  pintado  en  America  por  Von  Loo"  (the 
original  was  painted  in  America  by  Von  Loo).  No  such  artist  is  known  in  the  annals 
of  American  art,  but  there  was  a  painter  of  that  name  in  Holland  a  century  or  more 
ago.  The  late  Mr.  James  Lenox,  the  founder  of  the  Lenox  Library  at  New  Yorkr 
thought  well  of  the  picture,  and  a  copy  hangs  in  his  collection. 

Xo.  48.  THE  JOMARD  PORTRAIT  (plate  xi). 

The  Jomard  portrait  is  so  called  in  honor  of  a  distinguished  scholar  and  critic,  M» 
Jomard,  for  many  years  librarian  of  the  Bibliotheque  Nationale,  Paris,  who  dis 
covered  it  in  a  gallery  at  Vicenza,  Italy,  in  1844.  "  I  saw  it  by  chance,"  says  M. 


Columbian  Historical  Exposition  at  Madrid. — Curtis. 


PLATE  X. 


THE  BERWICK-ALBA. 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID.  235 

Jomard  (in  Bulletin  de  la  Socie'te'  de  Geographie,  Troisieme"  Serie,  Tome  III,  1843), 
"though  I  was  attracted  by  the  ancient  appearance  of  the  painting,  by  its  beauty, 
and  by  the  noble  character  of  the  whole  figure.  *  *  Drawing  nearer  to  the 
painting,  what  was  ray  surprise  when  I  saw  in  gold  letters  of  the  style  of  the  time, 
on  the  right  angle,  these  two  words,  'Christopher  Columbus.'  It  will  easily  be  be 
lieved  that  I  lost  no  time  in  collecting  all  information  apt  to  enlighten  me  as  to  its 
origin.  Thanks  to  the  kindness  of  the  noble  and  learned  Count  Orti  Maiiava,  Podes- 
tat  of  Verona,  I  was  soon  in  possession  of  all  facts.  It  will  be  easily  understood  why 
such  a  treasure  remained  so  long  unknown.  The  family  owning  it  kept  it  carefully, 
although  unaware  of  its  importance ;  the  last  member  bequeathed  it  to  his  native  city, 
and  at  his  death  it  was  placed  in  the  public  gallery." 

M.  Jomard  does  not  assert  that  it  was  painted  from  life,  but  believes  it  to  be  the 
work  of  Titian  or  one  of  his  students,  perhaps  Domenico  Campagnola,  between  1530 
and  1540,  and  gives  an  extended  argument  to  sustain  this  opinion.     It  is  a  superior 
piece  of  art,  and  it  has  been  frequently  copied  to  illustrate  modern  works  on  Colum 
bus  and  American  history ;  but  the  costume  is  that  of  a  courtier  of  the  eighteenth 
century,  and  the  beard  as  shown  was  never  worn 
in  that  way  until  more  than  eighty  years  after  the 
death  of  both  Columbus  and  Titian. 

No.  49.  THE  MONTANTJS  ENGRAVING  (page  230). 

This  portrait  first  appeared  in  Nieuwe  en  Onbe-          / 
kende  Weereld,  by  Montanus,  in  1671,  and  was         Jj 
copied  in  Ogilby's  America.     Also  in  the  1728  edi 
tion  of  Herrera.      It  is  supposed  to   have  been 
painted  in  Nuremberg  in  1661. 

No.  50.  THE  PARMIGIANO  PORTRAIT  (page  231). 

There  hangs  in  the  Royal  Museo  Borbonaico, 
at  Naples,  an  alleged  portrait  of  Columbus,  which 
has  more  artistic  merit  than  most  of  the  others 
claiming  to  present  his  features,  and  was  selected 
by  Prescott  to  illustrate  his  Ferdinand  and  Isabella. 
It  was  formerly  claimed  to  be  genuine,  but  the  best 

-LHlii   BORGHESB. 

authorities  now  declare  that  it  is  not  a  portrait  of  seePa8e237. 

Columbus  at  all,  but  of  one  Gilberto  di  Sassuolo, 

an  Italian  statesman  and  scholar  who  lived  in  Naples*  from  1502  to  1570.  There  is  no 
doubt  that  it  was  painted  by  Francesco  Mazziolo,  who  took  the  name  of  Parinigiano 
in  honor  of  his  native  city,  Parma.  He  was  born  in  1503,  so  that  ho  was  but  3  years 
old  at  the  death  of  Columbus,  and  he  died  in  1540.  He  was  a  student  of  Rafael,  and 
produced  many  great  works,  including  a  portrait  of  Americus  Vespucci,  which  was 
also  fanciful.  Both  the  so-called  Columbus  and  the  Vespucci  portraits  were  executed 
at  Parma  in  1527,  at  the  order  of  Cardinal  Alexander  Farnese,  and  remained  as  decora 
tions  of  his  palace  for  many  years.  The  King  of  Naples  succeeded  to  the  Faruese 
estates,  and  removed  the  painting  to  the  Royal  Museum  some  years  later.  The  por 
trait  of  Columbus  is  a  rare  example  of  art,  but  it  does  not  bear  the  slightest  resem 
blance  to  the  features  of  the  Admiral  as  described  by  his  contemporaries;  nor  is  the 
garb  such  as  was  worn  in  Spain  at  the  time  he  lived.  Beautiful  copies  of  both  the 
Columbus  and  Americus  portraits,  by  Antonio  Scardiuo,  were  presented  to  the  An 
tiquarian  Society  of  Worcester,  Mass.,  in  1853,  by  Mr.  Ira  M.  Barton. 

No.  51.  THE  ANTONIO  MORO  PORTRAIT  (page  231). 

Another  beautiful  work  of  art,  whose  artistic  authenticity  is  fully  established,  is 
the  portrait  of  Columbus  purchased  by  Mr.  Charles  F.  Gunther,  of  Chicago.  It  was 
painted  by  Sir  Anthony  Moore,  an  artist  of  English  origin,  known  in  Spain  as  Sir 
Antonio  Moro,  and  in  Flanders  as  Chevalier  Antonius  Moor  von  Dashhorst,  who  was 


236 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION   AT    MADRID. 


born  in  1519,  and  died  in  1581.  Wornum  regards  him  as  "in  every  respect  the  best 
portrait  painter  of  his  time/'  and  says  that  he  represented  in  perfection  the  school  of 
Flemish  art  at  the  time  of  Riibens  and  Rembrandt.  Waagen,  also  an  acknowledged 
authority,  places  him  in  the  first  rank  among  the  masters  of  his  epoch.  He  visited 
Madrid  in  1552,  at  the  request  of  Charles  V,  to  paint  the  portraits  of  the  royal  family. 
The  Madrid  gallery  contains  some  excellent  examples  from  his  brush,  especially  that 
of  Queen  Mary  of  England.  He  remained  there  until  the  time  of  Philip  II,  when 
for  some  slight  offense,  said  to  have  been  heretical  utterances,  he  was  denounced 
to  the  Inquisition.  He  escaped  from  Spain,  however,  and  spent  the  rest  of  his  life 
in  Flanders.  This  portrait  was  painted  about  1570,  from  a  miniature  of  Columbus 
said  to  have  been  in  the  possession  of  the  royal  family  at  Madrid,  at  the  order 
of  Margaret  of  Parma,  regent  of  the  Netherlands  under  Philip  II.  Margaret  was 
the  natural  daughter  of  Charles  V  of  Spain  and  Margaret  von  Gest,  a  lady  of  his 
court,  and  was  in  turn  the  wife  of  Alessandro  di  Medici,  Duke  of  Florence,  and 
Octavio  Farnese,  Duke  of  Parma.  She  was  the  mother  of  Alessandro  Farnese,  the 

famous  cardinal,  for  whom  the 
Parmigiano  portrait  of  Columbus, 
now  at  Naples,  was  painted.  The 
Moro  portrait  was  removed  to  Spain 
when  the  Spanish  court  abandoned 
the  Netherlands,  and  it  is  said  to 
have  hung  in  the  cabin  of  one  of  the 
vessels  of  the  Spanish  Armada 
during  the  famous  sea  fight  of  1588. 
The  vessel  which  carried  it  Avent  to 
pieces  on  the  Cornish  coast  of  Eng 
land,  and  the  owner  of  the  adj  oining 
estate  kept  the  picture  as  his  share 
of  the  wreckage.  From  that  date 
to  the  middle  of  the  present  century 
it  remained  in  the  possession  of  the 
same  family,  when  it  was  purchased 
by  William  Cribb,  of  Covent  Gar 
den,  London.  His  descendants  sold 
it  to  Mr.  Charles  F.  Gunther,  of  Chi 
cago.  The  portrait  was  engraved 
in  1850,  and  was  used  by  Irving  to 

illustrate  his  Life  of  Columbus.  It  is  painted  upon  a  panel  of  wood,  about  3  feet  by  2 
in  size,  and  bears  in  faint  letters  the  inscription  "Ch.  Colombo."  The  frame  in  which 
it  is  inclosed  is  a  marvelous  piece  of  carving  and  appears  to  be  as  old  as  the  painting. 

No.  52.  THE  CLADEJJA  PORTRAIT  (page  232). 

In  the  building  known  as  the  Lonja,  at  Seville,  which  was  formerly  the  royal 
exchange,  are  kept  the  archives  of  the  council  of  the  Indies — a  committee  of 
churchmen  and  politicians,  who  had  charge  of  the  spiritual  and  temporal  welfare  of 
the  New  World  for  two  centuries.  Hanging  over  the  principal  entrance  is  a  por 
trait  of  Columbus,  representing  him  in  ruff  and  armor,  with  a  full  young  face,  like  a 
courtier  of  30  years,  and  a  mustache  and  imperial.  This  portrait  was  used  as  the 
model  for  the  tablet  that  conceals  the  burial  place  of  the  alleged  remains  of  Colum 
bus  in  Havana.  It  was  also  used  by  Don  Cristobal  Cladera  as  a  frontispiece  to  his 
Historical  Investigations  concerning  the  DiscoA^eries  of  the  Spaniards  on  the  Ocean 
in  the  Fifteenth  and  the  Principal  Part  of  the  Sixteenth  Centuries,  published  at 
Madrid,  in  1794.  The  signature  of  the  engraving  is  "  Bart  Vasque  la  Grabo,  1791." 
The  picture  has  been  copied  many  times;  but  it  is  supposed  to  be  an  original  of 
Luis  Columbus,  or  some  other  member  of  the  family,  instead  of  the  discoverer. 


COLUMBUS  AND   HIS  SONS. 
See  page  237. 


Columbian  Historical  Exposition  at  Madrid.— Curtis. 


PLATE  XII. 


THE  BRIERA. 


Columbian  Historical  Exposition  at  Madrid.— Curtis. 


PLATE  XIII. 


THE  HERRERA, 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID. 


237 


No.  53.  THE  BRIER  A  PORTRAIT  (plate  xn). 

A  portrait  by  Simeon  Briera,  and  engraved  by  Antonio  Camercero  in  1764,  is  evi 
dently  a  copy  of  that  just  described,  except  that  a  globe  has  been  introduced. 

No.  54.  THE  BAINBRIDGE  PORTRAIT  (page  233). 

An  interesting  old  picture  is  owned  by  Mr.  R.  Somers  Hayes,  No.  39  West  Thirty- 
eighth  street,  New  York  City.  It  is  said  to  have  been  painted  by  one  Cortez,  a  pupil 
of  the  famous  Velasquez.  It  resembles  the  Cladera  portrait,  and  is  painted  on  a 
cedar  panel.  It  belonged  to  an  old  Valencia  family.  Bernard  Henry,  who  was  consul 
of  the  United  States  at  Gibraltar  in  1804,  married  into  the  family,  and  obtained  the 
picture  by  inheritance.  He  presented  it  to  Commodore  Bainbridge,  of  the  United 
States  Navy,  from  whom  it  was  inherited  by  his  grandson,  Mr.  Hayes. 

No.  55.  THE  MUNOZ  PORTRAIT. 

In  his  celebrated  Historia  del  Nuevo  Mundo  (Madrid,  1793),  in  which  were  pre 
sented  for  the  first  time  many  important  documents  from  the  archives  of  Spain 
that  relate  to  the  discovery,  Dr.  Juan  B.  Munoz  presents  a  portrait  of  Columbus, 
with  a  beard,  armor,  and  ruff  of  the  seventeenth 
century,  which,  like  many  others,  bears  no  resem 
blance  to  the  traditional  or  printed  descriptions  of 
his  person.  It  was  painted  by  Mariano  Maella, 
probably  a  hundred  years  after  the  death  of  Colum 
bus,  and  is  considered  simply  a  fancy.  The  original 
is  in  the  collection  of  the  present  Duke  of  Veragua, 
the  descendant  of  Columbus,  and  a  copy  hangs  in 
the  archives  of  the  Indies  at  Seville.  Another  copy 
was  presented  to  the  Philadelphia  Academy  of 
Arts  by  R.  W.  Meade  in  1818,  but  disappeared  some 
years  later,  and  can  not  be  traced.  Delaplaine  used 
it  as  the  frontispiece  of  his  Gallery  of  Distinguished 
Americans,  published  in  Philadelphia  in  1814. 

No.  56.  THE  HERRERA  ENGRAVING  (plate  xm). 

One  of  the  standard  works  on  early  American 
history  is  Herrera's  Historia  General  de  los  Hechos, 
published  at  Madrid  in  1601,  and  familiarly  known 
as  Herrera's  Decades.  In  the  later  editions  appears 

a  portrait  of  Columbus,  which  resembles  in  many  respects  that  which  Munoz  adopted 
some  years  after,  except  that  the  face  is  turned  in  the  opposite  direction.  It  was 
accepted  and  copied  by  William  Cullen  Bryant  and  Sidney  Howard  Gay  as  a 
frontispiece  to  their  History  of  America,  but  it  does  not  recall  the  appearance  of 
Columbus  as  described  by  his  son  and  other  associates.  It  was  also  used  to  illus 
trate  Grove's  Life  of  Cardinal  Wolsey,  London,  1742. 

No.  57.  COLUMBUS  IN  CHAINS  (page  234). 
No.  58.  THE  BORGHESE  PICTURE  (page  235). 

A  portrait  in  the  Borghese  Gallery,  at  Rome,  which  is  catalogued  as  one  of  Colum 
bus,  and  is  said  to  have  been  painted  in  1519,  is  believed  by  critics  to  be  a  portrayal 
ot  the  Saviours  face  by  some  early  but  unknown  artist.  According  to  Carderera  it 
was  painted  for  Prince '  Alobrandine,  and  for  a  century  adorned  his  magnificent 

palace. 

No.  59.  COLUMBUS  AND  HIS  SONS  (page  236). 

Mr.  William  Cunningham,  of  London,  England,  has  kindly  loaned  a  vigorous  por 
trait  of  Columbus  and  his  sons,  which  formerly  belonged  to  Edward  Home,  of  Bevis 
Mount,  near  Southampton,  and  was  sold  by  him  to  William  Thompson,  consul  of 
the  United  States  at  the  latter  city  for  many  years.  Its  origin  and  age  are  unknown, 
but  it  was  engraved  and  published  as  early  as  1794. 


THE  FLAMENG. 
See  page  238. 


238 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID. 


No.  60.  THE  FLAMENG  PORTRAIT  (page  237). 

A  picture  painted  by  Leopold  Flameng,  a  French  artist,  for  the  Marquis  de  Belloy, 
and  purely  fanciful.  The  collection,  of  which  this  is  an  example,  isownedbyPaulDuc- 
roque,  Paris.  The  entire  collection  were  used  as  illustrations  for  Belloy's  Columbus. 

No.  61.  THE  HENGS  PORTRAIT 

An  alleged  portrait  of  Columbus,  in  oil,  on  can 
vas  of  small  size,  hangs  in  the  public  library  at 
Concord,  Mass.,  but  it  bears  110  resemblance  to 
the  traditional  appearance  of  Columbus,  and  is 
unlike  any  other  representation  of  him.  It  was 
presented  to  the  library,  in  1873,  by  Mr.  A.  P. 
Chamberlaine,  of  Concord,  and  is  a  copy,  by 
Raphael  Mengs,  of  an  alleged  Spanish  portrait 
said  to  be  by  Titian.  It  was  formerly  in  the  col 
lection  of  Letitia  Bonaparte,  Napoleon's  mother — 
"Madame  Mere" — at  Rome,  and  was  purchased 
by  Mr.  Chamberlaine  after  her  death.  There  is 
a  legend  that  Mengs,  the  artist,  left  a  record 
somewhere  that  he  made  a  copy  of  a  portrait  of 
Columbus,  by  Titian,  Avith  but  a  single  change 
THE  MENGS.  in  it — the  substitution  of  an  admiral's  cloak  for 

the  armor  which  Titian  had  painted;   but  this 

record  has  never  been  found,  nor  is  there  any  evidence  that  Titian  and  Columbus 
ever  met,  or  that  the  former  ever  painted  a  portrait  of  the  great  admiral. 

No.  62.  THE  GIACOMO  ZATTA  PICTURE. 

Feuilett  De  Conches,  the  French  critic,  describes  a  portrait  of  Columbus  by  Giacomo 
Zatta,  or  Latta,  as  "  with  the  hair  in  disorder,  the  nose  in  air,  the  neck  stretched, 
the  shirt  collar  down,  and  dressed  in  the  costume  of  1792."  Nothing  is  known 
about  the  artist  or  where  the  original  can  be  found. 

No.  63.  THE  PILOTY  PICTURE. 

A  picture  of  Columbus  on  the  deck  of  his  vessel,  by 
Piloty,  is  in  the  gallery  of  Count  von  Krack,  Munich. 

THE  PTOLEMY  WOODCUT. 

In  the  Venetian  edition  of  the  Cosmographia  of 
Claudius  Ptolemy,  published  in  1548,  appears  a  cu 
rious  picture  that  is  claimed  to  represent  Columbus, 
but  the  same  picture  had  previously  appeared  in 
other  publications  over  the  title  of  "An  Astronomer." 

No.  64.  THE  THEVET  ENGRAVING 

Andre  Thevet,  in  his  Portraits  et  Vies  des  Homines 
Illustres,  which  was  first  published  in  Paris  in  1584, 
gives  us  a  Columbus  of  a  solemn  type  that  looks 
more  like  an  astrologer  of  the  middle  ages  than 
a  seaman.  It  is  a  rude  woodcut  and  has  been 

frequently  copied.  It  appears  in  N.  D.  Clerck's  Tooneal  der  Beroemder  Hertogen, 
published  at  Delft  in  1617;  in  North's  edition  of  Plutarch's  Lives,  published  at  Cam 
bridge  in  1676;  in  Isaac  Bullart's  Academic  des  Sciences  et  des  Arts,  published  at 
Brussels  in  1682,  and  in  several  other  works  of  later  date.  Clerck  says  that  Thevet 
obtained  the  portrait  in  Lisbon,  and  that  it  was  painted  by  a  Dutch  artist  wrhile 
Columbus  was  living  there.  Thevet  went  to  America  with  the  Marquis  de  Villegag- 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID. 


239 


non  in  1555,  when  the  latter  attempted  to  establish  a  French  colony  near  the  month 
of  the  Rio  de  Janeiro,  and  returned  the  year  following  with  Bois-le-Comte,  seems  to 
have  sailed  northward,  and  Thevet  speaks  of  Canada  and  Newfoundland  as  if  he  had 

been  there  himself. 

No.  65.  THE  PHILOPONO  WOODCUT. 

Honorio  Philopono,  a  monk  of  the  Order  of  St.  Benedict,  published  a  book  in  1621 
based  upon  the  narratives  of  the  priests  and  monks  who  accompanied  Columbus  and 
later  explorers.  The  book  had  the  following  title :  "Voy 
age  to  the  New  World  of  the  Western  Indies,  given  now  to 
the  press,  made  by  the  Most  Reverend  Father  Dom  Bnell, 
of  Catalonia,  abbot  of  Monserrate,  and  apostolic  legate  :i 
latere  of  the  Holy  See  for  the  whole  America,  or  New 
World,  and  patriarch  of  the  same,  and  his  associates  or 
brethren  of  the  same  Order  of  St.  Benedict,  sent  by  His 
Holiness  the  Pope,  Alexander  VI,  in  1492,  to  preach  the 
Gospel  of  Christ  to  the  barbarous  people  of  those  regions, 
written  upon  the  notes  and  statements  of  several  authors, 
and  illustrated  with  engravings." 

COLUMBUS  IN  CONVERSATION  WITH  AMERICUS  VES 
PUCCI. 


THE  THEVET. 
See  page  233. 


Wrhile  at  Seville  in  1505,  Columbus  saw  a  good  deal  of 
Americus  Vespucci.     They  had  become  acquainted  while 

the  Admiral  was  fitting  out  his  ships  for  his  second  voyage,  the  contract  for  furnish 
ing  the  supplies  having  been  awarded  to  a  merchant  named  Beradi,  by  whom  Vespucci 
was  employed,  and  the  latter  had  active  charge  of  the  business.  In  the  meantime 
Vespucci  had  himself  made  two  voyages  to  the  Indies,  cruising  along  a  good  deal  of 

the  northern  coast  of  South  America,  and 
down  the  east  coast  as  far  as  Bahia,  Brazil, 
where  the  Portuguese  had  established  a 
trading  post.  It  was  at  the  conclusion  of 
his  second  voyage,  in  September,  1504,  that 
Americus  had  written  the  account  of  his 
discoveries,  which,  three  years  later,  caused 
his  name  to  be  given  to  the  New  Wrorld ;  but 
there  is  no  reason  to  believe  that  he  antici 
pated  or  even  hoped  that  his  fame  would  be 
so  closely  linked  to  the  western  hemisphere. 
Nor  is  there  evidence  of  the  slightest  rivalry 
or  jealousy  between  the  two  voyagers.  On 
the  contrary,  Columbus  sent  a  letter  to  his 
son,  on  the  5th  of  February,  1505,  by  Ameri 
cus,  of  whom  he  wrote : 

"Within  two  days  I  have  talked  with 
Americus  Vespucci,  who  will  bear  this  to 
you,  and  who  is  summoned  to  court  on  mat 
ters  of  navigation.  He  has  always  mani 
fested  a  disposition  to  be  friendly  to  me. 

Fortune  has  not  always  favored  him,  and  in  this  he  is  not  different  from  many  others. 
His  ventures  have  not  always  been  as  successful  as  he  would  wish.  He  left  me  fall 
of  the  kindliest  purposes  toward  me,  and  will  do  anything  for  me  which  is  in  his 
power.  I  hardly  knew  what  to  tell  him  would  be  helpful  in  him  to  do  for  me,  because 
I  did  not  know  what  purpose  there  was  in  calling  him  to  court.  Find  out  what  he  can 
do,  and  he  will  do  it;  only  let  it  be  so  managed  that  he  will  not  be  suspected  of  ren 
dering  me  aid.  I  have  told  him  all  that  it  is  possible  to  tell  him  as  to  my  own  affairs, 
including  what  I  have  done  and  what  recompense  1  have  had.  Show  this  letter  to 
the  Adelantado,  so  that  he  may  advise  how  Vespucci  can  be  made  serviceable  to  us," 


PHILOPOXO  PORTRAIT. 


240 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID. 


Shortly  after  this  date  Americus  was  appointed  as  a  sort  of  general  agent  of  the 
Spanish  Government,  at  a  salary  of  30,000  maravedi,  about  $2,000  a  year,  to  superin 
tend  the  fitting  out  of  expeditions  to  the  Indies  and  the  north  coast  of  South  America. 

]ST0.  67.  THE  LAWSO^ST  PICTUKE. 

Mr.  Eobert  Lawsou,  of  Baltimore,  Mdv  has  a  portrait  of  Columbus  which  he 
bought  at  an  auction  in  1851-52,  where  a  number  of  other  old  paintings  of  a  similar 
type  were  sold.  Its  age  and  author  are  unknown. 

Xo.  68.  THE  XOYAK  PICTURE. 

Aii  old  portrait  of  Columbus  owned  by  Mr.  Ernest  Novak,  of  New  York  City,  which 
belonged  to  the  collection  of  a  certain  antiquarian  in  Seville,  and  at  his  death  passed 

into  other  hands.     The  canvas  is  very  old,  and 
an  attempt  to  bring  out  the  colors  only  made 

AM  ERIC  A    sivi-l  NOVV£   OR  ws          the  picture  worse. 

Xo.  69.  THE  ERSKINE  PICTURE. 

Aii  old  portrait  of  Columbus,  by  Gentile  Bel 
lini  (1421-1507),  owned  by  Mr.  Charles  Erskine, 
of  Roxbury,  Mass.  It  is  said  to  have  been 
brought  from  England  by  Governor  Benning 
Wentworth,  of  New  Hampshire. 

In  addition  to  the  portraits  of  Colum 
bus  there  was  an  interesting  collection 
of  portraits  of  his  descendants,  so  far 
as  they  could  be  obtained.  The  pictures 
of  the  earlier  members  of  his  family, 
his  brothers,  Bartholomew  and  Diego, 
and  Diego  and  Ferdinand,  his  sons,  and 
that  of  Beatriz  Enriquez  de  Arana,  the 
mother  of  Fernando  Columbus,  with 
whom  he  lived  while  at  Cordova,  were 
without  doubt  purely  fanciful,  but  the 
authenticity  of  those  of  the  later  members  of  the  Colon  family  was  well 
established. 

There  were  a  number  of  facsimiles  of  autographs  of  Columbus, 
notably  of  the  letters  written  by  him  to  Xicolo  Oderigo,  the  Genoese 
ambassador  to  Spain  at  the  time  of  his  return  from  his  first  voyage, 
and  to  the  Bank  of  St.  George.  Here,  too,  were  photographs  of  votive 
offerings  which  Columbus  is  said  to  have  placed  at  the  shrine  of  the 
Holy  Virgin  at  Siena,  Italy,  upon  his  return  from  his  first  voyage, 
in  obedience  to  a  vow  made  by  him  during  a  terrible  storm  at  sea. 


Xo.  66. 

PORTKAIT  FROM  DE  BRY'S  VOYAGES. 
See  No.  43. 


THE  MONUMENTS  OF  COLUMBUS. 


Associated  with  the  portraits  of  Columbus  were  a  series  of  models, 
photographs,  and  engravings  of  the  monuments  and  statues  that  have 
been  erected  in  his  honor  in  various  parts  of  the  world,  seventy-two  in 
number,  and  the  collection  is  believed  to  have  been  complete. 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID 


241 


It  is  a  common  error  of  historical  writers  to  lament  that  art  has  done 
so  little  to  commemorate  the  event  that  stands  most  conspicuous  among 
the  achievements  of  men.  Although  it  is  true  that  no  monument  of 
appropriate  proportions  has  ever  been  erected 
in  honor  of  Columbus,  like  the  stately  shaft 
that  bears  testimony  to  the  greatness  of  Wash 
ington  in  the  city  of  his  name,  or  the  statue  of 
Liberty  at  the  sea  gates  of  our  metropolis,  it 
is  nevertheless  a  fact  that  the  effigy  of  uthe 
Admiral  of  the  Indies"  has  been  painted  and 
carved  often er,  perhaps,  than  any  other  ex 
cept  the  Saviour  of  mankind,  and  that  the 
world  is  reminded  of  its  obligations  to  him  by 
more  monuments  thanhave  been  reared  to  the 
honor  of  any  other  hero  of  history.  There  are 
no  less  than  twenty-nine  statues  and  monu 
ments  to  Columbus  in  America  alone,  and  the 
revival  of  interest  in  his  career  because  of 
the  four  hundredth  anniversary  of  the  dis 
covery  will  result  in  the  erection  of  several 
more.  There  are  six  monuments  to  Colum 
bus  in  Spain  and  seven  in  Italy,  but  the  other 
nations  of  Kurope  have  thus  far  neglected  to 
pay  such  tribute  to  his  memory,  because,  per 
haps,  they  had  no  association  with  his  career. 


THE  BALTIMORE  MONUMENT. 


MONUMENT  IN  BALTIMORE. 

Erected  by  Italian  residents. 


The  first  monument  to  Columbus  is  that 
which  is  said  to  have  been  placed  by  King 
Ferdinand  over  his  grave  in  the  church  of 
the  Carthusian  friars  at  Seville,  but  the 
stone  has  disappeared,  if  it  ever  existed, 
of  which  there  is  much  doubt. 

No.  70.  THE  BALTIMORE  MONUMENT. 
The  first  erected  in  America  still  stands  in  the 
grounds  of  the  Samuel  Ready  Orphan  Asylum, 
within  the  city  limits  of  Baltimore.  It  is  a  plain 
shaft  about  30  feet  high,  resting  upon  a  tur/- 
covered  mound,  and  surrounded  by  a  group  of 
stately  cedars.  It  bears  the  inscription,  "  Sacred 
to  the  Memory  of  Chris.  Columbus,  October 
XII,  MDCC  VIIIC ; "  and  was  erected  by  General 
d'Amamor,  a  French  soldier  of  fortune,  who  came 
to  the  United  States  with  Count  de  Grasse  to  serve 
in  the  Revolutionary  army.  After  the  surrender 
of  Yorktown  he  took  up  his  residence  in  the  then 
suburbs  of  Baltimore,  where  he  lived  until  1797. 
The  monument  was  dedicated  on  the  three  hun 
dredth  anniversary  of  the  discovery  of  America. 


No.  71.  MODEL  OF  A  STATUE  ERECTED  BY  THE  ITALIAN  CITIZENS  OF  BALTIMORE. 
One  hundred  years  later  the  Italian  residents  of  Baltimore  erected  another  mon 
ument  in  honor  of  the  great  discoverer.  It  stands  in  Druid  Hill  Park,  and  was  paid 
for  by  public  subscription.  The  sculptor  was  Achille  Canessa,  of  Genoa.  The  mon 
ument  was  unveiled  on  the  12th  of  October,  1892. 

H.  Ex.  100 16 


242 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID. 


No.  72.  MARBLE  GROUP  AT  THE  CAPITOL  AT  WASHINGTON. 

When  the  main  portion  of  the  Capitol  at  Washington  was  completed,  in  1846,  a 
semicolossal  group  in  marble  was   placed  upon  the  southern  buttress  of  the  eastern 
portico  at  the  right  of  the  main  entrance.    It  was  carved  in  Italy,  by  Signor  Fersico, 
and  cost  $24,000;   the  first  piece  of  statuary  that  was  ever 
purchased  by  the  Government  of  the  United  States.     An 
armor-clad  figure  of  the  discoverer  stands  in  a  dramatic 
posture,  holding  aloft  in  the  right  hand  a  small  globe  on 
which  is  carved  the  word  "America."    A  nude  Indian  girl 
crouches,  awe-stricken,  at  his  side. 

A  bill  has  been  introduced  in  the  Congress  of  the  United 
States  and  has  passed  the  Senate,  appropriating  $75,000  for 
the  erection  of  a  monument  at  the  western  entrance  to  the 
Capitol  grounds  at  the  head  of  Pennsylvania  avenue,  where 
a  " peace  monument'7  now  stands.  It  is  also  proposed  to 
erect  a  "triumphal  arch"  in  honor  of  Columbus  at  the  crest 
of  the  hill  at  the  end  of  Sixteenth  street. 


MARBLE  GROUP. 

On  Capitol  steps,  Washington. 


No.  73.  THE  STEBBINS  STATUE. 

In  1867,  a  fine  statue  of  Columbus  was  erected  in  Central 
Park,  New  York,  by  Mrs.  Marshall  O.  Roberts,  as  a  gift  to 

that  city.  It  was  designed  and  executed  in  Rome,  by  Miss  Emma  Stebbins,  sister  of 
the  Honorable  Henry  G.  Stebbins,  who  also  designed  the  fountain  at  the  terrace  in 
the  park.  The  statue  is  7  feet  high,  and  the  base  31  inches.  It  represents  Columbus 


COLUMBUS   POINTING   OUT  THE  LIGHT. 

in  the  garb  of  a  sailor  with  a  mantle  thrown  over  his  shoulder.     The  face  is  copied 
from  the  accepted  portraits  of  the  Giovian  type. 

No.  74.  COLUMBUS  POINTING  OUT  THE  LIGHT. 

Mr.  Napoleon  Sarony,  the  well-known  photographer  of  New  York,  has  a  beautiful 
group  by  D.  Anvers,  of  Naples,  representing  Columbus  on  the  deck  of  his  caraval, 
pointing  out  the  light  he  is  said  to  have  seen  on  the  night  before  the  discovery  of  land 
to  Pedro  Gutierez,  a  gentleman  of  the  king's  bedchamber,  who  accompanied  him  on 
the  voyage. 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION   AT   MADRID. 


243 


STATUE  AT  ST.  LOUIS. 


Xo.  75.  THE  ST.  LOUIS  STATUE. 

In  1886  a  statue  of  Columbus  was  inaugurated  at  St.  Louis,  the  gift  of  Mr.  Henry 
Shaw,  a  public-spirited  citizen  of  that  place.     It  consists  of  the  single  figure  of 
Columbus,  in  gilt  bronze,   of  heroic  size,  standing  on   a   somewhat  lofty  granite 
pedestal,  which  is  enriched  by  four  bronze 
panels,  with  reliefs  portraying  prominent 
events  in  his  career.     He  is  represented  at 
the  moment  when,  on  the  evening  of  the 
llth  of  October,  1492,  he  imagined  ho  saw 
a  light  in  the  westward,  and  is  looking 
forward  with  an  expression  half  anxious, 
half  triumphant,  to  this  beacon  of  an  un 
known  world.     The  face  of  this  statue  is 
copied  from  that  at  Genoa.     The  figure 
was   modeled  and  cast  in  the    Miiller 
foundry  at  Munich. 

No.  76.  THE  INSPIRATION  OF  COLUMBUS. 

Some  years  ago  Mr.  A.  P.  Chamberlaine, 

of  Concord,  Mass  ,  presented  to  the  Acad 
emy  of  Fine  Arts,  Boston,  a  beautiful 

piece  of  marble  representing  the  First 

Inspiration  of  the  Boy  Columbus.     He  is 

represented  as  a  youth,  in  the  costume  of 

the  period,  sitting  upon  the  capstan  of  a 

vessel,  with  an  open  book  in  his  hand,  and 

his  foot  carelessly  swinging  in  an  iron  ring  that  hangs  from  a  staple  in  the  capstan. 

It  is  the  work  of  Guilio  Monteverde,  a  young  artist  of 
Rome,  in  1871,  and  was  awarded  the  first  gold  medal 
at  the  National  Art  Exhibition  at  Parma  that  year.  A 
duplicate  is  owned  by  Prince  Giovauelli,  of  Florence. 
Monteverde  is  now  a  senator  in  the  Italian  Parliament. 

Xo.  77.  STATUE  IX  LOUISBURG-  SQUARE,  BOSTON. 

There  is  another  statue  in  Boston  of  Columbus  as 
a  boy,  which  stands  in  Louisburg  Square,  and  was 
presented  to  the  city  in 
1849  by  Joseph  lasigi, 
a  wealthy  resident,  of 
Grecian    nativity.      It 
was  carved  in  Leghorn. 

Xo.  78.  THE  SACRA 
MENTO  GROUP. 

INSPIRATION  OF  THE  BOY  COLUMBUS. 

A  marble  group,  rep 
resenting  Columbus  explaining  his  theory  of  a  western 
passage  to  the  Indies  to  Queen  Isabella,  was  presented 
to  the  State  of  California  by  Mr.  D.  O.  Mills,  of  New 
York  City.  It  stands  in  the  rotunda  of  the  capitol 
at  Sacramento.  Larkin  G.  Mead  was  the  sculptor.  It 
was  carved  in  Italy,  from  a  single  block  of  marble, 
and  cost  $60,000. 

The  most  conspicuous  ornament  on  the  building  of 

the  Long  Island  Historical  Library,  Brooklyn,  is  a  terra-cotta  bust  of  Columbus,  of 
modern  but  artistic  workmanship,  by  Olin  L.  Warner,  of  New  York,  who  took 
for  his  model  the  bust  at  Genoa,  but  introduced  some  changes  of  costume,  including 
a  headdress. 


SACRAMENTO  GROUP 


244 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID. 


XO.  79.  THE  WHITE  HOUSE  BUST. 

Ill  the  main  vestibule  of  the  White  House  at  Washington  is  a  bust  in  marble,  but 
its  origin  and  authorship  have  been  forgotten. 

No.  80.  THE  PHILADELPHIA  MONUMENT. 

After  the  Centennial  Exposition  in  1876,  the  Italian 
residents  of  Philadelphia  purchased  a  statue  of  Colum 
bus  there  exhibited  by  one  of  their  countrymen,  and 
presented  it  to  the  park  commissioners,  by  whom  it 
was  placed  in  Fairniount  Park. 

Xo.  81.  THE  CHICAGO  HEEALD  MONUMENT. 

In  1891  the  Chicago  Herald  sent  an  expedition  to 
Watling  Island,  and,  at  or  near  the  point  where  Colum 
bus  is  supposed  to  have  landed,  erected  a  column  of 
masonry,  which  is  surmounted  by  a  marble  globe  bear 
ing  an  appropriate  inscription:  "On  this  spot  Colum 
bus  first  set  foot  on  the  soil  of  the  New  World.  Erected 
by  the  Chicago  Herald,  June  9,  1891. 

Xos.  82,  83,  AND  84.  MONUMENT  EKECTED   BY   ITALIAN 
RESIDENTS  OF  NEW  YORK. 

A  beautiful  statue  of  Columbus  was  erected  by  the 
Italian  residents  of  New  York  last  summer,  and  un 
veiled  on  the  12th  of  October,  1892.  The  design  was  by 
Gaetano  Russo,  an  Italian  sculptor,  and  the  work  was 
executed  under  the  direction  of  a  committee  appointed 
by  the  Italian  Governmeut  at  Rome.  The  figure  is  13  feet  high,  the  shaft  and  pedestal 
62  feet  high,  which,  with  the  heavy  stone  foundation,  gives  the  structure  a  total  height 
of  84  feet  from  the  ground.  The  figure  is  of  marble,  including  the  pedestal.  The 
base  is  about  36  feet  square.  At  the  base  of  the  circular  marble  shaft  will  be  four 


STATUE  ON  TOP   OF  MONUMENT, 
NK\V  YORK  CITY. 

Erected  by  Italian  residents. 


BAS-RELIEF  ON  MONUMENT,   NEW  YORK  CITY. 

Erected  by  Italian  residents. 


BAS-RELIEF  ON  MONUMENT,   NEW  YORK  CITY, 

Erected  by  Italian  residents. 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID. 


245 


figures,  one  representing  a  Spaniard,  tho  second  an  Italian,  the  third  an  American, 
and  the  fourth  a  winged  genie.  The  work  was  done  in  Italy  and  cost  $35,000.  The 
sculptor  gave  the  design  and  services  free.  The  money  to  pay  the  expense  was 
raised  by  subscription  from  the  Italian  citizens  of  New  York. 

No.  85.  DESIGN  OF  MONUMENT  TO  BE  ERECTED  BY  SPANISH 
CITIZENS  IN  NEW  YORK. 

Not  to  be  outdone  by  their  neighbors  of  Italian  birth,  the 

Spanish  residents  of  New  York  propose  to  place  in  Central 

Park  a  magnificent  fountain,  from  the  base  of  which  will  rise  a 
half  globe.  Upon  its  summit  will  stand 
a  colossal  figure  of  Columbus,  explain 
ing  a  chart  to  the  two  Pinzon  brothers, 
his  companions  in  the  first  voyage. 
It  was  designed  by  Fernando  Miranda. 

No.  86.  BUST  OF  COLUMBUS  BY  FER 
NANDO  MIRANDA. 


MIRANDA  BUST. 


MONUMENT  IN  NEW  YORK. 

Erected  by  Spanish  residents. 

The  people  of  Columbus,  Ohio,  pro 
pose  to  erect  a  monument  to  the  man  in  whose  honor  their 
city  was  christened,  and  designs  have  been  asked  for  from 
prominent  artists. 

It  is  proposed  by  the  citizens  of  Chicago  to  erect  a  monu 
ment  to  Columbus  on  the  lake  front  of  that  city,  and  its  dedi 
cation  will  be  a  part  of  the  services  of  the  World's  Fair.  The 
monument  will  be  placed  on  a  quadrangular  terrace,  at  each 
angle  of  which  will  be  a  lamp-post  with  torches,  an 
anchor,  and  a  chain,  the  links  of  which  are  sym 
bolical  of  Colnmbns's  days  of  captivity.  Four 
long  steps  will  be  placed  on  either  side,  and  the 
monument  will  consist  of  a  pedestal  ornamented  on 
its  principal  front  with  a  tablet  in  the  shape  of  a 
medallion  and  destined  for  an  inscription.  The 
other  fronts  will  contain  each  a  bas-relief  repre 
senting  the  following  subjects:  (1)  the  appearance 
of  Columbus  at  the  convent  of  La  Rabida;  (2) 
Queen  Isabella  offering  her  jewels;  (3)  the  recep 
tion  of  Columbus  at  Barcelona  on  his  return  from 
his  fourth  voyage;  and  (4)  reception  by  Queen, 
Isabella.  On  the  principal  front  of  the  base  will 
be  the  prow  of  a  vessel,  terminated  by  a  figure,  the 
genius  of  Columbus,  holding  in  each  hand  a  torch 
and  showing  him  the  route  to  take.  Above  the 
vessel's  prow,  but  back,  will  be  the  principal  group, 
Columbus  surrounded  by  a  few  of  his  companions, 
and  illustrative  of  his  pointing  to  the  new  land 
promised,  and  for  which  he  had  searched  so  long. 
On  the  lateral  sides,  about  the  height  of  the  prow, 
and  silting  on  a  small  pedestal,  Fame  is  proclaim 
ing,  to  the  sound  of  a  trumpet,  the  glories  of 
Christopher  Columbus.  The  figure  on  the  poste 
rior  side  personifies  the  city  of  Chicago,  support 
ing  an  escutcheon  with  this  inscription:  "The  city  of  Chicago  to  Christopher 

Columbus." 

No.  87    THE  DRAKE  FOUNTAIN  AT  CHICAGO. 

Mr.  John  B.  Drake,  of  Chicago,  presented  to  the  people  of  that  city  a  beautiful 
fountain,  with  an  ice  chamber  capable  of  holding  two  tons  of  ice,  and  furnishing 
water  at  ten  faucets.  The  monument  is  gothic  in  style,  the  base  being  made  of 


STATUE   ON   DRAKE  FOUNTAIN. 


246 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID. 


granite  from  Baveno,  Italy,  Upon  the  pedestal  in  front  of  the  fountain  is  a  bronze 
statue  of  Columbus  7  feet  high,  designed  by  R.  H.  Park,  and  cast  in  the  Royal  Foundry 
at  Rome.  The  inscription  reads,  "  Ice-water  drinking  fountain,  presented  to  the  city 
of  Chicago  by  John  B.  Drake,  1892." 

Xo.  88.— THE  LIVERPOOL  STATUE. 

On  the  portico  of  the  Exchange  building  in 
Liverpool,  England,  stands  a  statue  of  Colum 
bus,  which  was  erected  in  1866,  and  it  is  the 
only  monument  that  was  ever  erected  to  Co 
lumbus  in  Europe  outside  of  Italy  and  Spain. 

Xo.  89— THE  XASSAU  STATUE. 

A  statue  of  Columbus  at  Nassau,  New  Provi 
dence,  in  the  Bahama  Islands,  was  presented 
to  the  colony  by  Sir  James  Carmichael  Smyth, 
governor  of  the  Bahamas  from  1829  to  1833. 
It  was  modeled  in  London  in  1831,  by  an  art 
ist  named  Groggon.  The  monument  stands 
directly  in  front  of  the  Government  house,  is 
made  of  metal,  and  painted  white.  The  figure 
is  9  feet  high,  and  is  placed  upon  a  pedestal  6 
feet  high  and  5  feet  square.  On  the  northern 
and  seaward  side  of  the  pedestal  is  the  in 
scription,  ''Columbus,  1492."  It  was  erected 
in  May,  1832. 


THE  CARDEXAS  STATUE. 


TABLET  IN  CATHEDRAL  AT  HAVANA. 

There  is  a  statue  at  Cardenas,  Cuba,  which 

was  erected  by  the  celebrated  Cuban  authoress,  Sefiora  G.  Gomez  de  Avellaneda, 
the  wife  of  a  former  governor.     It  was  carved  by  J.  Piguer,  of  Madrid. 

Nos.  91  AND  92.  THE  CATHEDRAL  TABLET,  HAVAXA.  STATUE  IX  THE  CAPTAIX- 
GEXERAL'S  PALACE,  HAVAXA.  BUST  IN  EL  TEMPLETE,  HAVAXA.  COLUMBUS 
IX  CHAINS,  HAVAXA. 

In  addition  to  the  marble  tablet  that  is  embedded  in  the  wall  of  the  cathedral  at 
Havana,  where  the  remains  of  Columbus  are  supposed  to  rest,  there  are  three  statues 
to  the  discoverer  in  that  city.  One,  a  full- 
length,  heroic  figure  in  marble,  stands 
upon  a  lofty  pedestal  in  the  courtyard  of 
the  palace  of  the  captain- general.  The 
second  is  a  marble  bust  upon  a  column  in 
front  of  the  little  chapel,  "  El  Templete," 
which  marks  the  spot  where  the  first  mass 
was  celebrated  on  the  island  of  Cuba ;  and 
the  third  is  an  impressive  figure  of  an  old 
man  in  chains  sitting  on  the  deck  of  a 
vessel,  which  ornaments  the  library  of 
the  Bibliotheca  Publica,  of  the  Royal 
Economical  Society  of  the  Friends  of  the 
Country,  which  has  kindly  loaned  it  for 

exhibition  in  La  Rabida.     It  was  modeled        

by  Valtmijana,  at  Barcelona,  Spain.  COLUMBUS  IN  CHAINS. 

Xo.93.  THE  MELERO  STATUE. 

Mr.  Miguel  Melero,  director  of  the  Academy  of  Painting  and  Sculpture  at  Havana, 
has  designed  and  finished  in  gypsum  a  statue  of  Columbus  that  will  be  cast  in  bronze 
for  the  city  of  Colon,  in  the  State  of  Matanzas,  Cuba.  The  work  is  paid  for  by  the 
generosity  of  a  rich  sugar  planter  in  Matanzas. 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADKID. 


247 


No.  94.  THE  MELIDA  DESIGN  FOR  A  TOMB  OF  COLUMBUS,  HAVANA. 

On  February  25.  1891,  a  royal  decree  was  issued  by  the  Government  of  Spain, 
through  the  ministry  of  colonies,  inviting  competition  between  Spanish  artists  for 
the  erection  of  an  appropriate  sepulcher  in  which  to  preserve  the  alleged  remains 
of  Christopher  Columbus  in  the 
cathedral  at  Havana,  and  for  a 
statue  in  his  honor  in  the  central 
plaza  of  that  city.  Fifty  thou 
sand  dollars  was  appropriated 
for  the  first  and  $100,000  for  the 
others.  Several  designs  were  sub 
mitted  to  a  jury,  who  awarded 
the  first  prize  to  Arthur  Melida 
and  a  premium  of  $5,000;  the 
second  prize  was  given  to  Don 
Antonio  Alsina;  and  the  third 
to  Don  Francisco  Fons  The 
sepulcher  is  now  being  erected, 
upon  the  Melida  design,  at 
Havana. 

The  Melida  design  represents 
a  bier  covered  with  a  heavily 
embroidered  pall,  borne  upon  the 
shoulders  of  four  heralds,  in  gar 
ments  richly  carved  to  represent 
lace  and  embroidered  work.  The 
two  front  figures  bear  scepters 
surmounted  by  images  of  the 


Madonna  and  St.  James,  the  pa-  MELIDA  DESIGN  FOR  MONUMENT. 

tron  saint  of  Spain.    On  the  front 

of  their  garments  are  represented  the  arms  of  Castile  and  Leon.  The  rear  bearers 

represent  Aragon  and  Navarre 
the  former  being  indicated  by 
four  red  staffs  on  a  gold  field, 
and  the  fourth  has  gold-linked 
chains  on  a  red  field.  The 
group  is  supported  on  a  pedes 
tal  ornamented  about  its  edge 
with  a  Greek  fret. 

X o.  95.  DESIGN  FOE  A  TOMB  OF 
COLUMBUS  BY  ALSINA. 

The  design  submitted  by  An 
tonio  Alsina   represents  Spain 
and    America    united    by    the 
symbol  of  the  Christian  faith. 
The   sitting   statues   represent 
Hope,  Cosmography,  and  Navi 
gation.     The  Spanish  lion  sup 
ports  the  shield  of  the  Catholic  kings.     The   statue   of    Fame,  whose  wings  partly 
appear  behind  the  upper  group,  is  pointing  to  the  name  of  Columbus  inscribed  on  a 
medallion  placed  on  the  rear  of  the  funereal  urn. 


248  COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION   AT    MADRID. 

No.  96.  DESIGN  FOR  A  TOMB  OF  COLUMBUS  BY  FONS. 

The  design  of  Francisco  Fons  represents  a  sarcophagus  supported  by  six  pillars, 
three  at  the  head  and  three  at  the  feet.  Upon  it  lies  Columbus,  represented  as  iiihis 
dying  bed,  with  a  cross  at  his  head,  before  which  an  angel  is  standing.  One  hand 
of  the  angel  is  resting  on  his  shoulder  and  the  other  is  pointing  upward.  At  each 
corner  of  the  sarcophagus  is  a  winged  figure  representing  Fame.  Below  it  is  a  globe 
covered  with  tropical  foliage  in  relief.  About  it  sit  four  allegorical  figures,  and  on 
the  sides  of  the  base,  supporting  the  pillars,  are  symbolical  figures  in  high  relief. 


THE   FONS   DESIGN. 

No.  97.  DESIGN  FOR  MONUMENT  TO  COLUMBUS  AT  HAVANA,  BY  SUSILLO 

(pis.  xiv-xvi). 

The  design  submitted  by  Don  Antonio  Susillo  \vas  adopted  for  the  monument,  and  it 
is  now  being  carved.  It  represents  a  boat  supporting  a  vessel,  which  has  carved  on  its 
bow  the  date  1492.  In  it  are  two  figures,  one  of  an  Indian  and  the  other  of  a  white 
man,  bearing  a  cross.  On  one  side  is  a  large  medallion  of  Ferdinand  andlsabella.  The 
globe  rests  on  a  truncated  pyramidal  base,  which  in  turn  is  supported  by  a  pedestal 
having  at  each  of  its  four  angles  an  allegorical  figure  and  on  each  of  its  faces  a 

a  bronze  bas-relief. 

No.  98.  THE  SAN  DOMINGO  STATUE. 

The  statue  of  Columbus  in  the  city  of  San  Domingo,  which  was  founded  by 
Columbus,  in  front  of  the  cathedral  in  which  his  bones  lay  for  two  hundred  and 
fifty  years,  and  where  it  is  claimed  they  still  remain,  is  a  heroic  statue  in  bronze. 


Columbian  Historical  Exposition  at  Madrid. —Curtis. 


PLATE  XIV. 


THE  SUSILLO  DESIGN. 


BAS-RELIEF  ON  SUSILLO  DESIGN. 


Columbian  Historical  Exposition  at  Madrid.— Curtis. 


PLATE  XV. 


BASE  OF  SUSILLO  MONUMENT. 


BASE  OF  SUSILLO  MONUMENT. 


Columbian  Historical  Exposition  at  Madrid.— Curtis 


PLATE  XVI. 


s%ijttti*£  ^f^"''\ 

mK^\ 


BAS-RELIEFS  ON  SUSILLO  MONUMENT. 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID.  249 

It  stands  in  the  center  of  the  plaza  opposite  the  Government  palace.  It  was  cast  in 
France,  by  order  of  the  Dominican  Government,  about  1880.  It  represents  Colum- 
1ms  in  heroic  size,  pointing  to  the  westward.  At  the  base  is  a  life-size  figure  of  an 
Indian  girl,  representing  Anacaona,  the  unfortunate  wife  of  the  no  less  unfortunate 
cacique  of  Cibao,  tracing  an  inscription  which  reads:  "Yllustre  y.  Esclarecido 
Varon,  Don  Cristoval  Colon." 

No.  99.  THE   ISABELLA   MONUMENT. 

Some  enterprising  and  patriotic  citizens  of  Boston  have  raised  funds  for  the  erec 
tion,  011  the  site  of  Isabella,  the  first  civilized  settlement  in  the  New  World,  of  a 
statue  to  commemorate  the  event  and  the  man.  It  is  to  be  a  bronze  figure  of  Colum 
bus,  designed  by  the  sculptor  Buyens,  of  Ghent,  and  will  be  cast  at  Chicopee,  Mass. 
It  will  stand  on  a  massive  pedestal  of  Cape  Anne  Granite.  There  are  two  bas-reliefs, 
representing  the  Genius  of  Christianity  and  the  Genius  of  Civilization.  The  former 
is  a  female  figure,  representing  the  Mother  Church  fostering  a  little  Indian  child  and 
pointing  to  a  suspended  cross  in  the  distance,  the  emblem  of  man's  salvation.  The 
second  bas-relief  is  an  ideal  figure  of  the  Goddess  Ceres  drawn  in  a  chariot  by 
prancing  horses ;  her  arms  are  filled  with  gifts  and  flowers,  and  Columbus  at  the 
heads  of  the  horses  is  pointing  the  way  for  her  to  follow.  A  third  tablet  carries  an 
inscription  in  Latin,  from  the  pen  of  M.  Schroeder,  as  follows: 

ANNO.  CLAUDENTE.  SAECULTJM.  XV 
EX.  QUO.  COLONI.  CHRISTIANI.  COLUMBO.  DUCE 

HIC.  POST.  OPPIDUM.  CONSTITUTUM 
PRIMUM.    IN.    MUNDO.    NOVO.  TEMPLUM 

CHRISTO.    DEO.   DICARUNT 
GIVES.  BOSTONIAE.  SUB.  AUSPICE 

EPHEMERIS.  BOSTONIENSIS 
CUI.  A.  SACRO.  CORDE.  EST.  NOMEN 

NE.  REI.  TANTAE.  MEMORIA.  UNQUAM.  DELABATUR 

HAEC.  MARMORI.  COMMEND AVIT 

A.  D.  MDCCCLXXXXII. 

No.  100.  MONUMENT  IN  THE  CITY  OF  MEXICO. 

The  capital  of  Mexico  has  long  had,  in  one  of  its  public  thoroughfares,  a  truly 
artistic  monument  to  the  great  discoverer.  It  was  executed  by  Cordier,  a  French 
sculptor,  and  was  the  gift  to  the  city  of  one  of  her  sons,  Senor  Don  Antonio  Escandon, 
by  name.  The  subbase  of  this  monument  is  a  large  platform  of  basalt,  surrounded 
by  a  balustrade  of  iron,  from  which  spring  five  lanterns.  From  the  platform  rises 
a  square  mass  of  red  marble  ornamented  with  basso-relievos.  One  of  these  repre 
sents  the  arms  of  Columbus,  surrounded  with  garlands  of  laurel ;  another  portrays 
the  rebuilding  of  the  monastery  of  Santa  Maria  de  la  Rabida;  the  third  represents 
the  discovery  of  the  island  of  San  Salvador,  while  the  fourth  reproduces  a  fragment 
of  a  letter  from  Columbus  to  Raefael  Sanchez,  beneath  which  is  placed  the  dedica 
tion  of  the  monument  by  the  patriotic  gentleman  to  whose  munificence  the  city  is 
indebted  for  the  memorial.  Surrounding  the  pedestal,  four  life-size  figures,  in 
bronze,  stand  above  the  basso-relievos,  representing,  respectively,  Padre  Marchena, 
guardian  of  the  monastery  of  Santa  de  la  Rabida ;  Padre  Fra  Diego  Deza,  confessor  of 
King  Ferdinand,  to  the  encouragement  and  support  of  which  two  men  the  hardy 
adventurer  owed  the  royal  favor;  Fra  Pedro  de  Gante  and  Fra  Bartoloine  de  las 
Casas,  the  two  missionaries  who  most  earnestly  gave  their  protection  and  services 
to  the  Indian  natives  of  the  soil.  Surmounting  the  whole  is  the  dignified  effigy  of 
Columbus,  in  the  act  of  drawing  aside  the  veil  which  hides  the  New  World.  In 
both  conception  and  treatment  this  monument  is  conceded  to  rank  Avith  the  best  of 
its  class,  even  in  the  Old  World. 


250 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID. 


No.  101.  THE  PILAR  STATUE,  MEXICO. 

A  statue  of  Columbus,  designed  by  Pilar,  was  erected  in  the  Paseao  de  la  Reforma, 
City  of  Mexico,  October,  1892. 

No.  102.  THE  STATUE  AT  COLON. 

In  the  Colombian  seaport  which  was  christened  Colon,  in  honor  of  the  famous 
discoverer,  but  to  which  modern  commerce  has  given  the  less  distinguished  and  less 
appropriate  name  of  Asp  in  wall,  stands  a  bronze  group  of  Columbus,  by  Vicente 
Vela,  an  Italian  sculptor,  the  gift  to  that  place  of  Eugenie,  late  unfortunate  Empress 
of  the  French.  It  represents  its  subject  clothed  in  the  semimonkish  garb  which  he 

sometimes  Avore,  with  his  right  hand  touching,  as 
if  to  protect,  the  half-clad  Indian  woman  by  his  side, 
and  is  a  pleasing  and  artistic  monument. 

No.  103.  THE  FOUNTAIN  AT  COLON. 

A  fountain  at  Colon  is  also  dedicated  to  Columbusr 
and  in  one  side  of  the  column  is  a  bas-relief  in  marble 
representing  the  landing  at  Guanahaiii. 

No.  104.  THE  STATUE  AT  LIMA,  PERU. 

The  statue  of  Columbus  at  Lima,  Peru,  was  erected 
in  1850,  by  Salvatore  Rovelli,  an  Italian,  at  the  ex 
pense  of  the  Republic,  and  it  was  dedicated  with  great 
ceremony.  It  is  a  handsome  group,  representing 
Columbus  in  the  costume  of  a  courtier  of  the  six 
teenth  century,  raising  an  Indian  girl  from  the 
ground.  The  pedestal  is  of  marble,  bearing  the  in 
scription  "A  Cristoval  Colon"  upon  one  face,  and 
upon  theotherthree  faces  handsome  urns  intended  for 
tropical  plants,  and  the  bust  is  handsomely  carved 
with  geographical  and  astronomical  designs. 

No.  105.  THE  VALPARAISO  STATUE. 
PILAR  STATUE.  At  Valparaiso,  Chile,  is  a  marble  statue  of  the  dis 

coverer,  of  heroic  size.     It  stands  at  an  angle  of  two 

streets  and  in  front  of  one  of  the  handsomest  houses  of  the  city.  The  figure  is  of 
bronze  and  the  pedestal  of  marble.  On  the  several  faces  of  the  latter  are  appro 
priate  inscriptions  and  representations  of  nautical  implements.  In  the  figure  Colum 
bus  stands  in  an  advancing  attitude,  holding  a  cross  in  his  right  hand. 

No.  106.  BUST  AT  SANTIAGO,  CHILE. 

The  bust  of  Columbus  at  Santiago,  Chile,  is  of  marble,  and  represents  a  face  of  the 
De  Bry  type,  with  a  Dutch  cap  and  garments. 

No.  107.  THE  GENOA  MONUMENT  (plates  xvii  and  xvin). 

That  which  is  admitted  to  be  the  finest  existing  monument  to  Columbus  stands 
near  the  railway  station  in  Genoa,  the  city  of  his  birth.  The  Genoese  monument 
was  erected  in  1862.  It  was  first  ordered  from  the  sculptor  Bartolini,  who  shortly 
after  died.  Freccia  then  took  it  up,  but  had  only  just  finished  a  rough  model; 
however,  it  was  finished  by  Franzone  and  Svanascini,  of  Carra.  It  consists  of  a 
huge  quadrangular  pediment,  at  the  angles  of  which  are  seated  allegorical  figures  of 
Religion,  Geography,  Strength,  and  Wisdom.  Resting  011  this  pediment  is  a  large 
cylindrical  pedestal  decorated  with  ships'  prows,  upon  which  stands  a  collossal 
statue  of  Columbus,  with  his  left  hand  resting  upon  an  anchor.  At  his  feet,  in  a 


Columbian  Historical  Exposition  at  Madrid. — Curtis. 


PLATE  XVII. 


GENOA  MONUMENT. 


Columbian  Historical  Exoosition  at  Madrid.— Curtis. 


PLATE  XVIIL 


BAS-RELIEFS  ON  GENOA  MONUMENT. 


Columbian  Historical  Exposition  at  Madrid.— Curtis. 


PLATE  XIX. 


CUSTODIA  BUST. 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID. 


251 


half  sitting,  half  kneeling  posture,  is  an  allegorical  figure  of  America  in  the  act  of 
adorning  a  cross  or  crucifix  which  she  holds  in  her  right  hand.     The  four  bas-reliefs 
on  the  sides  of  the  pediment  represent  the  most  important  events  in  the  life  of 
Columbus:    (1)    Columbus  before 
the  Council  of  Salamanca :  (2)  Co 
lumbus  taking  formal  possession 
of  the  New  World;  (3)  his  flatter 
ing  reception  on  his  return  by  the 
Spanish  sovereigns,  and  (4)  Colum 
bus  in  chains. 

No.  109.  "THE   CTJSTODIA," 
GENOA  (plate  xix). 

The  bust  of  Columbus  Avhich 
surmounts  the  hollow  shaft  called 
the  "  Custodia,"  at  Genoa,  in 
which  the  manuscripts  and  auto 
graphs  of  Columbus  are  preserved, 
was  carved  by  Peschiera  in  1826, 
but  it  has  been  repudiated  by 
de  Conchas,  a  learned  critic,  who 
claims  that  it  is  the  head  of  a 
Roman  emperor,  by  a  deaf  mute 
named  Castilli. 

No.  110.  STATUE  IN  RED  PALACE, 
GENOA. 

The  statue  of  Columbus  in  the 

Red  Palace,  Genoa,  represents  him 

standing  upon  the  deck  of  the  ship 

pointing  out  land  to  his  incredulous  sailors,  while  behind  him  stands  a  padre  with 
a  cross.  The  pedestal  is  ornamented  with  prows  of  caravels, 
and  on  each  side  of  it  is  a  mythological  figure  representing 
Discovery  and  Industry. 

No.  111.  BUST  IN  RED  PALACE,  GENOA. 

The  bust  of  Columbus,  which  stands  in  the  Red  Palace 
at  Genoa,  was  carved  from  the  Capriola  portrait,  which  was 
submitted  to  the  committee  in  charge  by  the  Duke  of 
Veragua,  a  descendant  of  Columbus,  who  was  invited  to 
recommend  a  model. 

No.  112.  STATUE  IN  COLLEGE  AT  GENOA. 

In  1892  the  students  of  the  Christopher  Columbus  College 
at  Genoa  demonstrated  their  patriotism  by  raising  a  large 
fund,  which  was  expended  in  the  erection  of  a  statute  to 
Columbus  in  the  patio  of  that  institution.  It  represents 
the  discoverer  in  a  sitting  posture. 


STATUE  IN  RED  PALACE,   GENOA. 


BUST  IN  CIRCOLO  FILO- 
LOGICO  E  STENOGRA- 
FICO,  GENOA. 


No.  113.  PORCELAIN  COPY  OF  BUST  IN  GENOA. 

In  the  Philological  Circle  at  Genoa  is  a  beautiful  piece  of  marble  with  a  strong 
face  very  much  like  the  traditional  types  of  Columbus,  but  around  the  neck  is  a 
chain,  to  which  is  attached  a  medal  bearing  an  unknown  face. 


252 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID. 


No.  114.  THE  GENIUS  OF  COLUMBUS. 

A  beautiful  figure  in  marble,  representing  the  Genius  of  Columbus,  stands  in  the 
Royal  Palace  at  Genoa.  It  represents  a  young  man  with  a  genie  with  wings, 
surrounded  by  nautical  implements. 

No.  115.  BUST  AT  ROME. 

There  is  a  bust  of  Columbus  in  the  Capitoline 
Museum,  Rome,  but  its  origin  and  artist  are 
unknown.  There  is  a  copy  in  marble  in  the 
rooms  of  the  Historical  Society  at  New  York. 

No.  116.  THE  COGOLETO  MONUMENT. 

At  the  town  of  Cogoleto,  which  claims  to 
have  been  the  birthplace  of  Columbus,  is  a 
heroic  bust  of  the 'Giovian  type  upon  a  pedestal 
of  granite,  bearing  an  appropriate  inscription. 
The  pedestal  also  bears  nautical  designs,  and 
upon  one  side  is  a  griffin  in  marble. 

No.  117.  THE  BARCELONA  MONUMENT  (pi.   xx). 

The  monument  to  Columbus  at  Barcelona  was 
unveiled,  in  the  presence  of  Queen  Christina  and 
the  ministers  of  state,  on  the  2d  day  of  May, 
1888.  It  cost  $200, 000. 

GENIUS  OF  COLUMBUS.  It  is  240  feet  high,  and 

an  hydraulic  elevator 

carries  visitors  to  the  top.  It  was  cast  in  eight  pieces  at 
Barcelona.  The  plan  comprises  an  extensive  landing  stage 
at  the  harbor  in  front  of  the  city,  flanked  on  either  side  by 
the  prow  of  a  vessel,  one  representing  the  Finta,  and  the 
other  the  Nina,  with  a  magnificent  balustrade,  adorned  by 

statues  of  famous  explor 
ers  of  various  nations. 
Behind  this  stretches 
an  ample  paved  square, 
shaded  on  its  sides  and 
rear  by  rows  of  orna 
mental  trees,  and  from 
this  in  turn  rises  a  lofty 

and  elaborately  decorated  column,  surmounted  by 
the  colossal  figure  of  Columbus,  holding  in  his  left 
hand  a  marine  chart,  and  pointing  with  his  right 
to  the  newly  discovered  land.  The  base  and 
accessory  figures — one  group  of  which  represents 
the  provinces  of  Leon,  Castile,  Arragon  and  Cata 
lonia,  the  other  portraying  the  patrons  and  friends 
of  the  intrepid  Admiral — are  of  stone;  the  eight 
colossal  lions  guarding  its  base,  and  themain  shaft, 
itself,  are  of  iron;  while  the  four  graceful  figures 
of  Fame  and  Renown,  the  panels,  with  their  elabo 
rate  reliefs,  and  the  other  decorative  devices  which 
enrich  the  monument,  and  the  crowning  effigy  of 
of  Coluinbus-'-which  is  a  little  over  18  feet  in 

height,  and  weighs  some  30  tons — are  all  bronze,  cast  from  the  cannons  contributed 
for  the  purpose  by  the  Spanish  Government.  This  monument  was  the  work  of  several 
artists,  the  principal  figures  being  the  conception  of  Rafael  Atche,  a  Catalan  sculptor, 
and  the  cost  of  defraying  it  was  borne  partly  by  the  city  and  partly  by  voluntary 
subscription  from  various  municipalities,  corporations,  and  private  individuals. 


BUST  IN  CAPITOLINE  MUSEUM, 
ROME. 


MONUMENT  AT   COGOLETO. 


Columbian  Historical  Exposition  at  Madrid. —  Curtis. 


PLATE  XX. 


BARCELONA  MONUMENT. 


Columbian  Historical  Exposition  at  Madrid.—  Curti; 


PLATE  XXI. 


LA  RABIDA  MONUMENT. 


MADRID  MONUMENT. 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID. 


253 


In  the  courtyard  of  the  Lonja  at  Seville,  the  building  which  was  formerly  the 
Royal  Exchange  but  is  now  used  to  shelter  the  archives  of  the  Council  of  the 
Indies,  is  an  ancient  and  rather  ordinary  statue  of  Columbus  in  marble,  erected 
nearly  a  hundred  years  ago. 

-No.  118.  THE  CARTUJA  STATUE,  SEVILLE,  SPAIN. 

After  Columbus  returned  from  his  last  voyage  to  the  New  World,  he  found  shelter 
in  the  old  monastery  of  the  Carthusian  Monks  at  Seville,  and  there  he  remained  for 
two  years.     After  his  death,  at  Valladolid,  his  remains  Avere 
removed  to  the  chapel  of  this  monastery  and  lay  for  nearly 
half  a  century,  when  they  were  removed  to  Santo  Domingo. 
The  monastery  is  now  occupied  as  a  porcelain  factory,  but  the 
chapel  has  been  left  intact  and  is  still  used  for  worship.    Before 
the  main  entrance,  under  the  shelter  of  some  beautiful  trees, 
is  a  statue  of  Columbus,  by  some  unknown  artist,  that  was 
erected  many  years  ago. 


No.  119.  SALAMANCA  (SPAIN)  MONUMENT. 


SALAMANCA  MONUMENT. 


At  Valcuebo,  a  country  farm  once  belonging  to  the  Domini 
cans  of  Salamanca,  Columbus  was  entertained  by  Diego  de 

Deza— prior  of  the  great  Dominican  convent  of  San  Esteban  and  professor  of  theology 
at  Salamanca — while  the  Junta  of  Spanish  ecclestiastics  considered  his  plans.  The 
country  people  have  a  tradition  that  on  the  crest  of  a  small  hill  near  the  house,  now 
called  "Toes  de  Colon/'  Columbus  passed  long  hours  conferring  with  his  visitors 
or  reading  in  solitude.  The  present  owner,  Don  Martin  de  Solis,  has  erected  a 

monument  to  his  memory  on  this  hill,  consisting  of 
a  stone  pyramid  surmounted  by  a  globe  and  sur 
rounded  by  an  ordinary  iron  fence. 

No.  120.  THE  MONUMENT  AT  GRANADA,  SPAIN. 

A  monument  in  honor  of  Columbus  and  Isabella  was 
dedicated  at  Granada  on  the  2d  of  November,  1892. 
It  is  of  highly  polished  black  and  white  marble,  and 
represents  Isabella  seated  in  a  large  gothic  chair  with 
a  geographical  chart  on  her  lap.  Before  her  stands 
Columbus  explaining  his  theories.  The  sculptor  was 
Mariano  Bellinure. 

No.  121.  THE  BEER,  STATUE. 

After  an  investigation  of  the  different  portraits 
of  Columbus  the  Lotto  was  adopted  by  Frederic  Beer 
as  a  model  for  his  -statue  of  Columbus.  It  has  been 
reproduced  in  bronze  by  Cottin.  Columbus  is  repre 
sented  on  his  ship,  thoughtful,  almost  anxious,  having 
on  his  face  the  absolute  certainty  of  his  calculations, 
but  also  the  troublous  inquietude  of  a  solution  that 
is  fleeing  from  him.  At  his  feet  lie  an  anchor  and 
a  map  of  the  world,  around  him  are  the  signs  of 

a  revolt  that  will  soon  break  out;  but  the  serenity  of  the  strong  does  not  abandon 

him,  and  alone  against  all  he  believes  and  dares. 

Nos.   122  AND   123.  MONUMENT  AT   LA   RABIDA.    CROSS   AT   SUMMIT  OF  LA  RABIDA 

MONUMENT  (plate  xxi). 

On  the  12th  of  October,  1892,  a  magnificent  monument,  erected  by  the  Government 
of  Spain  in  honor  of  Columbus  and  the  Pinzon  brothers,  was  dedicated  with  great 
ceremony.  It  stands  in  front  of  the  old  monastery  of  La  Rabida,  at  Palos.  It 


CROSS  ON   TOP   OF   LA   KABIDA. 


254  COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID. 

represents  a  fluted  Corinthian  column  capped  by  a  crown  supporting  an  orb  sur 
mounted  by  a  cross.  The  column  rests  upon  a  prismatic  support  from  which  pro 
trude  four  prows  of  vessels,  and  the  pedestal  of  the  whole  is  in  the  form  of  a  tomb 
with  an  Egyptian-like  entrance,  to  which  broad  staircases  lead  on  four  sides.  The 
orb  bears  two  bauds — one  about  its  equator,  and  the  other  representing  the  zodiac. 
On  the  Corinthian  column  are  the  names  "  M.  Pinzon"  and  "  V.  Pinzon."  Under  the 
prows  of  the  vessels  is  the  name  "  C.  Colon/7  with  a  list  of  the  persons  who  accom 
panied  him  on  his  voyage  of  discovery. 

No.  124.  COLUMBUS  AND  THE  PRIOR  OF  LA  RABID  A. 

There  has  always  been  a  dispute  as  to  the  exact  spot  where  Columbus  first 
addressed  the  monks  at  La  Rabida.  Many  years  ago  a  shaft  was  erected  about  600 
yards  from  the  convent  to  identify  the  place,  and  it  has  been  very  badly  chipped  by 
relic  hunters,  and  the  soft  stone  has  worn  rapidly  away  by  exposure  to  the  weather. 


COLUMBUS  EXPLAINING  HIS  PLANS  TO  THE  PKIUR. 

Some  years  later  a  second  monument  was  erected  about  30  feet  from  the  main  entrance 
where  the  historians  claim  later  evidence  locates  the  first  interview  between  Columbus 
and  the  monks. 

No.  125  THE  MADRID  MONUMENT  (plate  xxi). 

The  city  of  Madrid  has  honored  itself,  while  honoring  Columbus,  by  the  recent 
erection  of  his  effigy  in  bronze,  of  heroic  size,  in  the  Paseo  de  Recoletos,  one  of  the 
principal  promenades  in  the  Spanish  capital.  This  representation  portrays  a  benign 
and  reverent  expression  of  countenance  with  the  figure  clothed  in  the  ordinary  cos 
tume  of  his  period,  wearing  over  it  a  short  fur-trimmed  over-garment.  He  stands 
on  a  lofty  pedestal,  or,  rather,  crowns  a  column  of  considerable  height,  his  left  hand 
outstretched,  as  if  pointing  to  the  newly  discovered  land  he  had  reached  after  so 
many  hardships,  while  the  right  upholds  the  furled  flag  of  Spain,  the  cross-tipped 
staff  of  which  rests  upon  a  miniature  semblance  of  the  globe,  which,  in  turn,  rests 
upon  the  head  of  a  capstan,  about  which  a  cordage  cable  is  gracefully  coiled. 

No.  126.  THE  SUNOL  STATUE  (plate  xxii). 

The  statue  of  Columbus  at  the  top  of  the  monument  is  by  a  Spanish  artist 
named  Sunol,  and  is  considered  a  very  fine  figure.  A  duplicate  of  the  Sunol  statue 
is  to  be  erected  at  New  York. 


Columbian  Historical  Exposition  at  Madrid. — Curtis. 


PLATE  XXII. 


SUNOL  STATUE. 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID. 


255 


Nos.  127,  128.  AND   129.    THE    SAMARTIN    STATUE.      STATUE    IN    SEXATE     CHAMBER, 
MADRID.     PROPOSED  STATUE  BY  GAUDARIAS,  MADRID. 

There  is  a  similar  statue  iu  the  offices  of  the  ministry  of  colonies,  Madrid,  by  J. 
Sam  ar  tin. 
A  monument  to  Columbus  at  Madrid  has  been  proposed  by  Don  Alberto  Palacio. 


QAITDARIAS  STATUE, 
No.  130.    PLUS  ULTRA, 


In  the  Royal  Academy  at  Madrid  is  a  beautiful  allegory  in  marble  entitled,  "Plus 
ultra/7  or  there  is  more  beyond.  The  author  was  J.  Gaudarias,  and  he  intended 
this  work  to  illustrate  the  discovery  of  the  New  World.  It  represents  a  female  fig 
ure  upon  the  back  of  a  winged  lion  treading  upon  globes. 


256 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID. 


Xo.  131.     THE  ISABELLA  GROUP,  MADRID. 

There  is  still  a  monumental  group  in  Madrid  which,  while  it  was  erected  in  honor 
of  Queen  Isabella,  may  be  said  to  honor  Columbus  in  equal  degree,  though  his  effigy 
is  no  part  of  it.  This  conception  represents  his  royal  patroness  in  bronze,  holding 
aloft  a  cross,  and  seated  on  a  richly  caparisoned  horse,  whose  reins  are  held  on  the 

one  side  by  a  monk  and  on  the  other  side  by  a  soldier, 
with  an  unsheathed  sword  resting  on  his  left  arm. 

Xo.  132.  THE  SHIELD  OF  COLUMBUS. 

There  is  in  the  Armeria  Real  (Royal  Armory)  at 
Madrid  a  remarkable  shield,  intended  to  commemorate 
the  discoveries  of  Columbus,  which  was  designed  by 
Julio  Romano,  one  of  the  most  celebrated  pupils  of 
Rafael.  It  is  said  to  have  been  made  at  the  order  of 
Charles  V.  According  to  mythology,  Hercules  divided 
the  two  mountains,  Calpi  and  Abyla,  which  stood 
where  now  is  Gibraltar,  at  the  entrance  of  the  Medit 
erranean  Sea,  placing  one  in  Europe  and  the  other  in 
Africa,  and  then  erected  two  pillars  on  their  summits, 
bearing  the  inscription,  "Non  plus  ultra,"  which 
means  "  there  is  nothing  beyond."  The  design  of  the 
shield  represents  the  moment  when  the  pillars  of  Her 
cules  are  being  extended  to  include  the  countries  dis 
covered  by  Columbus.  Charles  V  stands  upon  a  richly 
carved  ornamented  vessel,  holding  the  standard  of 
Spain,  and  crowned  by  victory.  Fame,  with  her  trum 
pet,  is  before  him,,  and  hands  him  a  shield,  upon  which 
are  the  words  "  plus  ultra"  (thereissomethingbeyond). 
In  the  background  Hercules  appears,  bearing  the  pillars 
away,  to  the  astonishment  of  Neptune  and  other  gods. 

No.  133.  THE  TRIUMPH  OF  COLUMBUS,  SKETCHED  BY  HIMSELF  (page  257). 

The  contracts,  commissions,  and  other  papers  of  Columbus  have  been  published  in 
a  book  called  the  Codice  Diplomatico,  with  some  facsimiles.  Among  other  relics  is 
a  sketch  called  The  ^  _._-__  Triumph  of  Colum- 

to    Columbus's   own  SHIELD  oy  COLUMBUS.  hand'      Although 

none  of  the  drawings  ascribed  to  him  are 

authentic  beyond  doubt,  it  is  true  that  he  had  the  reputation  of  being  a  good  drafts 
man.  Feuillet  de  Conches,  the  well-known  French  writer,  doubts  its  authenticity. 
The  sketch  is  surrounded  by  explanatory  notes  in  the  manuscript  of  Columbus,  or  a 
very  good  imitation  of  it,  and  at  the  lower  left-hand  corner  are  the  initial  letters  he 
was  accustomed  to  use  with  his  rubric. 


MONUMENT  TO  ISABELLA  AT 
MADRID. 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID. 


257 


No.  134.  SPANISH  MEDAL  COMMEMORATING  THE  DISCOVERT,  1892.     COLUMBUS 
MEDAL  ISSUED  BY  SPANISH  GOVERNMENT,  1892. 


Anverso.  Reverse. 

MEDAL  COMMEMORATING  THE   DISCOVERY  OF  AMERICA. 

No.  135.  THE  LAWRENCE  STATUE. 

Miss  Mary  Trimble  Lawrence,  of  New  York,  a  member  of  the  board  of  trustees  "of 
the  .Art  Students'  League  and  a  pupil  of  Augustus  St.  Gaudens,  was  selected  by  the 
board  of  directors  of  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition  to  furnish  the  model  for  a 
statue  of  Columbus  to  be  erected  upon  the  grounds  at  Jackson  Park,  Chicago.  The 
commission  was  originally  offered  to  St.  Gaudens,  but  he  suggested  that  Miss  Lawrence 
be  employed  to  work  out  his  conception. 

Columbus  stands  bareheaded,  with 
face  uplifted,  clad  in  armor,  as  if  he  had 
just  taken  possession  of  the  soil.  In  one 
hand  he  holds  uplifted  the  standard  of 
Castile  and  Aragon,  as  does  the  statue 
of  the  discoverer  by  the  Spaniard,  Sunol, 
and  in  the  other  his  sword. 

No.  136.  THE  STATUE  AT  PAVIA. 

The  early  biographers  of  Columbus  all 
asserted  that  he  was  educated  at  the  Uni 
versity  of  Pavia,  but  later  investigation 
fails  to  disclose  any  evidence  of  that  fact. 
That  he  had  a  knowledge  of  the  lan 
guages  and  the  sciences  there  is  no  doubt,  but  in  none  of  his  own  writings,  and  they 
are  numerous,  does  he  mention  the  place  where  he  was  educated.    The  reverend  fathers 
of  that  university,  however,  claim  that  he  was  a  student  there,  and  have  erected  a 
pedestal  and  bust  to  commemorate  the  fact. 

SCENES   IDENTIFIED    WITH   THE   LIFE    OF    COLUMBUS. 

The  collection  of  pictures  representing  scenes  in  the  life  of  Columbus 
began  with  a  series  of  views  of  the  several  cities  that  claimed  the  honor 
of  being  his  birthplace,  Genoa  and  Cogoleto  being  the  most  prominent. 

Although  the  birthplace  of  Columbus  may  be  in  doubt,  the  strongest 
probabilities  are  in  favor  of  Genoa.  His  pedigree  and  the  movements 
of  his  family  have  been  traced  with  remarkable  patience  by  Henry 
Harrisse,  who  found  in  the  archives  of  Genoa  records  of  real  estate 
transfers  and  other  business  transactions  by  the  father  of  Columbus, 
H.  Ex.  100 17 


TRIUMPH  OF  COLUMBUS. 
See  page  256. 


258  COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID. 

about  the  date  of  his  birth;  and  Columbus,  in  his  will,  says,  "  I  was 
born  in  Genoa."  In  a  subsequent  paragraph  of  the  same  document  he 
writes,  "  I  came  from  there  and  there  was  I  born." 

One  of  the  most  interesting  of  the  pictures  was  a  water-color  sketch 
by  Miss  Bertha  E.  Perrie,  of  Washington,  D.  0.,  of  the  house  at 
Quinto  where  the  father  and  mother  of  Columbus  lived  and  where  they 
were  married.  The  grandfather  of  Columbus  lived  at  Terrarossa,  a 
hamlet  about  20  miles  northeast  of  Genoa,  and  there  his  father  was  born. 
Some  time  between  1430  and  1445  he  moved  to  Quinto  al  Mar,  a  little 
place  on  the  coast  4  miles  east  of  Genoa.  The  house  in  which  he  dwelt 
is  still  standing  in  the  Via  dei  Colombo,  No.  8,  owned  by  Mr.  Giuseppe 
Piaggio,  and  occupied  by  several  peasant  families.  Here  Domenico, 
the  father  of  Christopher,  was  married  to  Susanna  Fontanarossa,  who 
came  from  Quezzi,  and  belonged  to  a  race  of  weavers.  About  1446  he 
moved  into  the  city  of  Genoa,  where  he  purchased  a  residence,  and  in 
that  year  qualified  as  a  citizen.  In  1471  Domenico  Columbus  went  to 
Savoua,  where  his  wife  died.  About  1484  he  returned  to  Genoa  to 
reside  with  his  daughter  until  his  death,  at  an  advanced  age,  in  1499 
or  1500.  He  lived  to  see  the  triumph  and  enjoy  the  fame  of  his  son,  and 
it  is  believed  that  Christopher  visited  him  after  the  first  voyage. 
There  is,  in  the  municipal  archives  at  Savona,  a  document  witnessed 
by  Columbus  in  1472.  On  August  26,  1472,  he  indorsed  a  note  for  his 
father,  and  on  August  7, 1473,  signed  a  deed  relinquishing  all  claims  to 
the  house  in  Genoa. 

A  series  of  plans  in  eight  parts  of  the  house  at  Genoa  in  which 
Columbus  is  said  to  have  been  born  were  also  shown.  The  learned 
antiquarian,  Marcello  Staglieno,  of  Genoa,  identified  the  Yico  dritto 
del  Ponticello,  No.  37,  as  the  house  in  which  Dominico  Columbus  lived 
during  the  younger  years  of  Christopher's  life,  and  it  is  probable, 
although  not  certain,  that  the  latter  was  born  there.  The  discovery  of 
the  ownership  was  made  by  tracing  back  the  title  to  the  property. 
Through  the  efforts  of  Oavaliere  Giuseppe  Baldi  $6,300  was  raised  in 
June,  1887,  the  property  was  purchased,  and  a  tablet  was  placed  over 
the  door,  with  the  Latin  inscription  which  in  English  reads:  "No 
house  better  deserves  an  inscription.  This  is  the  paternal  home  of 
Christopher  Columbus,  where  he  passed  his  childhood  and  youth." 
The  house  was,  at  that  time,  just  outside  of  the  city  walls  of  Genoa,  by 
the  gate  of  St.  Andrew. 

Some  writers  argue  that  the  republic  instead  of  the  city  of  Genoa  was 
meant  by  Columbus  when  he  said  that  he  was  born  there,  which  will 
admit  to  the  controversy  the  claims  of  several  suburban  towns  in  which 
his  family  at  one  time  resided.  In  the  little  village  of  Cogoleto,  about  15 
miles  from  Genoa,  an  ancient  structure  is  pointed  out  as  the  birthplace 
of  Columbus  which  bears  the  following  pretentious  inscription  :  "Trav 
eler,  stop  at  this  place.  It  was  here  that  Columbus,  the  greatest  man 
in  the  Avorld,  first  saw  the  light;  here  in  this  humble  house!  There 
was  one  world:  this  man  spoke  and  there  were  two." 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID.  259 

There  was  a  number  of  pictures  of  places  identified  Avith  the  career 
of  Columbus  in  Spain,  but  these  were  not  so  new  or  novel  as  the  large- 
collection  which  represented  the  present  appearance  of  Watling  Island, 
which  is  believed  by  the  best  authorities  to  have  been  the  landfall  of 
the  discoverer. 

All  the  places  in  America  visited  by  Columbus  can  be  absolutely 
identified  except  his  first  landfall,  called  by  the  natives  Guauahani, 
and  by  him  San  Salvador.  Each  of  half  a  dozen  islands  in  the  Bahama 
group  has  had  its  advocates,  but  the  highest  authorities  favor  Watling 
Island  because  it  answers  more  closely  to  the  description  given 
by  Columbus  in  his  journal.  Watling  Island  lies  in  latitude  24° 
north.  It  is  about  13  miles  long,  from  G  to  7  wide,  and  has  an  area  of 
about  60  square  miles,  nearly  half  of  which  is  covered  by  a  series  of 
lagoons,  connected  with  each  other  by  narrow  passages.  Watliug 
Island  is  175  miles  from  New  Providence,  the  capital  of  the  Bahamas, 
which  can  be  reached  by  the  New  York  and -Cuba  Line  of  steamers,  and 
about  75  miles  from  Fortune  Island,  where  the  Atlas  Line  of  steamers 
from  New  York  touch,  but  it  has  no  regular  transportation  facilities, 
and  to  reach  it  one  must  hire  a  sailboat  at  Nassau. 

Although  there  has  been  some  dispute  about  the  actual  landing-place 
of  Columbus  on  Watling  Island,  owing  to  a  confused  rendering  of  his 
journal,  yet  the  majority  of  writers  have  agreed  that  it  was  on  the  east 
coast,  in  or  near  the  bay  known  as  Greens  Harbor,  and  in  a  cove  at  its 
southern  extremity.  There  is  a  headland  there,  whence  thebay  stretches 
northwardly  some  3  miles,  and  an  excellent  place  for  landing,  after  the 
coral  reefs  have  been  passed,  under  the  lee  of  the  cliffs.  Stopping  here 
a  day,  Columbus  explored  the  coast  in  small  boats,  keeping  behind  the 
barrier  reefs  of  coral  that  lie  off  the  beach  and  surround  the  island. 

An  important  point  in  favor  of  Watling  as  the  landfall  of  Columbus, 
in  comparison  with  other  islands  claiming  it,  is  the  fact  that  it  has  in 
its  center  a  great  lagoon  as  a  distinctive  feature.  Columbus  particu 
larly  states  that  the  first  island  on  which  he  landed  had  a  large  lagoon 
in  its  center,  a«d  this  description  will  only  apply  to  Watling  and  to 
Crooked  Island. 

The  only  settlement  on  Watling  Island  is  that  of  Cockbi*rn  Town, 
at  Biding  Kock  Bay,  on  the  west  side  of  the  island.  Here  is  the  port 
of  entry,  the  house  of  the  resident  magistrate,  a  chapel,  church,  and  a 
few  score  huts  and  houses.  Hiding  Kock  has  a  fine  bay,  but  is  exposed 
to  storms  at  times  and  is  then  unsafe.  It  is  supposed  that  Columbus 
came  around  the  island — around  its  northern  point — and  then  along 
the  west  shore  as  far  as  this  point,  whence  he  took  his  departure  for 
Kum  Cay  and  Long  Island. 

The  Baptists  are  in  the  majority  in  Watling  Island,  and  their  chief 
place  of  worship  is  at  Cockburn  Town.  Like  nearly  all  the  houses  of 
the  island,  it  is  built  with  walls  of  stone,  and  covered  with  a  roof  of 
thatch  composed  of  palm  leaves. 


260  COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID. 

The  Bahamas,  for  many  years  after  their  settlement,  were  the  abode 
of  pirates  and  wreckers,  who  systematically  pursued  their  nefarious 
business  of  wrecking  vessels  and  sometimes  murdering  the  crews  for 
the  plunder  they  obtained.  The  establishment  of  light-houses  by  the 
English  Government  was  looked  upon  by  them  with  deep  resentment, 
a  feeling  with  which  they  still  regard  them.  The  light-house  at  Watling 
is  first-class,  built  upon  a  hill  overlooking  the  site  of  the  first  landing 
place  of  Columbus,  and  is  equipped  with  everything  necessary  to  an 
isolated  station  where  stores  are  not  easily  obtained. 

The  entire  population  of  Watling,  except  the  magistrate,  the  parson, 
the  schoolmaster,  and  the  police  force  (consisting  of  one  individual),  is 
composed  of  laborers  and  fishermen.  In  the  interior  of  the  island  they 
have  their  ''farms,"  where  they  work  hard  to  raise  a  scant  crop  of  corn, 
pineapples,  bananas,  and  vegetables. 

The  present  inhabitants  of  Watling  support  themselves  by  fishing, 
couching,  wrecking,  turtling,  and  trying  to  cultivate  the  thin  soil  that 
covers  the  rocks  of  which  their  barren  island  is  composed.  They  earn 
a  precarious  existence,  and  are  frequently  on  the  point  of  starvation, 
as  in  the  summer  of  1892,  when  all  the  crops  failed  on  account  of  the 
drought.  They  are  honest,  good  workmen,  and  demand  only  2  shillings 
a  day  for  their  services.  From  the  nature  of  things,  their  island  being 
so  poor  and  so  far  distant  from  a  market,  being  visited  only  by  infre 
quent  vessels,  they  can  never  improve  their  condition. 

Of  the  several  hundred  people  composing  the  population  of  Watling 
Island  there  are  but  two  or  three  that  are  white.  They  are  nearly  all 
the  descendants  of  the  slaves  freed  by  the  English  act  of  emancipation 
and  who  have  succeeded  to  the  estates  of  their  former  owners.  These 
estates  are  now  in  ruins,  the  cleared  fields  long  since  overgrown  with 
scrub,  and  ruin  and  desolation  are  visible  everywhere, 

The  chief  building  material  of  the  Bahamas,  abundant  everywhere, 
is  the  soft  coral  limestone,  that  is  easily  worked  and  sawed  into  build 
ing  blocks.  It  makes  the  best  of  foundations  and  walls,  giving  strong 
and  cool  houses,  and  withstands  the  shocks  of  the  hurricane  as  no 
other  could.  The  roofs  are  of  thatch,  made  from  the  native  palmetto 
or  "head  palm,"  and  neatly  laid  on  the  rafters.  There  are  few  glass 
windows,  the  apertures  being  closed  with  wooden  shutters,  and  the 
furnishings  of  the  houses  are  simple  in  the  extreme. 

Until  quite  recently,  the  only  white  family  on  the  island  Avas  that  of 
the  resident  magistrate,  Hon.  Maxwell  ^airn,  who  has  lived  there  for 
many  years  and  is  looked  upon  by  the  inhabitants  of  Watling  Island 
as  a  father  and  friend.  He  has  earned  a  reputation  for  uprightness 
and  hospitality  that  is  universal  throughout  the  Bahamas,  and  the 
news  that  he  was  stricken  with  paralysis  in  the  summer  of  1892  was 
received  with  general  sorrow.  After  many  years  of  faithful  service, 
he  is  now  retired  on  a  pittance  of  a  pension  not  adequate  for  his 
support. 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID.  261 

The  collection  included  views  of  the  coast  and  the  interior  of  the 
island  from  every  point  of  observation,  and  photographs  of  all  the  build 
ings  and  many  of  the  inhabitants.  There  was  a  similar  collection  of 
views  of  the  other  islands  visited  by  Columbus,  and  particularly  the 
city  of  La  Navidad,  where  he  landed  on  the  coast  of  Santo  Domingo,  and 
where  his  flagship,  Santa  Maria,  was  wrecked  on  Christmas  eve,  1492. 
The  settlement  has  ever  since  preserved  the  name  of  Guarico,  and  is 
identified  with  the  present  bourg  of  Petit  Anse,  not  more  than  3  miles 
from  Cape  Haytien. 

The  wreck  of  the  Santa  Maria  occurred  on  Christmas  eve,  1492,  and 
from  that  circumstance  Columbus  called  the  first  fort  he  erected  here 
Navidad,  or  the  Nativity.  It  was  built  mainly  out  of  the  wreckage  of 
the  flagship,  and  was  said  to  be  a  tOAver  surrounded  with  a  ditch. 
Having  then  but  two  vessels,  and  not  room  enough  for  all,  Columbus 
left  some  forty  men  at  Navidad,  and  then,  after  provisioning  and  arm 
ing  the  fort,  sailed  for  Spain. 

The  site  of  the  fort  is  a  hill,  isolated  by  surrounding  salines,  or  salt 
flats,  and  commanding  the  channels  by  which  the  vessels  of  Columbus 
approached  the  shore.  The  fort  was  destroyed  and  the  garrison  mas 
sacred  by  Indians  in  1493,  and  Columbus,  on  his  return  on  the  second 
voyage,  found  not  one  of  his  men  alive. 

The  next  group  of  pictures  represented  the  present  appearance  and 
condition  of  the  city  of  Isabella,  the  first  civilized  settlement  in  the  New 
World.  After  reaching  the  coast  of  Haiti  in  1493,  on  his  second  voy 
age,  finding  the  fort  he  had  erected  at  Navidad  destroyed  and  the  gar 
rison  massacred,  Columbus  retraced  his  track  to  a  point  easterly  from 
Navidad  and  Monte  Cristi,  and  entered  a  small  but  sheltered  harbor 
at  a  place  nearer  to  the  gold  mountains  of  the  interior.  Here  he  dis 
embarked  his  weary  men  and  munitions  and  provisions,  and  began  the 
foundation  of  a  settlement,  which  he  named  Isabella,  after  Iris  royal 
patroness. 

He  erected  a  church,  a  public  storehouse,  known  as  "The  King's 
House,"  and  a  residence  for  himself,  known  as  the  "Governor's  Palace." 
These  were  built  of  stone.  Many  private  houses  were  constructed  of 
wood,  plaster,  reeds,  and  such  other  material  as  were  found  on  the 
ground.  The  city,  however,  was  abandoned  after  the  discovery  of  gold 
in  the  mountains,  and  fell  into  ruins.  Mr.  F.  A.  Ober,  the  Commissioner 
of  the  Columbian  Exposition  to  the  AVest  Indies,  made  a  thorough 
investigation  of  tlie  ruins  and  brought  back  all  of  the  stone  that  was 
left  on  the  grounds. 

The  ruins  of  what  is  thought  to  have  been  the  "King's  House"  were 
found  on  the  bluff  overlooking  the  river,  and  a  little  distance  away 
were  other  ruins  that  may  have  been  those  of  the  church.  The  church 
was  dedicated  January  (>,  1494,  when  high  mass  was  celebrated  by 
Friar  Boyl  and  12  ecclesiastics. 

The  site  of  Isabella  is  now  completely  overgrowc  with  wild  vegeta- 


262  COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION   AT    MADRID. 

tion,  chiefly  the  different  forms  of  cacti  there  indigenous,  which  ren 
ders  exploration  somewhat  difficult.  But  the  cactus  forms  are  beautiful, 
and  the  glimpses  through  the  openings  in  the  clumps  of  the  Bajo-Bonico 
River,  the  bay,  and  the  mountains  beyond  are  attractive. 

The  ruins  of  what  is  known  as  the  u  Eoyal  Mint,"  at  Isabella,  are 
just  above  the  bay  on  the  bluff',  and  there  are  numerous  fragments  of 
pottery  shards  there,  supposed  to  be  of  the  crucibles  in  which  the  gold 
from  the  Cibao  was  smelted,  as  well  a.s  of  the  roofing  tiles  of  the 
buildings.  Much  of  the  structure  has  tumbled  into  the  sea,  but  the 
greater  portion,  doubtless,  has  been  carried  away  to  Puerto  Plata,  for 
building  purposes,  in  recent  years. 

The  harbor  of  Isabella  is  small,  and  protected  from  the  ocean  by  a 
line  of  coral  reefs,  the  water  being  shallow,  but  of  sufficient  depth  for 
the  vessels  of  Columbus.  A  river  flows  into  it  called  the  Bajo-Bonico, 
which  is  a  stream  of  some  volume  in  the  rainy  season,  but  runs  nearly 
dry  in  the  summer.  It  rises  in  the  mountains  of  the  interior,  and  large 
quantities  of  mahogany  logs  are  floated  down  its  current  from  the  hills. 
It  now  enters  the  bay  at  a  little  distance  from  the  site  of  Isabella,  but  is 
thought  to  have  flowed  at  the  foot  of  the  bluff  in  the  time  of  Columbus. 

There  were,  also,  views  of  Concepcion  de  la  Vega,  Santo  Cerro,  San 
tiago  de  los  Caballeros,  Jacagua,  Santo  Tomas,  and  Vega  Yieja,  the 
towns  that  were  established  immediately  after  Isabella  in  the  interior 
of  Santo  Domingo.  In  1494,  after  the  discovery  of  gold  in  the  moun 
tains  of  Cibao,  everything  transportable  was  removed  from  the  old  to 
the  new  town,  including  the  bell,  which  was  hung  in  the  tower  of  the 
chapel  at  La  Vega,  and  remained  there  until  the  place  was  destroyed 
by  an  earthquake  in  1564,  when  the  survivors  built  a  third  town  near  by. 

Jacagua,  or  old  Santiago,  was  founded  by  Columbus  in  1494,  and 
called  Magdalena,  but  was  destroyed  by  an  earthquake  in  1564.  The 
town  had  a  church  and  public  buildings,  and  was,  at  the  time  of  its 
destruction,  a  thriving  settlement.  The  church  was  recently  excavated 
at  the  expense  of  the  Latin-American  department  of  the  Chicago 
Exposition,  and  many  minor  articles  of  antiquity  discovered  of  the 
times  in  which  it  was  built.  The  ruins  are  about  4  miles  distant  from 
the  city  of  Santiago,  the  present  chief  city  of  the  province  of  the  same 
name,  to  which  the  inhabitants  of  Jacagua  removed  after  the  loss  of 
their  houses.  The  proprietor,  Seilor  Don  Ricardo  Ovies,  is  intelligent 
and  hospitable,  speaks  English  fluently,  and  aided  the  Commissioner  of 
the  Exposition  in  his  excavations,  furnishing  laborers  and  guidance 
and  placing  the  entire  property  at  his  disposal.  Through  him  many 
interesting  relics  were  recovered  which  throw  light  upon  the  early 
history  of  the  country. 

The  Cibao  country,  of  Santo  Domingo,  of  which  La  Vega  and  Santiago 
are  the  chief  towns,  and  from  which  most  of  the  antiquities  recovered 
in  the  island  have  been  obtained,  is  in  the  interior  and  is  best  reached 
from  the  port  of  Sanchez,  at  the  head  of  the  Bay  of  Samana.  Thence 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION   AT    MADRID.  263 

a  railroad  runs  as  far  as  La  Vega,  a  distance  of  64  miles,  whence  it  is 
some  20  miles  farther  to  Santiago. 

The  first  gold  found  by  the  Spaniards  in  America  came  from  the 
river  Yaqui,  north  coast  of  Santo  Domingo,  which  was  called  by 
Columbus  the  Kio  del  Oro,  or  Kiver  of  Gold,  from  the  richness  of  its 
sands.  It  is  said  that  golden  particles  adhered  to  the  hoops  of  the 
water  casks  when  the  sailors  took  water  at  the  mouth  of  the  river. 
The  richest  deposits  of  gold,  or  rather  the  largest  nuggets,  were  found 
in  tributaries  of  the  Yaqui,  such  as  the  Yauico,  on  the  bank  of  which 
the  fort,  for  the  defense  of  the  gold  region,  called  Santo  Tomas  was 
built  and  garrisoned  by  50  men. 

Santo  Tomas  was  the  first  fort  erected  in  the  interior  of  Santo 
Domingo,  and  guarded  the  gold  region  of  the  famous  Cibao.  The  site 
of  the  fortress  was  traced  by  the  Columbian  Commissioner  in  1892  and 
photographed.  At  the  base  of  the  hill  on  which  the  fortress  was  built 
runs  a  stream,  the  sands  and  gravel  of  which  contained  gold  at  the 
time  the  Spaniards  came,  and  even  to-day  some  gold  is  obtained  by  the 
people  living  there. 

The  old  fort,  Concepcion  de  la  Yega,  was  built  by  orders  of  Columbus 
in  1494,  shortly  before  or  soon  after  the  first  great  victory  over  the 
Indians  on  the  lloyal  Yega.  It  lies  some  6  miles  from  the  present  town 
of  La  Y^ega,  and  there  yet  remains  enough  to  show  the  original  plan, 
though  it  is  entirely  in  ruins  except  the  northeast  angle,  where  the 
circular  bastion  is  nearly  perfect.  Here  the  walls  are  about  10  feet 
high,  6  feet  thick,  with  a  space  inside  of  10  feet.  The  old  fort  was 
probably  about  200  feet  square,  built  of  brick,  and  with  circular 
bastions  at  the  four  corners.  The  fortress  itself  is  the  only  structure 
of  ancient  Concepcion  sufficiently  preserved  to  indicate  its  original 
outline.  It  was  intended  to  keep  in  subjection  the  Indians  of  Santo 
Domingo.  A  lombard  was  discovered  in  the  fort,  and  has  been  used 
for  many  years  in  the  firing  of  salutes  in  honor  of  the  virgin  of  Santo 
Cerro. 

Santiago  de  los  Caballeros,  in  the  interior  of  Santo  Domingo,  was 
settled  by  hidalgos,  Spaniards  of  noble  blood,  who  obtained  permis 
sion  from  the  King  of  Spain  to  affix  this  distinguished  appellation, 
ude  los  Caballeros"  (of  the  gentlemen)  to  their  city.  Hence,  there  are 
yet  resident  there  the  descendants  of  some  of  the  conquistadoi-es,  who 
have  retained  at  least  a  portion  of  the  arms  and  martial  equipment  of 
their  ancestors,  and  from  them  were  obtained  several  old  Toledos  that 
were  exhibited.  The  blades  are  vouched  for  as  genuine  from  Toledo 
in  Spain,  which  has  produced  as  famous  work  as  Damascus,  and  which 
were  carried  by  the  conquerors  of  America,  and  did  valiant  service 
against  the  Indians.  They  are  not  numerous,  and  the  most  of  them 
that  can  be  found  are  supplied  with  new  hilts,  of  rude  and  native 
workmanship,  making  them  unique  and  valuable. 

The  present  town  of  La  Yega  has  no  ruins  or  antiquities,  being  a 


264  COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID. 

commercial  center,  near  the  banks  of  the  lliver  Carou.  About  4  miles 
beyond  is  the  Santo  Cerro,  or  Holy  Hill,  with  a  modern  church,  and  a 
mile  or  so  farther  the  ruined  city  of  Vega  Vieja,  or  Old  Vega,  destroyed 
by  earthquake  over  three  hundred  years  ago.  Many  minor  antiquities 
pertaining  to  the  period  of  the  conquest  have  been  found  there,  and 
are  still  unearthed. 

The  city  of  Ooncepcion  de  la  Vega,  or  Vega  Vieja,  as  it  is  now  called 
by  the  natives,  was  completely  destroyed  by  an  earthquake  in  1564. 
It  was  at  that  time  an  important  place,  beautifully  situated,  and  as  all 
the  gold  of  the  Cibao  was  brought  there  to  be  refined,  previous  to  being 
sent  to  Spain,  it  has  been  thought  that  a  great  deal  of  treasure  has 
been  buried  in  the  ruins.  People  have  been  digging  for  over  three 
hundred  years,  not  only  for  treasure,  but  for  the  brick  and  stone  as 
building  material.  The  old  Spanish  bricks  are  better  than  any  now  to 
be  obtained,  and  the  cut  stone  is  excellent.  The  consequence  is  that 
the  old  city  is  nearly  obliterated,  only  the  fortress  retaining  any  sem 
blance  of  its  original  shape. 

At  Santo  Cerro,  the  holy  hill  of  Santo  Domingo,  may  be  seen  an 
ancient  tree,  called  by  the  natives  the  uMspero  de  Colon,"  beneath 
which,  tradition  states,  Columbus  stood  while  directing  the  operations 
of  his  army  against  the  Indians  in  1494,  when  the  great  victory  then 
gained  decided  their  fate  forever.  It  is  regarded  as  a  sacred  relic,  and 
beneath  it  mass  was  celebrated  after  the  victory.  A  cross  was  set  up 
also  by  Columbus,  upon  which  the  Virgin  (it  is  said)  once  descended, 
and  which  was  removed  to  the  cathedral  at  Santo  Domingo  in  1514, 
where  it  has  been  revered  as  a  most  sacred  relic. 

On  the  summit  of  the  hill  is  a  handsome  chapel,  recently  completed, 
which  contains  a  very  old  and  revered  image  of  the  Virgin.  The 
chapel  is  near  the  site  of  the  first  cross  erected  here  by  Columbus,  and 
over  a  "holy  well,"  to  which  have  been  ascribed  miraculous  virtues. 
In  his  will  Columbus  directed  his  son  Diego,  when  his  estates  yielded  a 
sufficient  revenue  for  the  purpose,  to  erect  a  chapel  on  the  sacred  hill 
of  the  "Eoyal  Plain  "  of  Santo  Domingo,  where  masses  might  be  said 
daily  for  the  repose  of  the  souls  of  himself  and  his  relatives.  A  church 
was  erected  at  this  place  shortly  after,  but  it  is  not  known  that  Diego 
contributed  anything  toward  the  expense. 

The  "  Holy  Hill,"  or  Santo  Cerro,  lies  about  5  miles  distant  from 
La  Vega,  which  is  reached  by  the  Samana  Enilroad  from  the  Bay  of 
Sainan  «.  It  is  a  famous  pi  c'e  in  the  annals  of  the  island,  and  seldom 
can  a  Dominican  be  found  who  has  not  at  some  time  seen  it.  The 
village  is  composed  of  the  priest's  house  and  a  single  row  of  miserable 
thatched  huts,  occupied  by  the  people  who  make  a  living  selling  relics 
and  attending  upon  the  church,  which  contains  the  revered  image  of 
the  Virgin. 

In  May,  1494,  on  his  second  voyage,  Columbus  discovered  the  beau 
tiful  coast  of  Jamaica,  anchoring  in  the  spacious  harbor  of  St.  Anus 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID.  265 

Bay,  which  he  named  Santa  Gloria.  At  this  same  place,  on  his  fourth 
voyage,  he  ran  his  vessels  ashore  to  prevent  their  sinking,  and  passed 
many  months  there  before  he  was  rescued. 

"  St.  Anns  is  considered  the  finest  parish  on  the  north  coast,"  says 
an  old  writer.  '"  Earth  has  nothing  more  lovely  than  the  pastures  and 
pimento  groves  of  St.  Anns,  nothing  more  enchanting  than  its  hills  and 
vales,  delicious  in  verdure  and  redolent  with  the  fragrance  of  spices. 
Embellished  with  wood  and  water  from  the  deep  forests  whence  the 
streams  descend  to  the  ocean  in  beautiful  falls,  the  blue  haze  of  the  air 
blends  and  harmonizes  all  into  beauty." 

Dry  Harbor,  called  by  the  first  discoverers  Puerto  Buenos,  lies  to 
the  west  of  St.  Anns,  and  was  visited  by  Columbus.  Near  this  harbor 
is  a  cave  of  great  length,  with  two  long  galleries  hung  with  stalactites 
of  much  beauty.  It  was  at  the  end  of  his  fourth  and  last  voyage  that 
Columbus,  driven  thither  by  a  storm,  entered  the  port  of  Puerto 
Bueno,  but  finding  no  water  here,  stood  eastward  to  the  present  harbor 
of  St.  Anns. 

There  was  a  full  series  of  pictures  in  the  collection  representing  the 
places  visited  by  Columbus  on  his  third  voyage,  when,  it  will  be  remem 
bered,  he  was  taken  back  to  Spain  in  chains.  On  the  fourth  voyage, 
in  150-J,  Columbus  coasted  along  the  north  shore  of  Central  America, 
where  his  first  lauding  place  was  at  Carxinas  Point,  near  the  town  of 
Truxillo,  Honduras. 

Had  he  gone  farther  westward  he  might  have  anticipated  Cortez  in 
the  conquest  of  Mexico,  but  he  was  not  looking  for  new  lands.  He 
sought  a  western  passage  around  the  world,  and,  turning  eastward, 
groped  along  the  coast  seeking  the  channel  he  felt  should  be  there,  cruis 
ing  into  each  river  and  following  the  shore  lines  of  each  gulf  and  bay. 
Exposure  and  disappointment  had  shattered  the  constitution  of  the-once 
hardy  seaman,  and  his  strength  was  fast  failing.  His  old  enemy  the 
gout  had  attacked  him  again,  and  the  miasmatic  coasts  had  filled  him 
with  fever.  There  was  little  left  of  him  but  his  will.  He  had  a  bunk 
built  in  the  bow  of  his  little  vessel  where  he  could  rest  his  weary  bones 
and  still  guide  the  course  of  his  fleet.  And  thus  he  explored  the  whole 
coast  of  the  isthmus  from  Yucatan  to  Colombia,  finding  an  unbroken 
line  of  continent,  in  defiance  of  all  his  theories,  in  contradiction  to  all 
his  reasoning,  and  an  impassable  barrier  to  the  ambition  he  had  cher 
ished  for  thirty  years. 

On  the  coast  of  Honduras  Columbus  found  evidences  of  a  higher  civ 
ilization  than  had  appeared  among  the  natives  of  the  islands  he  had 
previously  visited.  The  Indians  were  bdtter  looking,  more  intelligent, 
and  more  warlike  than  any  he  had  yet  seen.  While  the  natives  of  the 
islands  stood  in  awe  of  the  white  men  and  showed  a  gentleness  of 
demeanor,  those  of  Honduras  offered  resistance  at  once,  and  greeted  the 
voyagers  with  a  shower  of  arrows  from  their  crossbows.  They  wore 
garments  of  cotton,  they  had  copper  knives  and  hatchets,  pottery  of 


266  COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID. 

exquisite  workmanship,  and  their  houses  were  built  of  stone  and  adobe. 
The  Government  of  Honduras  has  recently  issued  a  decree  for  the  erec 
tion  of  a  monument  to  mark  the  spot  where  Columbus  first  landed  upon 
the  soil  of  Central  America.  It  will  be  a  life  size  statue,  standing  upon 
a  pedestal,  and  will  bear  the  inscription:  "The  Republic  of  Honduras 
to  Christopher  Columbus,  1492-1892." 

A  series  of  pictures  was  given  also  of  the  present  appearance  of  all 
the  places  visited  by  him.  At  the  site  of  Puerto  Bello,  on  the  Isthmus 
of  Panama,  Columbus  established  a  colony  during  his  fourth  and  last 
voyage,  for  the  purpose  of  ascertaining  the  source  from  which  the 
Indians  got  their  gold ;  but  it  existed  only  four  months.  Several  of  the 
party  were  massacred  by  the  Indians  and  many  died  of  disease.  The 
food  became  low,  and  the  ships  were  so  worm  eaten  that  they  would 
scarcely  float,  so  he  started  back  toward  Hispaniola,  and  the  leaking 
caravels  were  beached  in  Santa  Gloria  Bay,  on  the  northern  coast  of 
Jamaica.  As  the  name  (bestowed  by  Columbus  in  1502)  implies, 
Puerto  Bello  has  a  very  fine  harbor,  with  from  8  to  10  fathoms  of  water 
at  the  entrance  of  the  bay,  with  Drake  Point  on  the  north  and  Buena 
ventura  Island  on  the  south.  A  town  was  founded  there  in  1584, 
which  rapidly  grew  in  importance,  being  the  great  depot  for  the  gold 
and  silver  from  Peru  brought  across  the  isthmus  and  taken  to  Spain 
by  the  royal  galleons.  It  was  destroyed  in  1739  by  Admiral  Vernou, 
of  the  British  navy.  The  population  was  at  that  time  10,000,  but  it  is 
now  less  than  1,000,  the  decline  being  due  to  the  loss  of  trade  and  the 
unhealthiness  of  its  situation. 

A  mile  or  more  to  the  east  of  St.  Anns  Bay,  which  Columbus  named 
Santa  Gloria,  he  ran  his  ships  aground,  and,  lashing  them  together, 
built  thatched  cabins  on  their  decks.  "  Thus  castled  in  the  sea,  he 
hoped  to  be  able  to  repel  any  invaders,  and  at  the  same  time  to  keep 
his  men  from  roving  about  the  neighborhood  and  committing  their 
usual  excesses."  Here  he  was  compelled  to  remain  for  nearly  a  year, 
until  finally  rescued  by  a  vessel  from  Santo  Domingo.  The  cove  is  a 
beautiful  and  secluded  one,  with  white  sand  beach  and  bordering 
fringe  of  sea-jirape  trees. 

A  very  interesting  series  of  pictures  illustrated  the  two  alleged 
burial  places  of  Columbus,  in  Santo  Domingo  and  Havana,  and  were 
presented  with  impartiality.  These  pictures  were  made  by  Mr.  Fred 
erick  A.  Ober,  the  commissioner  of  the  Chicago  Exposition  to  the 
West  Indies,  with  the  permission  of  the  archbishop  of  Santo  Domingo 
and  others  in  authority. 

Columbus  died  on  the  20th  of  May,  150G,  after  partaking  of  the  holy 
sacrament,  and  uttering  the  words  "Into  Thy  hands,  Oh,  Lord,  I  com 
mit  my  spirit," 

The  house  at  Valladolid,  Spain,  in  which  Columbus  died  May  20, 
1506,  is  still  standing,  and  is  visited  by  multitudes  of  tourists.  At  the 
time  of  his  death  it  was  an  inn.  His  brother,  Bartholomew,  was  with 
him.  In  none  of  the  chronicles  of  the  time,  and  they  were  numerous, 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID.  267 

is  there  any  allusion  to  tlie  event.  It  was  not  until  nearly  a  month 
after  that  the  fact  was  officially  recorded,  and  then  in  the  briefest  and 
most  indifferent  manner.  On  the  back  of  one  of  his  belated  appeals  to 
the  King  some  clerk  wrote  "  The  within  admiral  is  dead."  The  house  is 
a  plain  structure,  at  No.  2  Calle  Ancha  de  Magdalena,  its  most  note 
worthy  feature,  until  recently,  being  a  sign  over  the  door  announcing 
the  sale  within  of  Leche  de  burros  y  vacas  (cows  and  asses7  milk). 

The  biographies  of  Columbus  usually  state  that  King  Ferdinand 
ordered  the  removal  of  the  remains  of  Columbus  to  Seville  immediately 
after  his  death,  and  erected  a  monument  bearing  the  inscription:  "A 
Castilla  y  a  Leon,  Kuevo  Man  do  dio  Colon."  (To  Castile  and  Leon, 
Columbus  gave  a  new  world.) 

This  statement  did  not  appear  in  print  for  eight  years  after,  and  if 
the  will  of  Diego  can  be  accepted  as  testimony,  the  remains  of  Colum 
bus  were  removed  three  years  after  his  death  to  the  vault  of  the  Car 
thusian  Monastery  of  Las  Cuevas,  near  Seville,  by  members  of  his  own 
family,  who  erected  the  monument  without  the  aid  or  knowledge  of  the 
King.  His  remains  were  first  deposited  in  the  Convent  of  San  Fran 
cisco,  Valladolid,  and  subsequently  removed  to  Seville  in  1513,  whence, 
about  the  year  1541,  they  were  taken  to  Santo  Domingo. 

In  1537,  upon  the  application  of  Dona  Maria  de  Toledo,  the  widow  of 
Diego  Columbus,  a  royal  order  was  issued  permitting  the  removal  of 
the  body  of  Columbus  to  Santo  Domingo,  but  for  some  reason  it  was 
not  carried  o  it,  and  three  separate  orders  to  the  same  effect  were 
granted  to  Dona  Maria  between  1537  and  1541.  In  the  latter  year  her 
efforts  appear  to  have  been  successful,  although  some  historians  hold 
that  the  removal  did  not  take  place  until  nine  years  later,  upon  the 
completion  of  the  great  cathedral  at  Santo  Domingo.  The  records  of 
that  city  throw  no  light  upon  the  controversy,  for  it  was  not  until  1676 
that  an  entry  was  made  in  canonical  books  of  the  cathedral  concerning 
the  reentombment  of  the  remains.  It  is  said,  however,  that  when  the 
city  was  sacked  by  Sir  Francis  Drake,  the  British  freebooter,  in  1585, 
the  archives  of  the  cathedral  were  destroyed. 

When  the  treaty  of  Basle,  in  1795,  transferred  the  colony  of  Santo 
Domingo  from  the  Spaniards  to  the  French,  the  Duke  of  Veragua,  who 
had  inherited  the  titles  and  estates  of  the  admiral,  obtained  permission 
to  transport  the  remains  to  Havana,  in  order  that  they  might  remain  on 
Spanish  soil.  With  great  solemnity  and  ceremony,  what  was  believed 
to  be  the  coffin  of  Christopher  Columbus  was  removed  from  the  pres 
bytery  of  the  Santo  Domingo  cathedral,  and,  attended  by  a  splendid 
retinue  of  ecclesiastic  and  civil  dignitaries,  with  a  fleet  of  the  Spanish 
navy,  was  carried  to  Havana  and  there  embedded  in  the  walls  of  the 
cathedral  to  the  left  of  the  altar. 

On  the  14th  of  May,  1877,  while  the  cathedral  at  Santo  Domingo  was 
being  restored,  some  workmen  discovered,  on  the  epistle  side  of  the 
altar,  a  metallic  box.  The  archbishop  was  at  once  notified,  and  he 
directed  the  box  to  be  removed,  in  the  presence  of  a  number  of  officials. 


268  COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID. 

It  was  found  to  bear  an  inscription  in  Spanish  which  reads :  "  The 
Admiral  Don  Luis  Colon,  Duke  of  Veragua,  Marquis  of  Jamaica." 
The  discovery  caused  great  excitement.  On  the  opposite  or  gospel  side 
of  the  altar  two  more  crypts  were  disclosed.  One  was  empty,  from 
which  the  coffin  transported  to  Havana  was  taken.  The  other  con 
tained  a  metallic  box  similar  to  that  in  which  the  remains  of  Luis  Colum 
bus  were  found.  Within  it  were  a  quantity  of  dust,  a  number  of  bones, 
a  portion  of  a  skull,  a  leaden  ball,  and  a  silver  plate  about  2  inches  long. 
It  was  supposed  that  these  were  the  remains  of  Christopher  Columbus, 
because  of  certain  inscriptions  on  the  box. 

The  box  was  of  lead,  about  a  quarter  of  an  inch  thick.  It  was  18 
inches  long,  and  about  9  inches  wide  and  10  inches  deep.  On  the  front 
and  on  one  end  was  the  letter  "Cj"  on  the  other  end  the  letter  "A," 
which  were  supposed  to  signify  "Cristoval  Colon,  admiral." 

On  the  top  of  the  lid  were  the  letters  "D.  de  la  A.  Per  A.,"  interpreted 
aDescubridor  dela  America  Primer  Alinirante"  (discoverer  of  America, 
the  first  admiral). 

On  the  under  side  of  the  lid  was  written  in  German  text,  "  Ylletre  Y 
Esdo  Varon,  Dn.  Cristoval  Colon"  (illustrious  and  renowned  man,  Don 
Christopher  Columbus). 

On  one  side  of  a  silver  plate,  which  appeared  at  one  time  to  have  been 
screwed  or  bolted  to  the  inside  of  the  box,  was  inscribed  "  U  Cristoval 
Colon,"  which  is  supposed  to  mean  u  Urna  Cristoval  Colon"  (the  coffin 
of  Christopher  Columbus). 

On  the  other  side  of  the  plate  were  the  words:  uUa  pte  de  los  rtos 
del  pmer  Alte  D.  Cristoval  Colon  D.,"  which  are  deciphered  to  be  uUrna 
perteneciente  de  los  restos  del  primer  Almirante  Don  Cristoval  Colon 
Descubridor,"  or  in  English,  "  Urn  belonging  to  the  remains  of  the  first 
admiral,  Christopher  Columbus,  discoverer." 

The  finest  dust  was  carefully  gathered  up  and  placed  in  a  little  casket 
of  gold  and  crystal,  such  as  is  used  by  ladies  to  keep  their  jewels 
in,  and  placed  in  the  lead  chest.  The  latter  was  sealed  and  then 
inclosed  in  an  octagonal  case  of  satinwood  with  glass  panels,  which  was 
secured  with  three  locks,  to  which  the  minister  of  public  works,  the 
archbishop,  and  the  governor  of  the  city  have  the  keys.  The  case  was 
further  protected  by  broad  bands  of  white  ribbon,  sealed  with  wax,  and 
stamped  with  the  official  seals  of  the  three  officials 'named,  so  that  it 
may  not  be  opened  without  the  consent  and  presence  of  all  of  them. 
It  was  then  placed  in  a  vault  at  the  left  of  the  altar. 

Once  each  year,  on  the  10th  of  September,  the  precious  casket  is 
exposed  to  public  view  in  the  presence  of  the  officials  of  the  Govern 
ment  and  the  public,  when  high  mass  is  celebrated  by  the  archbishop 
for  the  repose  of  the  soul  of  the  great  discoverer. 

The  people  of  Havana  and  of  Spain  still  insist  that  the  genuine 
remains  of  Columbus  were  transported  to  the  former  city  in  1795,  and 
a  very  earnest  controversy  has  been  continued  from  1877  to  the  present 


COLUMBIAN   HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID.  269 

day.  Several  volumes  have  been  written  on  the  subject,  the  most 
important  of  which  is  a  report  of  the  Eoyal  Academy  of  History  at 
Madrid,  which,  at  the  request  of  the  late  King  of  Spain  and  the  people 
of  Havana,  made  an  investigation,  and  decided  in  favor  of  the  claims 
of  the  Cuban  capital.  The  whole  question  rests  upon  the  integrity  of 
the  inscriptions  on  the  casket  that  was  found  in  1877.  If  they  are  gen 
uine  the  cathedral  of  Santo  Domingo  contains  the  bones  of  Columbus. 
An  interesting  series  of  reprints  from  early  publications  illustrating 
the  voyages  of  Columbus  was  given,  all  of  them  being  engravings  of 
the  sixteenth  century. 

THE   CHRISTENING   OF   AMERICA   ILLUSTRATED. 

During  the  summer  of  1891,  with  the  permission  of  the  Secretary  of 
State,  and  under  my  direction,  Capt.  Frank  H.  Mason,  United  States 
consul-general  at  Frankfort-on  the-Main,  Germany,  who  is  a  thorough 
scholar  and  artist,  spent  some  time  at  the  old  town  of  St.  Die,  in 
Lorraine,  investigating  the  manner  in  which  the  New  World  received 
the  name  America,  and  obtaining  relics  of  the  men  who  christened  it. 
The  results  of  Captain  Mason's  work  were  shown  at  the  Madrid  Expo 
sition  by  a  series  of  most  interesting  views  of  the  place  as  it  looked  in 
the  early  part  of  the  sixteenth  century  and  as  it  appears  to-day.  He 
secured  also  the  portraits  of  all  of  the  men  who  are  responsible  for  the 
name  America,  and  from  the  early  records  of  the  place  obtained  much 
interesting  information  concerning  them  that  had  never  been  published. 

For  more  than  three  centuries  Vespucci  rested  under  the  disgrace 
of  having  usurped  the  title  of  the  lands  which  Columbus  discovered. 
It  was  not  until  1837  that  Alexander  von  Humboldt  pointed  out  the 
real  culprit,  and  showed  that  the  name  America  was  first  suggested  by 
a  paragraph  in  a  small  Latin  treatise  written  by  Martin  Waldseemuller 
and  published  during  the  year  1507  at  St.  Die,  a  village  in  southeast 
ern  Lorraine.  This  little  book  was  entitled  Cosmographiae  Introductio 
(the  rudiments  of  geography),  and  the  story  of  its  authorship  and  pub 
lication  and  the  unforeseen  part  it  played  in  christening  the  Western 
Hemisphere  forms  one  of  the  most  curious  and  fascinating  narratives  in 
the  whole  record  of  bibliography. 

The  manuscript  of  Cosniographia3  was  begun  during  the  summer  of 
1506,  within  a  month,  it  may  be,  of  the  day  when  Christopher  Colum 
bus,  already  poor,  neglected,  and  discredited  at  court,  was  laid  in  his 
humble  grave.  It  was  finished  during  the  following  winter,  and  the 
first  edition  was  published  on  the  "VII  Kalend,  May,  1507,"  which  cor 
responds  under  the  Gregorian  calendar  to  the  25th  of  April  in  that 
year.  The  success  of  the  enterprise  was  immediate  and  extraordinary. 
Four  editions  of  the  Cosmographise  were  published  at  St.  Die  within 
less  than  five  months,  two  bearing  the  date  of  April  25,  as  .above 
stated,  and  two  more  marked  the  UIII  Kalends  Septembris,"  which 
corresponds  to  the  29th  of  August.  The  title  is  as  follows : 


270  COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID. 

Introduction  to  Cosmography,  together  with  some  principles  of  Geometry  neces 
sary  to  the  purpose.  Also  four  voyages  (navigationes)  of  Americus  Vespucius.  A 
description  of  universal  Cosmography,  both  stereometrical  and  plauometrical, 
together  with  what  was  unknown  to  Ptolemy  and  has  been  recently  discovered. 

Distich.  Neither  the  earth  nor  the  stars  possess  anything  greater  than  God  or 
Caesar,  for  the  God  rules  the  stars  and  Caesar  the  climes  of  the  earth. 

Among  the  inmates  of  the  monastery  the  three  most  notable  were  the 
poet,  Pierre  de  Blarru,  Jean  Basin,  an  accomplished  linguist,  and  Wai  - 
tier  or  Gautrin  Lud,  director  of  the  mines  of  Lorraine  and  secretary  to 
Duke  Eene  II,  the  sovereign  of  the  province  and  one  of  the  most 
enlightened  princes  of  his  time.  To  these  were  subsequently  added 
Martin  Waldseemuller  and  Matthias  Kiuginan,  both  of  whom  were  dis 
tinguished  as  linguists,  geographers  and  devotees  of  science  and  letters. 

Under  the  ninth  title,  "De  quibusdam  cosmographiae  rudimentis,"  the 
author,  who  has  been  describing  Europe,  Asia,  and  Africa  as  three 
climates  or  grand  divisions  of  the  globe,  as  designated  by  Ptolemy, 
abruptly  launches  the  following  proposition : 

Americo.  Nunc  vero  and  hecpartes  sunt  latins  lustrata)  et  alia  quarta  pars  per 
Americu  Vesputium  (Vt  in  sequentibus  audietur)  inventa  est-qua  non  video  cur 
quis  hire  vetet  ab  Americo  inventore  sagacis  ingenij  viro  Amerigen  quasi  Americi 
terram  sive  American!  discendam-cum  Europa  et  Asia  a  niulieribus  sua  fortita  sint 
nomina. 

Which  in  English  reads: 

But  now  that  these  parts  have  been  more  widely  explored  and  another  fourth  part 
discovered  by  Americus  Vespucius  (as  will  be  seen  hereafter),  I  do  not  see  why  we 
should  quietly  refuse  to  name  it  America,  namely,  the  land  of  Americus  or  America, 
after  its  discoverer,  Americns,  a  man  of  sagacious  mind,  since  both  Europe  and  Asia 
derived  their  names  from  women. 

"But  for  these  nine  lines,"  says  Harrisse,  "  written  by  an  obscure  geog 
rapher  in  a  little  village  of  the  Vosges,  the  Western  Hemisphere  might 
have  been  called  'The  Land  of  the  Holy  Cross,7  or  'Atlantis,'  or 
'Columbia,'  '  Hesperides,'  or  'Iberia,'  'New  India,'  or  simply  'The 
Indies,'  as  it  is  designated  officially  in  Spain  to  this  day." 

As  it  was,  however,  the  suggestion  of  Hylacomylus  was  immediately 
adopted  by  geographers  everywhere;  the  new  land  beyond  the  Atlantic 
had,  by  a  stroke  of  a  pen,  been  christened  for  all  time  to  come. 

The  village  of  St.  Die  (Urbs  Deodati)  was  founded  about  the  year 
660  A.  D.,  by  St.  Deodate,  ex-bishop  of  Nevers,  who  resigned  his 
bishopric  and  retired  to  a  pleasant  valley  on  the  headwaters  of  the  Eiver 
Meurthe.  Here  he  founded  a  chapel  which  he  named  "Galilee."  The 
chapel  in  time  expanded  to  a  church,  was  christened  Notre  Dame,  and 
around  it  was  built  a  powerful  monastery  with  beetling  walls  and  encir 
cling  moat,  a  citadel  and  defense  for  the  followers  of  the  cross. 

Under  the  patronage  of  Duke  Kene  a  society  of  learned  and  inquiring 
men  was  constituted,  which,  about  the  beginning  of  the  sixteenth  cen 
tury,  were  associated  at  St.  Die  for  mutual  inspiration  and  assistance, 
under  the  title  of  "Gynmase  Vosgien,"  or  Academy  of  the  Vosges. 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID.  271 

Duke  Rene  II,  "King  of  Jerusalem  and  Sicily,"  was  a  grandson  of 
"Good  King  Rene,"  and  was  not  only  a  scholar  and  patriot  but  a  soldier 
of  shining  renown  in  an  age  when  prowess  on  the  field  was  the  one  sure 
title  to  fame.  As  the  hero  of  the  battle  of  Morat  and  the  chivalrous  con 
queror  of  Charles  the  Bold,  he  figures  conspicuously  in  the  annals  of  his 
time.  Upon  his  accession  to  the  throne  of  Lorraine  he  found  his  country 
invaded  and  harassed  by  Charles  and  his  Burgundiaus.  After  repeated 
but  fruitless  appeals  to  the  King  of  France  for  promised  aid,  he  raised 
a  force  of  Swiss  and  Germans,  and  joining  to  these  his  own  scanty  but 
patriotic  army,  he  fell  upon  and  completely  routed  the  invaders  before 
the  walls  of  Nancy,  in  the  year  1477,  and  there  is  to  be  seen  to  day  in 
the  marshes  near  the  town  a  cross  which  marks  the  spot  where  the  body 
of  Charles  was  found  among  the  debris  of  the  fight.  Rene  gave  his 
fallen  adversary  a  magnificent  burial,  and  devoted  the  remainder  of  his 
life  to  study,  the  encouragement  of  learning,  and  to  repairing  the  fortunes 
of  his  war- wasted  province.  He  died  in  1508,  and  his  epitaph  tells  us 
that  he  loved  but  three  things — justice,  peace,  and  letters. 

It  was  the  custom  for  learned  men  in  those  times  to  conceal  their 
personal  identity  under  a  classical  pseudonym,  and  accordingly  the 
young  graduate  at  Freiburg  assumed  a  Greco-Latinized  rendition  of  his 
somewhat  archaic  family  name  and  called  himself  Martinus  tlylaco- 
mylus.  That  is  to  say,  the  German  W aid-see  muller  (miller  of  the  lake- 
in  the- woods)  was  converted  into  a  combination  of  the  Greek  words 
Hyle  (forest)  and  mylos  (miller). 

The  real  authors  of  the  Cosmographia3  were  Martin  Waldseemuller 
arid  his  learned  and  devoted  assistant,  Matthias  Ringman.  Of  the 
family  and  antecedents  of  Waldseemuller  little  is  known  beyond  the  fact 
that  his  parents  lived  in  Freiburg,  where  Martin  was  born  about  148 L, 
and  on  the  7th  of  December,  1490,  was  enrolled  by  Rector  Conrad  Knoll 
as  a  primary  student  in  the  university  of  that  town.  At  what  date  he 
first  went  to  St.  Die  can  only  be  conjectured.  It  was  apparently  in  1504 
or  1505,  at  which  time  he  was  in  his  twenty-second  or  twenty-third  year. 
He  was  then  an  accomplished  Greek  and  Latin  scholar,  a  skillful  mathe 
matician  and  draftsman,  and  was  inspired  and  excited  by  the  geo 
graphical  discoveries  which  were  then  reconstructing  men's  ideas  of  the 
physical  globe.  The  pious  members  of  the  Vosgien  Gymnase,  whose 
proposed  revision  of  Ptolemy  was  to  be  based  on  the  original  Greek 
text,  apparently  engaged  for  the  work  of  revision  the  young  secular, 
who,  being  fresh  from  the  university  lectures,  would  possess  all  the 
latest  information. 

The  cathedral,  with  its  exquisite  gothic  cloisters  and  pretty  outdoor 
reading  pulpit  facing  the  quadrangle;  the  petite  Eglise  archaic, in  its 
simplicity,  but  pure  in  style  as  a  Grecian  temple,  encircled  by  the  cita 
del  walls  of  red  sandstone,  softened  and  enriched  in  color  by  the  storm 
and  sunshine  of  centuries,  all  remain  stately  and  beautiful  as  ever;  but 
the  Chapitre  is  no  longer  supreme,  and  a  modern  Protestant  church, 


272  COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID. 

with  its  neatly  slated  spire  and  cushioned  pews,  stands  near  the  center 
of  the  town  to  mark  the  foothold  of  a  new  faith. 

In  the  municipal  library  of  St.  Die  there  is  preserved  as  its  most 
precious  possession  a  magnificent  illuminated  volume — the  Graduel  or 
Lectern,  containing  the  plain  song  of  the  various  offices  and  ceremo 
nials  of  the  Chapitre  for  the  entire  year.  It  is  enriched  with  hundreds 
of  miniatures,  illuminated  initials,  painted  margins,  and  colophons, 
which  illustrate  many  interesting  phases  of  the  history  of  St.  Die,  as 
well  as  its  industries,  political  vicissitudes,  and  the  social  conditions 
which  prevailed  in  that  community  during  the  period  of  the  Vosgien 
Gymnase. 

Gautrin  Lud,  the  founder  and  controlling  spirit  of  the  Gymnase,  was 
born  at  St.  Die  about  the  year  1448.  He  came  from  wealthy  and  dis 
tinguished  stock,  his  mother,  Jeannette  d'Ainveau,  being  a  daughter  of 
one  of  the  noblest  families  of  Lorraine,  and  his  father  a  soldier  of  dis 
tinction  in  the  service  of  the  king. 

The  art  of  printing  with  movable  types  was  hardly  fifty  years  old, 
printing  facilities  were  everywhere  limited,  and  in  order  to  carry  out 
its  plans  the  Gymnase  needed  a  press  and  type  of  its  own.  Here  the 
wealth  and  enterprise  of  Gautrin  Lud  came  to  the  rescue.  In  1494  that 
liberal  prelate  had  set  up  in  his  own  house  in  the  principal  street  of 
St.  Die  a  rude  printing  machine,  with  a  font  of  large,  round-faced  type. 

Modern  St.  Die  is  a  thriving  town  of  nearly  12,000  people,  who  are 
engaged  mainly  in  weaving,  spinning,  tanning,  and  various  industries 
connected  with  the  manufacture  and  consumption  of  pine  lumber,  which 
grows  abundantly  in  that  picturesque  region.  It  is  the  terminus  of  a 
railway  which  was  originally  laid  out  from  Luneville  to  Markirch  in 
Alsace,  but  which  stopped  abruptly  at  St.  Die,  where  the  events  of 
1870  drew  the  new  frontier  of  Germany  across  its  path. 

The  house  of  Jean  Basin  was  partially  destroyed  by  fire  in  1554,  but 
the  walls  remain  intact,  so  that  the  structure  was  rebuilt,  or  rather 
restored,  with  exactly  its  original  form  and  dimensions 5  and  in  that 
condition  it  exists  to-day,  the  most  perfectly  preserved  domicile  that 
remains  from  the  Gymnase  Vosgien. 

Eingman  was,  from  all  accounts,  a  man  of  extraordinary  zeal  and  ver 
satility.  Of  his  family  nothing  is  known,  but  his  parents  must  have 
been  in  comfortable  circumstances  to  afford  him  the  thorough  educa 
tion  he  received.  He  was  born  in  1482,  near  the  monastery  of  Paeris, 
in  the  valley  of  the  Vosges.  About  the  year  1500,  when  the  discov 
eries  of  Columbus,  Cabot,  and  Alonzo  de  Ojeda  had  set  the  educated 
world  aflame,  Eingman  shared  in  the  enthusiasm  and  took  up  a  thor 
ough  course  in  mathematics  and  cosmography.  He  studied  at  Paris 
until  1503,  when,  at  the  age  of  21,  he  returned  to  Strassburg,  bringing 
with  him  a  copy  of  the  memorable  letter  which  Americus  Yespucius 
had  written  from  Cape  Verde  in  June,  1501,  to  his  patron,  Lorenzo  de 
Medici,  at  Florence,  giving  a  somewhat  superficial  account  of  his  third 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION   AT    MADRID.  273 

voyage  of  discovery.  This  letter  had  been  translated  from  Italian  into 
French  and  a  smaller  edition  published  at  Paris.  The  letter  was  a 
mere  sketch,  but  contained  so  much  that  was  new  and  interesting-  that 
Eingman  translated  it  into  Latin  and  published  it  in  pamphlet  form  at 
Strassburg  in  August,  1503. 

Jean  Basin,  of  Sandaucourt,  the  second  member  of  the  Gymnase,  was 
like  Gautrin  Lud,  a  canon  of  the  Ghapitre  of  St.  Die,  and  a  classical 
scholar  of  unusual  attainments.  His  leisure  hours  were  devoted  to 
literature.  He  was  wealthy  and  luxurious,  and  inhabited  a  handsome 
canonical  residence  which  stood  at  the  northwest  corner  of  a  block  or 
irregular  group  of  buildings,  of  which  the  house  of  Gautrin  Lud,  with 
its  printing  office,  formed  the  southeast  or  diagonally  opposite  corner. 

A  copy  of  the  Strassburg  edition  of  the  Cosmographiae  Introductio 
found  its  way  in  1524  to  the  library  of  Fernando  Columbus,  son  of  the 
great  admiral,  at  Seville,  where  it  became  one  of  the  favorite  volumes 
of  that  renowned  collector  of  rare  and  interesting  books.  Fernando 
Columbus  was  an  inveterate  traveler,  and  from  his  copious  notes  writ 
ten  on  the  margin  and  fly  leaf  of  the  Cosmographire,  he  would  seem  to 
have  read  it  mainly  for  the  information  that  it  gave  on  the  geography 
and  climate  of  Europe,  and  to  have  overlooked  or  ignored  the  rank 
injustice  which  it  offered  to  the  memory  of  his  father.  Fernando  had 
this  book  in  his  possession  during  the  fifteen  years  preceding  his  death 
in  1539,  and  the  fact  that  he  did  not  in  his  famous  History  of  Christo 
pher  Columbus  denounce  the  Cosmographia3  and  its  author,  is  held  by 
M.  Harrisse  and  other  experts  to  prove  that  the  history  attributed  to 
Fernando  was  not  actually  written  by  him  or  within  his  knowledge. 

A  very  interesting  feature  of  this  exhibit  was  a  map  prepared  by 
Prof.  G.  Brown  Goode,  of  the  National  Museum  at  Washington,  show 
ing  the  places  in  the  United  States  that  have  been  named  in  honor  of 
Columbus. 

RELICS  OF  SPANISH  OCCUPATION  IN  AMERICA 

This  exhibit  consisted  of  a  series  of  large  photographs  showing 
views  of  all  the  places  identified  with  Spanish  domination  within  the 
territory  of  the  United  States,  including  St.  Augustine,  New  Mexico, 
Arizona,  and  California. 

I  am,  sir,  very  respectfully,  your  obedient  servant, 

WILLIAM  E.  CURTIS. 
Kear- Admiral  STEPHEN  B.  LUCE,  U.  S.  N., 

Commissioner- General  of  the  United  States  to  the 

Columbian  Historical  Exposition,  Madrid,  Spain. 
H.  Ex.  100 18 


CATALOGUE  OF  THE  COLLECTION  OF  PICTURES  REPRESENT 
ING  VARIOUS  PLACES  IDENTIFIED  WITH  THE  LIFE  OF 

COLUMBUS 


Exhibited  by  the  Latin- American  Department  of  the  Columbian  Universal  Exposition  at  Chicago. 


151.  House  in  Quinto  in  which  Columbus'  parents  were  married. 

152.  General  view  of  Cogoleto,  Italy,  which  claims  to  be  the  birthplace  of  Columbus. 

153.  Beach  at  Cogoleto,  Italy. 

154.  House  in  Cogoleto,  in  which  it  is  claimed  that  Columbus  was  born. 

155.  Street  in  Cogoleto,  in  which  is  the  house  in  which  Columbus  is  said  to  have  been 

born. 

156.  Map  of  Genoa. 

157.  View  of  the  port  and  city  of  Genoa. 

158.  Street  in  Genoa,  in  which  is  the  house  in  which  it  is  claimed  that  Columbus  was 

born. 

159.  House  in  Genoa  in  which  it  is  claimed  that  Columbus  was  born. 

160.  Plan  of  Columbus's  house  in  Genoa  (eight  parts). 

161.  House  in  Valladolid  in  which  Columbus  died. 

162.  Cathedral  of  Havana,  in  which  the  remains  of  Columbus  are  believed  to  be 

deposited. 

163.  Cathedral  of  Havana. 

164.  Altar  of  the  Cathedral  of  Havana. 

165.  Cathedral  of  Santo  Domingo. 

166.  Vaults  in  the  Cathedral  of  Santo  Domingo,  which  contained   the   supposed 

remains  of  Columbus  and  his  son. 

167.  Cloisters  of  the  Cathedral  of  Santo  Domingo. 

168.  Photograph  of  the  urn  containing  the  leaden  box  inclosing  the  supposed  remains 

of  Columbus,  at  Santo  Domingo. 

169.  Urn  at  Genoa  containing  some  of  the  supposed  ashes  of  Columbus. 

170.  Departure  of  Columbus  from  the  port  of  Palos.     By  Leopold  Flameng. 

171.  Departure  of  Columbus.     From  De  Bry's  Voyages. 

172.  Arrival  of  Columbus  in  the  New  World.     From  De  Bry's  Voyages. 

173.  Landing  of  Columbus  on  Guanahani.     From  an  old  engraving. 

174.  Landing  of  Columbus.     By  Bobbett. 

175.  Landing  of  Columbus.     By  F.  O.  C.  Darley. 

176.  Landing  of  Columbus.     By  Christian  Rubens. 

177.  The  Last  Moments  of  Columbus.      By  Carlos  Lira.     The  original  is  in  the 

Museum  of  Fine  Arts  at  Santiago  de  Chile. 

178.  Death  of  Columbus.     By  Luigi  Gregori.     The  original  is  at  South  Bend,  Ind. 

179.  Place  on  Watling  Island  where  Columbus  is  believed  to  have  landed. 

180.  View  of  Watling  Island,  the  first  land  seen  by  Columbus. 

181.  Present  appearance  of  the  place  where  Columbus  landed  for  the  first  time  on 

the  continent. 

182.  The  island  of  San  Salvador,  called  Guanahani  by  the  natives,  and  known  in 

modern  geography  under  the  name  of  Watling  Island. 

183.  Present  inhabitants  of  Watling  Island. 

275 


276  COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID. 

184.  Persons  of  distinction  in  Watling  Island. 

185.  House  of  the  magistrate  of  Watling  Island. 

186.  Houses  of  the  chief  inhabitants  of  Watling  Island. 

187.  Types  of  the  inhabitants  of  Watling  Island. 

188.  Port  of  Jibara,  Cuba.     The  place  where  Columbus  first  landed  on  that  island, 

in  1492. 

189.  Site  on  which  stood  Guarico,  an  Indian  village  of  Guacanagari,  Haiti,  visited  by 

Columbus  on  his  first  voyage. 

190.  Sandbanks  in  the  roadstead  of  Petit  Anse,  near  Cape  Haitien,  where  Columbus 

erected  the  Fort  of  the  Nativity,  in  1492. 

191.  Coast  of  Haiti,  the  Navidad  of  Columbus,  1492. 

192.  Isabella  Bay,  Santo  Domingo,  where  the  first  town   in  the  New   World  was 

founded,  in  1493. 

193.  Promontory  of  the  coast  where  Columbus  landed  in  the  Isabella,  on  his  second 

voyage. 

194.  Lower  Bonico  or  Isabella  River,  Santo  Domingo,  where  the  first  town  in  America 

arose. 

195.  Ruins  of  Isabella,  Santo  Domingo,  the  most  ancient  town  in  America. 

196.  Present  appearance  of  the  ruins  of  Isabella,  the  first  establishment  of  European 

civilization  in  America,  founded  in  1493. 

197.  Present  appearance  of  the  site  on  which  stood  the  King's  house,  in  Isabella. 

198.  Present  inhabitants  of  the  site  on  which  stood  the  city  of  Isabella. 

199.  The  city  of  Puerto  Plata,  Santo  Domingo. 

200.  Bay  of  Santa  Gloria,  Jamaica,  visited  by  Columbus  on  his  first  voyage. 

201.  Bay  of  Samana,  Santo  Domingo,  visited  by  Columbus  on  his  first  voyage. 

202.  View  of  the  Mountains  of  Cibao  and  the  port  of  Los  Hidalgos,  1493. 

203.  Ancient  fortress  in  Concepcion  de  la  Vega,  founded  by  Columbus  in  1493. 

204.  Church  of  the  Holy  Hill  (Santo  Cerro),  Santo  Domingo. 

205.  Church  of  the  Holy  Hill  and  Columbus's  Tree. 

206.  The  Holy  Hill,  Santo  Domingo. 

207.  Church  of  the  Holy  Hill,  Santo  Domingo. 

208.  Indian  village  near  Truxillo,  Honduras,  visited  by  Columbus  on  his  last  voyage. 

209.  Two  houses  in  the  time  of  the  aborigines,  in  Truxillo,  Honduras,  where  Colum 

bus  landed  in  1502. 

210.  Truxillo,  the  first  Spanish  establishment  on  the  coast  of  Terra  Firma. 

211.  Ancient  chapel  in  Truxillo,  Honduras. 

212.  View  of  the  river  near  Truxillo,  where  the  companions  of  Columbus  fought 

with  the  natives. 

213.  View  on  the  River  Dulce,  Guatemala,  visited  by  Columbus  on  his  first  voyage. 

214.  Bay  of  Santa  Gloria.  Jamaica,  which  Columbus  visited  on  his  fourth  voyage,  in 

1503. 

215.  Coast  at  Santa  Ana,  Jamaica,  where  Columbus  was  shipwrecked  on  his  fourth 

voyage,  in  1 503. 

216.  Port  Maria,  Jamaica. 

217.  Don  Cristobal  Bay,  where  Columbus  put  into  port,  and  remained  eleven  months. 

218.  Lucca,  Jamaica,  visited  by  Columbus  on  his  fourth  voyage. 

219.  Present  appearance  of  Don  Cristobal  Bay. 

220.  Port  of  Jamaica,  called  Dry  Harbor. 

221.  Prison  built  on  the  ruins  of  the  first  fort  erected  by  the  Spaniards  in  Jamaica. 

222.  View  of  Santo  Domingo.      From  a  photograph. 

223.  View  of  Santo  Domingo  from  the  citadel. 

224.  View  of  Santo  Domingo  from  the  bay. 

225.  View  of  the  city  of  Santo  Domingo. 

226.  Typical  scene  in  the  city  of  Santo  Domingo 

227.  Ancient  church  in  Santo  Domingo. 

228.  Ancient  wall  in  Santo  Domingo. 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID.  277 

229.  Interior  of  the  Convent  of  San  Francisco,  in  Santo  Domingo. 

230.  Church  of  San  Antonio,  Santo  Domingo. 

231.  The  "Homenaje"  (Fealty),  Santo  Domingo. 

232.  The  "Homeuaje,"  Santo  Domingo,  mouth  of  the  Ozama  River. 

233.  A  glance  afc  the  streets  of  Santo  Domingo. 

234.  Ruins  of  the  palace  of  Don  Diego  Columbus,  in  Santo  Domingo,  as  they  are 

to-day. 

235.  Gate  of  the  city  of  Santo  Domingo. 

236.  Entrance  of  the  bay  of  Santo  Domingo. 

237.  Ruins  of  an  ancient  convent  in  Santo  Domingo. 

238.  Gate  and  sentry  boxes  on  the  wall  of  Santo  Domingo. 

239.  Citadel  of  Santo  Domingo. 

STRANGE    THINGS    SEEN   BY   COLUMBUS    ON   HIS    VOYAGE,  TAKEN   FROM   ANCIENT   PUB 
LICATIONS. 

240.  Indians  welcoming  the  Spaniards.     Taken  from  the  Voyage  to  the  New  Woiid 

of  the  West  Indies,  by  Philopono. 

241.  Indians  mounted  on  a  whale.     Taken  from  the  Voyage  to  the  New  World  of  the 

West  Indies,  by  Philopono. 

242.  Terrible  monster  seen  by  Columbus.     Taken  from  the  History  of  America,  by 

Ogilby. 

243.  Columbus  treating  with  the  Indians  on  the  coast  of  Cuba.     Taken  from  De 

Bry's  Voyages. 

244.  Strange  monster  of  the  New  World.     Taken  from  De  Bry's  Voyages. 

245.  Mass  celebrated  on  top  of  a  whale.     Taken  from  the  Voyage  to  the  New  World 

of  the  West  Indies,  by  Philopono. 

246.  The  first  mass  celebrated  in  the  New  World.     Taken  from  the  Voyage  to  the 

New  World  of  the  West  Indies,  by  Philopono. 

247.  Indian  mode  of  making  bread.     From  an  old  engraving. 

248.  Natives  of  America  leading  the  way  to  their  Queen.     From  an  old  engraving. 

249.  Battle  between  Spaniards  and  cannibals.     Taken  from  the  Voyage  to  the  New 

World  of  the  West  Indies,  by  Philopono. 

250.  Great  conversion  of  the  Indians.     Taken  from  the  Voyage  to  tLe  New  World 

of  the  West  Indies,  by  Philopono. 

251.  Slaughter  of  priests  by  the  Indians.     From  De  Bry's  Voyages. 

252.  Cannibals  roasting  children.     Taken  from  the  Voyage  to  the  New  World  of  the 

West  Indies,  by  Philopono. 

253.  First  plate  published  with  regard  to  the  natives  of  America.     Taken  from  a 

German  geography  published  in  Augsburg  in  1497. 

254.  Indian  mode  of  torturing  the  Spaniards  by  pouring  gold  down  their  throats. 

From  De  Brj^'s  Voyages. 

255.  Welcome  to  the  discoverer.    From  an  old  engraving. 

256.  Quarrel  between  Columbus  and  Porras.     From  De  Bry's  Voyages. 

257.  Landing  of  Columbus  on  Pearl  Island.    From  De  Bry's  Voyages. 

258.  First  map  of  Santo  Domingo. 

VIEWS   OF   THE   PLACE    IN   WHICH   AMERICA   RECEIVED    ITS   NAME,  IN   1507. 

259.  St.  Die  in  the  tenth  century. 

260.  Citadel  of  St.  Die,  France. 

261.  View  of  St.  Die. 

262.  Entrance  to  the  monastery  of  St.  Die. 

263.  View  of  the  ancient  monastery  of  St.  Die. 

264.  The  River  Meurthe  at  St.  Die. 

265.  Ancient  cathedral  of  St.  Die. 

266.  House  of  Jean  Basin. 


278  COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION   AT   MADRID. 

267.  House  in  St.  Die. 

268.  House  of  Jean  Basin. 

269.  Town  of  St.  Die.     View  taken  from  the  southwest. 

PORTRAITS   OF   THE    MEN   WHO   GAVE   ITS   NAME   TO   AMERICA. 

270.  Portrait  of  King  Rene  II,  in  the  form  of  a  medallion. 

271.  Equestrian  statue  of  King  Ren6  II. 

272.  Jean  Basin. 

273.  DukeRen^II. 

274.  Matthias  Ringman. 

275.  Gautrin  Lud. 

276.  Title-page  of  the  book  entitled  Cosmographise  Introductio. 

277.  The  eighth  book  which  was  published  relative  to  America. 

278.  First  land  seen  by  Leif  Efickson,  who,  according  to  the  Scandinavians,  dis 

covered  America  in  the  tenth  century.  Prepared  by  Prof.  E.  N.  Horsford,  of 
Cambridge,  Mass. 

279.  Geographical  map  of  Behaim,  prepared  in  1492.     The  original  is  in  Nuremberg. 

MEMENTOES   OF   THE    SPANISH   DOMINATION   IN   AMERICA. 

280.  Havana  in  1633.     From  the  History  of  America,  by  Ogilby. 

281.  St.  Augustine  in  1633.     From  the  History  of  America,  by  Ogilby. 

282.  St.  Augustine  and  Fort  Carolina  in  1671. 

283.  St.  Augustine  in  1892.     From  a  photograph 

284.  Fort  Marion,  Florida,  1892. 

285.  Exterior  of  Fort  Marion,  Florida,  1892. 

286.  View  of  the  city  of  St.  Augustine.     Exhibited  by  H.  M.  Flagler,  of  New  York. 

287.  View  of  the  Ponce  de  Leon  Hotel  in  St.  Augustine.     Exhibited  by  H.  M.  Flag 

ler,  of  New  York. 

288.  First  plate  of  New  York.     From  the  History  of  America,  by  Ogilby. 

289.  Church  of  San  Miguel,  New  Mexico. 

290.  Interior  of  the  church  of  San  Miguel,  New  Mexico. 

291.  Mission  of  San  Gabriel,  California. 

292.  Interior  of  the  chapel  of  the  mission  of  San  Gabriel. 

293.  Mission  of  Santa  Ines,  California. 

294.  Cloisters  of  the  mission  of  St.  John  the  Baptist. 

295.  Mission  of  St.  .John  the  Baptist,  California. 

296.  Mission  of  San  Antonio,  California. 

297.  Mission  of  San  Carlos,  near  Monterey. 

298.  Mission  of  San  Miguel,  California. 

299.  Mission  of  San  Antonio  de  Padua,  California. 

300.  Exterior  of  the  mission  of  San  Luis  Rey,  California. 

301.  Ruins  of  the  cloisters  of  the  mission  of  San  Luis  Rey. 

302.  View  of  the  ruins  of  the  mission  of  San  Luis  Rey. 

303.  Cloisters  of  the  mission  of  Santa  Barbara. 

304.  Garden  of  the  mission  of  Santa  Barbara. 

305.  Mission  of  Santa  Barbara. 

306.  Ruins  of  the  mission  of  San  Juan  Capistrano,  California. 

307.  View  of  Honduras,  where  Columbus  landed. 

308.  Truxillo,  the  first  Spanish  town  in  Central  America. 

309.  Columbian  University,  Washington,  District  of  Columbia. 

310.  Map  of  the  United  States  and  Territories,  with  adjacent  parts  of  Canada  and 

Mexico;  also  part  of  the  "West  Indies,  showing  places  bearing  the  name  of 
Christopher  Columbus,  in  honor  of  his  memory.  Arranged  for  the  fourth 
centenary  of  the  discovery  of  America,  by  Dr.  G.  Brown  Goode. 


CATALOGUE  OF  THE  HEMENWAY  COLLECTION  IN  THE  HIS 
TORICOAMERICAN  EXPOSITION  OF  MADRID. 


By  Dr.  J.  WALTER  FEWKES. 


BRIEF    DESCRIPTION. 

The  Hemenway  expedition  is  a  private  undertaking,  supported  by 
Mrs.  Mary  Hemenway,  of  Boston,  United  States  of  America,  and  has  for 
its  object  the  investigation  of  the  ethnological  and  archaeological  prob 
lems  of  the  Pueblo  Indians  of  New  Mexico  and  Arizona.  In  the  course 
of  several  years'  work  the  members  of  the  expedition  have  amassed  a 
large  collection  of  ethnological  and  archaeological  objects  from  that 
region,  together  witk  much  data  previously  unknown.  During  the 
summers  of  1891  and  1892  the  labor  had  for  its  main  object  the  study 
of  the  sedentary  Indians  of  Arizona,  called  the  Ho-pi. 

The  collection  here  exhibited  is  intended  chiefly  to  show  the  result  of 
the  operations  during  the  last  two  years  relative  to  the  excavations  and 
to  the  publication  of  these  results,  without  any  reference  whatever  to 
the  operations  prior  to  1891,  nor  to  any  except  those  which  were  car 
ried  on  in  the  province  of  Tusayan. 

The  exhibit  of  the  Hemenway  expedition  is  a  monograph  of  a  single 
tribe  of  the  Indian  pueblos,  and  the  articles  which  figure  in  it  have 
been  selected  and  arranged  to  show  what  were  formerly  and  what  are 
now  the  customs  of  certain  Indian  pueblos  of  the  ancient  province  of 
Tusayan,  Arizona.  An  effort  has  been  made  to  render  this  collection 
a  monograph  of  the  most  primitive  of  the  sedentary  Indians  now  inhab 
iting  the  southwestern  part  of  the  United  States  bordering  on  Mexico. 
This  subject  has  been  treated  under  two  points  of  view,  the  archaeolog 
ical  and  the  ethnological.  These  two  aspects  of  pueblo  life  are  prac 
tically  identical,  the  one  being  merely  the  ancient  aspect  of  the  other ; 
and  by  only  considering  the  collection  under  these  two  points  of  view 
one  may  familiarize  himself  with  the  character  of  the  Indian  customs 
at  the  epoch  of  Columbus  and  of  the  Conquest,  and  the  probable 
modifications  which  they  have  undergone  through  the  contact  which 
they  have  had  with  the  superior  civilization  with  which  they  were  asso- 

279 


280  COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID. 

elated.  The  Indians  represented  in  the  monograph  installed  in  this 
room  have  changed  so  little  during  the  last  three  centuries  that  we  may 
assert  that,  recognizing  the  greater  antiquity  of  the  archa3ological 
objects,  their  resemblance  to  the  ethnological  objects  proves  that  the 
two  are  identical,  and  that,  in  studying  the  ancient  objects,  we  are 
considering  the  productions,  not  of  a  distinct  race,  but  of  one  and  the 
same  people.  Many  of  the  archa3ological  objects  found  in  ruins  which 
existed  when  the  discovery  of  Arizona  took  place  are  so  similar  to  the 
modern  ones  that,  considering  the  subject  from  the  ethnological  as  well 
as  archa3ological  point  of  view,  we  must  perceive  we  are  dealing  with  a 
race  which  is  in  nearly  the  same  condition  in  which  it  was  at  the  time 
of  the  Conquest. 

The  province  of  Tusayan,  from  which  these  specimens  came,  is  situ 
ated  in  the  northeast  part  of  the  Territory  of  Arizona,  near  the  Grand 
Canyon  of  the  Colorado.  This  region  was  discovered  by  the  Spanish 
conquerors  entering  it  from  Mexico,  and  was  described  in  early  accounts, 
copies  of  some  of  which  figure  in  the  exhibit.  It  is  a  plateau,  situated 
at  a  height  of  7,000  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea,  very  dry  and  barren, 
furrowed  by  canyons,  and  covered  with  "  mesas"  forming  steep  pre 
cipices.  The  few  rivers  which  exist  in  this  desert  dry  up  in  summer, 
and  change  to  impetuous  torrents  after  the  great  rains  of  the  autumn 
and  winter.  There  are  a  few  fragile  trees  scattered  over  the  plains, 
but  there  is  little  grass  and  very  scanty  shrubbery.  The  cactus  abounds 
in  some  places  and  the  sage-bush  is  very  common. 

None  of  the  great  mammifera  are  now  found  in  this  arid  desert.  The 
bison  never  visited  these  deserts,  and  the  larger  ruminants  have  always 
been  scarce.  The  wolf,  the  coyote,  and  the  rabbit  are  almost  the  sole 
large  mammalia  existing  there.  Of  these,  the  last  is  the  only  one  that 
is  hunted  to  a  considerable  extent,  although,  in  the  mountains  of  the 
West,  the  antelope,  the  wild  goat,  the  American  lion,  and  the  bear  are 
still  found. 

Reptiles  abound,  some  of  them  being  very  poisonous,  and  many  kinds 
of  birds  form  a  rich  fauna,  which  has  been  but  partially  studied. 

The  varied  and  abundant  flora  is  characteristic  of  the  arid  belt  of 
the  United  States  and  Mexico.  The  expedition  has  in  course  of  publi 
cation  an  extensive  memoir  on  the  alimentary  plants  and  those  used 
by  the  Ho-pi,  especially  for  medicines,  incantations,  and  food. 

The  Ho-pi  Indians  are  now  some  two  thousand  in  number,  and  live 
in  seven  towns,  built  on  the  tops  of  the  inaccessible  mountain  mesas, 
the  way  to  which  is  by  steep  paths,  in  many  cases  cut  in  the  living 
rock.  The  sites  of  these  towns  have  no  vegetation,  as  their  gardens 
are  on  the  arid  plains  which  extend  at  the  foot  of  the  mesas.  They 
are  compelled  to  carry  up  from  the  plains  the  food,  the  water,  the 
fuel,  and  everything  that  is  needed  for  the  uses  of  life. 

Of  these  seven  towns,  three — Wal-pi,  Si-tcom-o-vi,  and  Ha-no — are 
situated  on  a  mesa  which  extends  to  the  east  of  the  others.  The  dis- 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID.  281 

taiice  which  separates  each  of  these  three  towns  from  the  others  is  a 
stone's  throw.  The  first  two  are  genuine  Ho-pi,  while  Ha-no  is  a  colony 
of  Indians  invited  to  their  present  territory  by  the  Ho-pi  toward  the 
year  A.  D.  1710.  Their  language  is  different  from  that  of  their  neighbors, 
and  many  differences  exist  between  the  customs  of  the  two. 

The  second  mesa  is  about  7  miles  distant  from  the  one  already  men 
tioned,  and  comprises  two  towns,  Mi-cou-in-o-vi  and  Ci-pau-lo-vi;  the 
latter  situated  on  an  isolated  height.  At  about  3  miles  to  the  west  of 
Mi-coii-in-o-vi,  on  the  continuation  of  the  second  mesa,  is  Ci-mo-pa-vi. 
Orai-bi,  the  most  populous  and  ancient  of  the  Ho-pi  towns,  is  about  15 
miles  from  the  last  one  mentioned,  and  the  mesa  on  which  it  is  situated 
is  separated  from  the  second  mesa,  already  mentioned,  by  an  extensive 
plain. 

The  inhabited  Ho-pi  towns  are  of  stone,  and  vary  from  one  to  four 
stories,  forming  common  constructions  with  many  rooms,  and  having 
access  to  the  upper  stories  by  hand  ladders.  The  Christian  religion 
does  not  exist  among  these  Indians,  but  they  retain  the  religion  of  their 
ancestors.  The  last  Spanish  missionaries  who  lived  among  them  were 
killed  by  being  thrown  from  the  top  of  the  mesas,  toward  the  end  of 
the  seventeenth  century. 

In  the  province  of  Tusayan  there  are  many  ruins  of  ancient  towns, 
the  greater  part  of  which,  as  the  present  Ho-pi  claim,  were  inhabited 
by  their  ancestors.  The  legends  relative  to  the  destruction  and  history 
of  the  events  which  occurred  when  some  of  these  towns  were  destroyed 
are  very  circumstantial.  The  most  important  of  these  ruins  is  called 
A-wa-to-bi,  "the  high  place  of  the  bow  people,"  and  was  destroyed  by 
the  other  towns,  which  were  indignant  because  its  inhabitants  had 
received  the  Spaniards  and  accepted  Christianity.  Many  of  the  jars 
and  other  ceramic  objects  came  from  excavations  made  at  A-wa-to-bi 
and  the  burying  ground  situated  near  that  place.  A-wa-to-bi  was  a 
flourishing  city  in  the  time  of  the  Spanish  conqueror  Vargas,  and  sent 
numerous  forces  to  fight  him. 

The  ancient  Wal-pi  of  the  conquerors  is  now  in  ruins  at  the  extremity 
of  the  mesa  on  which  the  modern  town  stands.  A  church  was  built  at 
this  place,  and  fragments  of  its  beams  may  be  seen  in  modern  houses. 

Many  of  the  articles  which  figure  in  this  collection  are  from  the  ruins 
of  Si-kya-ki.  Si-kya-ki,  situated  on  the  foot  hills  under  the  first  mesa, 
was  destroyed  many  years  ago.  Its  exact  antiquity  is  unknown,  but 
it  is  thought  that  the  Spanish  conquerors  found  it  uninhabited.  Sev 
eral  of  the  most  important  articles  came  from  the  numerous  ruins  near 
Keam  Canyon,  10  miles  to  the  east  of  the  first  mesa.  No  systematic 
or  scientific  exploration  of  the  Ho-pi  ruins  has  ever  been  made,  and  a 
large  number  of  the  articles  here  exhibited  were  sold  to  a  trader,  Mr. 
T.  Y.  Keam,  by  the  Indians.  In  this  way  that  gentleman  obtained  the 
greater  part  of  the  collection,  and  the  Hemenway  expedition  acquired 
it  from  him. 


282  COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT   MADRID. 

The  Ho-pi  Indians  are  small  of  statue,  peaceable,  industrious,  and 
speak  a  native  dialect  different  from  the  language  of  the  other  towns  of 
New  Mexico  and  Arizona. 

Some  American  ethnologists  assert  that  in  language  they  are  related 
to  the  Shoshones ;  but  their  true  affinities  still  remain  undecided.  They 
do  not  permit  polygamy,  and  do  not  buy  their  wives,  whom  they  treat 
with  respect.  The  houses  and  domestic  implements  belong  to  the 
women,  who  are  skillful  potters  and  basket  makers,  and  also  take  part 
in  the  labors  of  the  field.  The  men  weave  blankets,  and  are  industrious, 
intelligent,  and  very  religious.  All  belong  to  some  priesthood,  and 
participate  in  complicated  ceremonies.  The  religion  consists  of  an 
elaborate  system  of  ceremonies  and  practices,  one  important  rite  cor 
responding  to  each  month.  These  practices  last  nine  days,  during 
which  secret  ceremonies  are  performed  in  underground  rooms  called 
"kibvas."  These  rites  usually  terminate  in  a  public  sacred  dance,  none 
except  the  initiated  being  permitted  to  be  present  at  the  other  cere 
monies. 

In  spite  of  the  heroic  efforts  of  zealous  missionaries,  there  are  no 
Christians  among  these  Indians,  although  the  influence  of  Christianity 
is  noticeable  in  some  of  their  ceremonies. 

The  Ho-pi  have  much  love  for  their  antiquity,  and  preserve  with 
great  care  the  traditions  of  the  ancients.  They  dramatize  some  of 
these  traditions  in  their  sacred  dances,  as  do  also  the  priests  in  their 
secret  ceremonies. 

The  Ho-pi  possess  a  rich  Pantheon  of  gods  and  heroes,  but  without 
having  any  god  superior  to  all  the  others.  These  divinities  belong  to 
different  orders,  the  most  important  being  the  rain  clouds,  the  sun, 
the  star,  the  surface  of  the  earth,  and  the  Germ  god.  The  great  feath 
ered  serpent  is  an  important  personage. 

1.  Fragment  of  a  bell  which  belonged  to  one  of  the  mission  churches  of  Tusayan. 

This  fragment  was  found  and  preserved  by  the  Indians  of  Wal-pi.  The  mis 
sion  was  destroyed  toward  the  year  1700,  and  that  of  A-wa-to-bi  was  burnt  by 
the  other  towns  because  it  was  "powako,"  or  sorcerer  (Christian).  This 
single  fragment  of  the  bell  was  found  among  the  rubbish  on  the  spot  which 
had  been  occupied  by  the  church,  and  bears  marks  of  the  action  of  fire.  It  is 
one  of  the  few  remains  still  preserved  of  the  ancient  missions,  which  were 
completely  destroyed,  although  beams  of  the  roofs  of  some  of  them  are  found 
in  modern  buildings.  The  photograph  behind  the  bell  shows  the  present  condi 
tion  of  the  ancient  mission  of  the  town,  and  was  taken  from  the  entrance, 
looking  toward  the  altar. 

2.  Imitation  of  a  loom,  showing  the  mode  of  weaving,  made  for  the  purpose  of 

exhibiting  the  various  pieces  used.  The  blankets  were  woven  by  the  men,  not 
by  the  women.  Blankets  of  the  Navajoes  are  suspended  along  the  walls  of  the 
room. 

3.  Collection  of  ancient  awls,  drills,  and  needles,  some  of  which  were  doubtless 

used  in  weaving.  They  come  from  the  excavations  of  the  rooms  of  the  ruins 
of  A-wa-to-bi,  destroyed  A.  D.  1700. 

4  Basket  for  carrying  food  or  water.  Both  the  nomad  and  the  sedentary  Indians 
use  these  baskets ;  they  are  made  by  the  Kohonino,  who  live  near  the  Grand 
Canyon,  in  the  northwestern  part  of  Arizona. 


COLUMBIAN   HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION   AT   MADRID.  283 

5.  Native  tobacco  (nicotina  attenuata),  used  in  the  ceremonies.     The  Indians  of 

Tusayan  smoke  the  leaves  of  various  plants,  and  use  various  mixtures  in 
their  religious  rites.  In  these  rites  the  one  who  controls  the  pipe,  and  who  is 
an  important  functionary,  must  light  it  and  immediately  hand  it  to  the  chief, 
friendly  words  being  exchanged  between  the  two.  The  chief  blows  from  his 
mouth  the  smoke  which  he  has  inhaled  toward  the  four  cardinal  points,  north, 
south,  east,  west,  upward,  downward,  and  over  the  altar.  They  believe  that 
the  smoke  is  the  cloud  symbolized  by  it;  and  the  ceremonies  in  which  they 
smoke  have  some  secret  relation  to  the  offerings  made  to  the  gods  of  rain.  They 
use  the  utmost  care  in  making  the  mixtures  of  tobacco  which  are  to  serve  for 
this  sacred  purpose,  and  the  pipe  must  be  lit  with  fire  produced  in  the  man 
ner  prescribed  by  the  rite.  Every  ceremoqy  and  council  meeting  of  chiefs 
begins  and  ends  with  this  brotherly  smoking. 

6.  Putc-ko-hu,  clubs  for  killing  rabbits.     These  clubs,  are  used  in  hunting  rabbits, 

of  which  there  are  many  in  the  plains  surrounding  the  towns  of  Tusayan. 
These  weapons  are  in  some  cases  curved,  in  others  straight,  and  are  thrown 
horizontally.  The  black  bands  of  paint  which  the  more  elaborate  have  on 
their  sides  symbolize  the  ears  of  the  rabbit.  The  rabbit  hunts  are  religious 
rites.  The  maidens  have  a  special  one.  On  returning  to  the  town  they  orna 
ment  the  rabbits  in  the  manner  required  by  ceremony ;  after  sprinkling  them 
with  rneal  they  cut  off  a  fragment  and  throw  it  in  the  fire.  Those  who  take 
part  in  these  hunts  go  on  horseback.  The  clubs  are  thrown  to  a  considerable 
distance,  but  unlike  the  boomerang  which  they  resemble,  never  return  to  the 
thrower. 

7.  Gne-las,  curved  sticks  with  which  the  maidens  dress  their  hair,  forming  two 

large  verticils  above  the  ears.  These  coils  keep  the  hair  in  its  place,  and  the 
size  of  the  verticil  is  illustrated  by  specimen  No.  1,  on  which  hair  still  remains. 
Near  by  are  pieces  of  a  cord  made  of  human  hair,  which  came  from  the  ruins 
of  A-wa-to-bi.  It  was  used  for  tying  the  hair  strings  and  was  found  in  a  niche 
of  the  wall  of  a  room  near  the  church.  The  married  women  wear  their  hair  in 
two  braids,  which  they  wear  hanging  down,  and  not  in  curls,  as  that  style  is 
exclusively  that  of  the  unmarried  ones.  The  special  coiffure  of  the  maidens 
typifies  the  pumpkin  which  has  not  yet  ripened,  and  they  imitate  it  in  dolls 
with  wooden  appendices,  combined  with  bars  forming  rays,  and  filaments  of 
wool. 

8.  Ceremonial  blanket,  of  native  cotton,  with  symbolical  figures.     It  is  the  present 

of  the  bridegroom  to  the  bride,  who  uses  it  for  the  ceremonies.  The  men  also 
wear  them  in  the  sacred  dances  in  which  they  represent  Ka-tci-na-ma-nas, 
or  Ka-tci-nas  maidens.  It  takes  several  months  to  make  these  blankets, 
which  are  of  great  value.  The  triangles  which  they  have  on  the  border  and 
the  maiden  and  rectangular  figure  represent  symbolically  the  butterfly. 

9.  Various  kinds  of  arrows  used  by  the  Ho-pi  in  their  hunts.     These  Indians  are 

tillers  of  the  soil  and  are  peaceable,  and  their  hunts  are  insignificant  and 
the  sport  is  of  little  interest. 

10.  Shoes  of  various  kinds  for  adults  and  children.     The  pair  which  has  the  greatest 

interest  is  that  made  of  the  skin  of  the  "Felis  concolor,"  which  is  rarely 
used  for  this  purpose. 

11.  Ladles  of  mountain  sheep's  horn.     Formerly  very  common ;  now  they  are  very 

scarce  among  the  Tusayan  Indians,  as  the  animal  mentioned,  of  whose  horns 
they  were  made,  has  almost  entirely  disappeared  from  this  region. 

12.  Pi-lan-ko-hu,  stick  for  making  fire  by  the  ancient  process.     It  is  used  in  the 

ceremonial  firemaking  at  a  festival  of  the  November  moon,  called  Na-ac-nai-ya. 

13.  Bow  and  arrows,  toys  of  the  Indian  children.     They  were  given  to  them  at 

the  celebration  of  the  religious  ceremony  called  "The  Good-bye  of  the 
Ka-tci-na." 


284  COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID. 

14.  Wedding  present  of  tjie  husband  to  Ms  wife  at  the  time  of  marriage.     It  is  used 

in  the  religious  ceremonies,  such  as  the  consecration  of  the  children  to  the  sun. 
The  Ka-tci-na-ma-nas  or  Ka-tci-ua  maids  also  use  them  in  the  sacred  dances. 

15.  Spoons  of  Mountain  sheep's  horn. 

16.  Characteristic  skull  from  near  the  burying  ground  of  the  ruins  of  A-wa-to-bi. 

The  dead  were  interred  in  h  illocks  of  moving  sand,  and  skeletons  are  uncovered 
from  time  to  time  by  the  action  of  the  wind.  The  corpse  was  placed  in  the 
position  of  a  man  seated  with  the  knees  drawn  up  to  the  breast  and  the  arms 
close  to  the  body.  They  buried  with  the  dead  man  a  dish  containing  food  or 
a  jar  containing  provisions.  The  present  Ho-pi  inter  their  dead  among  the 
rocks  at  the  foot  of  the  heights  of  the  mesas  where  they  live,  and  still  con 
tinue  to  place  jars  with  food  near  them,  though  it  is  true  that  usually  these 
jars  are  broken.  Above  the  grave  they  place  a  stick  such  as  they  use  in  the 
planting  and  tie  feathers  to  it.  They  wash  the  dead  before  burial,  and  put 
sacred  meal  on  the  face  and  different  parts  of  the  body,  and,  in  like  manner, 
place  feathers  on  the  body  and  over  the  heart. 

17.  Parts  of  the  dress  of  the  sacred  dances. 

18.  Moccasins,  Indian  shoes. 

19.  Perforator  for  hard  bodies,  such  as  shells,  stones,  turquoises,  etc. 

20.  Women's  belts  made  of  native  wool  of  natural  colors.     Their  use  is  universal, 

and  the  men  and  women  make  them  indiscriminately. 

22  (21).  Blanket  of  the  priests  in  the  celebration  of  the  serpent  dance.  It  is  orna 
mented  with  the  likeness  of  the  great  feathered  serpent,  and  with  symbol 
ical  figures  of  the  feet  of  ducks,  and  frogs.  The  parallel  lines  at  the  top  and 
bottom  represent  the  rainbow. 

23.  Bracelets,  ornaments  of  the  priests  in  the  serpent  dance. 

24.  Various  kinds  of  Pa-ho,  or  offerings  made  with  due  ceremony,  and  deposited  on 

the  shrines  during  religious  rites.  The  nature  of  these  articles  varies  from 
small  pieces  of  willow  an  inch  long  to  cylinders  of  wood,  or  in  some  cases  a 
board  with  figures  drawn  on  it.  The  round  sticks  are  usually  doubled,  tied 
together  by  filaments  of  native  cotton.  They  are  called  male  and  female, 
the  latter  having  a  face  painted  on  the  flat  side.  Usually,  a  pinch  of  sacred 
meal  wrapped  in  a  corn  husk,  is  fastened  to  them.  The  Indians  believe  that 
the  sacred  meal  is  the  food  of  the  Pa-ho.  They  also  fasten  to  them  a  hawk's 
feather  and  a  few  small  herbs.  These  Pa-hos  are  placed  on  the  ground,  and 
then  sprinkled  with  sacred  meal.  The  white  disk  with  green  spots  is  an  offer 
ing  to  all  the  gods  of  the  four  cardinal  points,  which  is  placed  on  the  altars  at 
the  departure  of  the  Ka-tei-nas  or  gods,  in  the  festival  of  the  August  moon. 

The  last  sticks  on  the  right  are  precoluinbian  Pa-hos  found  in  a  cave  near 
some  ruins.  The  wooden  cylinders,  much  injured  by  the  atmospheric  changes, 
are  offerings  for  the  ripening  of  the  pumpkins,  and  came  from  a  shrine  near  a 
ruin.  These  offerings  are  still  made,  and  there  are  appropriate  ceremonies 
for  them. 

The  zigzag  Pa-ho  is  an  offering  to  the  lightning,  which,  as  the  Indians 
believe,  fertilizes  the  earth  and  engenders  life. 

25.  Four  osier  baskets  of  different  shapes,  for  carrying  provisions  and  water.     The 

Ho-pi  are  not  in  the  habit  of  using  them,  but  every  Navajo  family  usually  has 
several.  The  basket  smeared  inside  and  outside  with  pitch  is  a  water  jar. 

26.  Annulet  of  corn  husk,  symbolizing  the  whirling  of  the  clouds  and  the  female 

of  the  lightning  serpent.  A  similar  annulet  is  placed  at  the  head  of  the  pic 
ture  of  the  female  of  the  lightning  serpent  in  the  sand  mosaic.  (No.  104.) 

27.  Ta-pu-i-pa-hos.     These  boards  are  carried  in  the  hand  during  the  celebration  of 

the  sacred  dance  called  Mam-zrau-ti,  and  are  arranged  in  pairs,  as  shown  by 
the  photograph.  They  have  symbolical  emblems  on  them  and  are  painted 
anew  every  year.  The  ceremony  of  the  Mam-zrau  always  takes  place  in  Sep 
tember,  and  the  boards  are  used  on  the  last  day  of  the  nine  during  which  the 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID.  285 

festival  lasts.  The  pictures  are  typical  of  the  antelope,  Sa-li-ko,  and,  possibly, 
represent  the  family  of  the  person  who  bears  it.  The  picture  at  the  side  repre 
sents  various  objects,  and  the  pamphlet  contains  a  description  of  this  cere 
mony.  The  town  of  A-wa-to-bi  formerly  observed  this  woman's  rite,  and  when 
it  was  destroyed  the  ceremony  was  taught  to  the  Walpis  by  one  of  the  members 
of  the  family  of  the  Serpent,  whose  descendant  and  maternal  representative 
is  now  one  of  the  chief  priestesses. 

In  the  following  numbers  are  shown  the  various  appurtenances  of  dress  and 
articles  used  in  the  ceremony  called  the  serpent  dance;  it  lasts  nine  days  and 
nine  nights,  is  celebrated  every  two  years,  and  is  a  most  interesting  drama 
tized  legend.  Two  brotherhoods  of  priests,  called  the  Snake  and  the  Antelope, 
unite  in  the  presentation  of  it. 

Seven  of  the  nine  days  are  secret,  and  consist  of  private  ceremonies  which 
take  place  in  sacred  subterranean  rooms  called  kib-vas.  During  these  festi 
vals,  the  Indians  catch  venomous  snakes,  and  various  rites  are  performed  in 
which  they  handle  them  with  impunity.  By  far  the  most  important  is  that  of 
the  bathing  of  the  snakes  and  the  manufacture  of  the  antidote  for  their 
poison.  The  priests  of  the  Antelope  also  dedicate  an  altar  of  sand  to  the  gods 
of  the  four  cardinal  points,  and  make  them  offerings. 

On  the  ninth  day  the  celebrants  carry  live  snakes  in  their  mouths  during 
the  dance,  and  set  them  free  when  it  is  ended. 

The  blankets  and  the  other  parts  of  the  dress  of  the  Snake  priests  are  the 
same  as  those  which  are  worn  in  the  dance,  and  there  is  in  the  collection  a 
complete  suit  worn  by  a  priest. 

28.  Package  of  hawk's  feathers,  died  red  with  oxide  of  iron,  called  cu-ta.     The  red 

is  the  symbol  of  war.  At  the  ends  of  these  feathers  are  fastened  feathers  of  a 
bluebird.  A  priest  wore  this  bundle  of  feathers  on  his  head  in  the  serpent 
dance  in  the  month  of  August,  1891. 

The  bluebird  feathers  commemorate  an  episode  in  the  historical  legend  of  the 
Serpent  hero,  an  ancient  mythological  personage  who  visited  the  interior  of 
the  earth,  guided  by  the  sun.  These  bundles  of  feathers  are  placed  around 
the  altars  and  figures  of  sand  during  the  celebration  of  the  secret  ceremony 
at  the  Snake  dance. 

29.  The  Snake  priests  carefully  preserve  from  year  to  year  the  feathers  which  serve 

to  adorn  them,  arranging  them  in  a  package,  and  tying  them  with  a  strip  of 
buckskin,  as  shown  in  this  specimen. 

30.  Picture  of  the  uprights  of  the  altar  of  the  ceremony  Mam-zrau-ti.     This  altar  is 

constructed  of  wooden  sticks  on  which  is  stretched  a  deerskin  ornamented 
with  symbolic  paintings  representing  the  cloud  and  other  gods.  The  cloth 
behind  these  uprights  has  the  cloud  gods  and  lightning  serpents  painted  on 
it.  The  two  fetishes  placed  in  front  of  the  cloth  are  the  Mam-zrau  boy  and 
girl,  the  chief  idols  of  the  ceremony. 

On  the  ground,  in  front  of  the  altar,  is  a  row  of  fetishes  set  in  a  ridge  of  sand. 
These  have  distinct  powers,  as  described  in  the  pamphlet  accompanying  the 
picture. 

On  the  ground  in  front  of  the  altar  three  clouds  and  two  lightning  snakes 
are  represented  in  a  sand  picture.  The  conical  upright  bodies  011  the  ground 
between  the  row  of  fetishes  and  the  sand  picture,  are  the  palladia  (tipouis) 
of  the  priesthood  of  Mam-zrau-ti. 

This  altar  is  removed  after  the  termination  of  the  ceremony,  and  an  effort  is 
made  to  prevent  anyone  who  is  not  initiated  from  seeing  it.  It  is  very  ancient, 
and  regarded  as  very  sacred.  (For  a  description  of  the  Mam-zrau-ti  ceremony 
see  The  American  Anthropologist,  Washington,  April,  1892.) 

31.  Skin  of  a  small  mammal  which  the  priests  wear  on  their  girdles  during  the 

ceremony  of  the  serpent  dance.  Every  part  of  the  dress  is  symbolic,  and  the 
skins  used  are  those  of  animals  mentioned  in  the  legend  of  the  adventures  of 
the  Serpent  hero  in  his  journey  under  the  earth. 


286  COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION   AT   MADRID. 

32.  Shoulder  belt  which  the  priests  of  the  Serpent  wear  during  the  dance  as  a  pre 

servative  against  the  stings  of  the  venomous  snakes.  It  is  of  buckskin,  dyed 
with  oxide  of  iron,  and  is  worn  on  the  right  shoulder.  The  little  globes  con 
taining  the  charms  are  attached  to  the  whole  of  the  back  of  the  shoulder  belt 
where  the  fringes  begin.  The  fetish  is  made  of  clay,  moistened  with  a  liquid 
prepared  with  great  ceremony,  and  over  which  the  traditional  songs  are  sung. 
This  piece  of  clay  is  molded  with  the  hand  and  incised  with  the  nail  of  the 
thumb,  to  represent  the  Great  Feathered  Serpent.  Every  priest  wears  several 
charms  during  the  dance. 

33.  Red  belt  of  the  priests  in  the  serpent  dance.     It  was  used  in  the  ceremony  of 

1891. 

34.  Moccasins,  shoes  with  silver  buttons,  of  a  Snake  priest. 

35.  Rings  which  the  priests  wear  on  their  ankles  in  the  serpent  dance. 

36.  Wrist  guard  used  in  the  serpent  dance.     The  object  of  this  apparatus  is  to  pre 

vent  the  cord  of  the  bow  from  striking  the  hand  after  shooting  the  arrow. 
The  wrist  guard,  which  was  formerly  only  of  silver,  is  now  adorned  with 
various  metals. 

37.  Medicine  bag  containing  sacred  meal,  which  the  priests  carry  when  they  go  to 

catch  snakes;  also  one  of  the  whip  handles  used  in  charming  serpents.  It  has 
a  snake  painted  on  it,  and  was  used  in  the  Serpent  drama  in  1891. 

38.  Nak-tci,  or  boards  which  the  women  carry  on  their  heads  in  the  butterfly  dance. 

Nine  distinct  specimens,  all  ornamented  with  appropriate  symbols,  among 
which  the  sun,  the  cloud,  and  the  growth  of  the  corn  (maize)  deserve  mention, 
figure  in  the  collection. 

39.  Knotted  white  cotton  belt,  worn  by  those  who  take  part  in  the  sacred  dances. 

40.  Woolen  garter,  worn  as  an  ornament  above  the  knee  in  the  religious  dancesi 

41.  Fox  skin,  worn  suspended  from  the  belt  at  the  back  by  those  who  take  part  in 

the  religious  dances.  The  fox  skin  receives  a  very  careful  preparation  for  this 
purpose,  and  is  one  of  the  most  important  ornaments  of  the  so-called  Ka-tci-nas 
or  gods.  It  is  also  suspended  at  the  entrance  of  the  sacred  room  during  the 
secret  rites,  to  give  notice  that  the  religious  ceremonies  are  going  on. 

42.  Special  head  ornament  for  the  sacred  dances. 

43.  Blanket  worn  on  the  waist  in  the  serpent  dance.     It  is  made  of  native  cotton, 

spun  and  woven  by  the  Indians  and  dyed  with  oxide  of  iron.  From  the  lower 
edge  of  this  skirt,  as  is  seen  in  the  adjoining  specimen,  hang  some  small  metal 
lic  cones  representing  bells,  which  rattle  when  the  wearer  moves  in  the  dance. 

44.  Crown.     Symbol  of  the  " cloud"  which  the  leader  wears  in  the  La-la-kon-ti 

dance,  praying  for  the  fructification  of  the  crops  and  the  fecundity  of  the  ani 
mals.  In  this  ceremony,  to  which  great  attention  is  paid,  and  which  lasts  nine 
days  and  nine  nights,  the  chief  priestess  makes  with  sand  a  representation  of 
the  sun,  like  that  in  the  center  of  the  room  (603).  It  is  an  invocation  praying 
for  the  fructification  of  plants  and  the  fecundity  of  animals  and  of  the  human 
race. 

45.  Board  which  Zuni  women  wear  on  the  head  in  the  Ham-po-ney  dance.     The  cen 

tral  figure  represents  the  sun,  and  the  crosses  at  the  top  and  bottom,  the  stars. 
The  triangular  pieces  of  wood,  arranged  in  terraces,  represent  the  clouds. 

46.  Helmet  worn  by  the  priests  of  the  horns,  or  warriors,  when  they  light  the  new 

fire  in  the  estufas  at  the  November  festival.  The  horns  are  an  imitation  of 
those  of  the  wild  goats.  During  this  celebration  the  young  men  are  initiated 
into  the  priesthoods.  The  "Na-ac-nai-ya,"  a  baptismal  washing  of  the  head, 
owes  its  name  to  a  portion  of  the  ceremony  of  initiation.  . 

47.  Wooden  tablet  representing  the  lightning.     It  is  worn  on  the  helmet,  or  is  placed 

on  the  altars  during  the  ceremonies.  The  serpent  represents  the  lightning, 
and  it  is  represented  as  male  and  female  in  the  altars  and  mosaics  of  sand. 

48.  Claws  of  a  small  bear,  used  in  the  incantations  and  ceremonies  at  which  the 

sacred  medicines  are  prepared. 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID.  287 

49.  Slat  with  painting  representing  lightning.    It  is  used  in  the  ceremonies  to  imitate 

the  whistling  of  the  wind  and  the  rolling  of  the  thunder.  They  are  also  used 
to  prevent  the  curious  from  intruding  where  some  ceremony  is  being  performed. 
The  whizzing  of  this  slat  resembles  that  of  the  wind  and  is  connected  with 
the  invocations  to  the  winds. 

50.  Seven  rattles,  carried  by  the  Ka-tci-nas  in  the  sacred  dances.    They  are  of  gourd, 

with  symbolic  signs.  All  these  symbols  are  of  great  interest,  the  cloud,  the 
"O-mou-uh"  with  the  rain,  and  the  swastic  cross  deserving  special  mention. 
These  rattles  consist  of  a  gourd  with  a  wooden  handle,  and  contain  grains  of 
corn  or  pebbles.  Those  who  take  part  in  the  dance  carry  them  in  their  hands, 
and  shake  them  in  unison  with  their  singing.  They  are  also  made  of  clay,  and 
many  clay  ladles  contain  pebbles  in  their  handles,  and  can  therefore  serve  as 
timbrels. 

51.  Original  mask  worn  by  the  "  Ka-tci-na- wu-pa-mo"  in  sacred  dances.     This  is  the 

chief  of  the  Ka-tci-nas,  and  takes  part  in  the  December  festivals. 

52.  Mask  worn  by  the  priests  who  represent  women  in  the  sacred  dances.     The  red 

hair  above  the  eyes  reproduces  an  ancient  coiifure,  now  oboolete.  The  Ka-tci- 
na-ma-nas  or  Ka-tci-nas  (virgins)  appear  with  similar  masks  in  all  the  dances 
which  take  place  from  December  to  July. 

53.  Head  ornament  worn  by  the  members  of  the  Brotherhood  of  the  "Horn,"  in  the 

ceremony  of  lighting  the  new  fire  which  is  celebrated  in  November. 

54.  Gourd  horns  worn  on  the  head  by  the  priests  of  the  congregation  called  the 

' '  Kwa-k  wan-ti. " 

55.  Very  ancient  helmet  or  mask,  which  was  used  in  the  sacred  dances.     The  hel 

met  was  formerly  of  bison  hide,  but  is  now  usually  of  any  kind  of  leather, 
there  being  many  made  of  leather  from  Spanish  saddles.  The  high  part  rep 
resents  the  rainbow.  The  paintings  of  the  head  are  symbolical,  and  vary 
according  to  the  dances.  Those  who  wear  these  helmets  personify  gods,  and 
form  a  choir  in  the  sacred  dances.  The  appendage  which  the  helmet  has  on 
the  left  side  represents  the  flower  of  the  gourd. 

56.  Board  which  is  worn  on  the  head  in  the  corn  dance,  Ka-tci-na  (Sio-hu-mis-ka- 

tci-na).  The  symbols  which  it  bears  are  those  of  the  cloud,  the  rainbow,  the 
growing  corn,  and  the  blossom  of  the  sunflower.  The  adjoining  slab  is  called 
nak-tci,  and  represents  a  cloud. 

57.  Buckskin  disk,  on  which  are  painted  the  moon  and  a  star,  which  is  placed  near 

the  altar  in  the  religious  ceremonies. 

58.  Primitive  musical  instruments  which  were  used  in  the  sacred  dances.     The  sticks, 

with  notches  on  them,  are  placed  on  a  dry,  hollow  gourd,  and  are  rubbed  with 
the  adjoining  bone,  a  sound  produced  by  the  friction  being  obtained  as  the 
result.  This  music  has  to  be  in  unison  with  the  dancing,  and  is  played  by  the 
men  who  represent  women  in  the  dances. 

59.  Tortoise  shell  rattles  with  small  sheep  hoofs  attached  to  them.     They  are  tied 

on  the  left  calf  below  the  knee,  and  by  the  movement  of  the  leg  produce  a 
sound  in  unison  with  the  songs  of  the  dancers. 

60.  Tortoise  shell  rattle  resembling  the  preceding,  with  the  sheep  hoofs  outside. 

61.  Headband  of  a  chief  in  the  sacred  dance. 

62.  Bands  with  symbolic  pictures  of  clouds,  which  the  Ka-tci-nas  wear  on  their  heels 

in  the  sacred  dances. 

WOODEN  FIGURINES. 

These  figurines  of  the  Ho-pi  Indians  are  images  of  the  gods  of  mythology,  and 
represent,  with  greater  or  less  exactness,  the  personages  who  take  part  in  the  cere 
monies.  Each  one  typifies  some  divinity  or  is  the  reproduction  of  some  one  of  the 
fetiches  used  in  various  rites.  They  are  made  of  cottonwood,  and  are  given  to  the 
girls  at  the  celebration  of  the  Niman  or  farewell  Ka-tci-na.  The  girls  treat  them  as 
dolls.  They  are  never  regarded  as  fetiches  or  idols  and  are  never  worshipped.  Each 


288  COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION   AT   MADRID. 

specimen  bears  the  name  t)f  the  Ka-tci-na  which  it  represents.  The  mothers  illus 
trate  ancient  traditions  by  making  use  of  these  dolls  in  giving  practical  lessons  on 
the  symbols  of  the  gods.  More  than  seventy-five  distinct  classes  of  Ka-tci-nas  are 
represented  by  dolls.  They  are  sometimes  of  clay,  but  the  material  prescribed  for 
their  manufacture  is  cottonwood. 

A  large  number  of  these  personages  have  fox  skins  tied  around  the  neck,  the  char 
acters  emblematic  of  different  gods. 

The  dolls  are  painted  with  natural  colors,  emblematic  of  the  four  cardinal  points. 
These  colors  are  yellow  ocher,  malachite,  shale,  oxide  of  iron,  and  white  clay.  Some, 
too,  are  painted  with  mineral  colors  bought  from  Indian  traders. 

The  vignette  at  the  side  represents  additional  dolls  which  were  not  brought  with 
the  collection. 

63.  Doll  representing  the  mythological  being  who  gave  the  Indians  all  kinds  of  seeds. 

She  is  called  Sa-li-ko-ma-na,  and  is  regarded  as  the  wife  of  Sa-li-ko,  who  initi 
ates  the  boys  in  the  rites  of  the  priesthoods,  according  to  an  ancient  legend. 
The  Sa-li-ko-ma-na  dolls  always  have  on  their  heads  ornaments  forming  a 
ladder,  representing  the  cloud,  and  curved  lines  around  the  mouth,  as  a  repre 
sentation  of  the  rainbow. 

64.  Sa-li-ko-ma-na  doll  with  a  feather  dress.     On  the  forehead  is  seen  the  symbol  of 

the  panicle,  because  it  was  she  who  first  brought  corn  to  the  Indians,  and  on 
both  sides  of  the  head,  the  symbol  of  the  green  gourd.  The  bow  on  top  of  the 
head  represents  the  rainbow. 

65.  Image  of  Sa-li-ko,  the  god  of  corn.     He  is  represented  as  a  giant,  and  appears  as 

such  in  the  ceremonies.  The  blanket  which  he  wears  is  a  wedding  blanket 
with  butterflies  on  the  border.  He  is  always  represented  with  two  horns  and 
a  crown  of  eagle's  feathers. 

66.  Tal-a-wi-pi-ki-ka-tci-na.    The  lightning  Ka-tci-na.     He  carries  in  each  hand  the 

emblem  of  the  lightning. 

67.  Image  of  Ho-tchan-e-ka-tci-na.     The  black  net  on  the  body  represents  the  feather 

dress,  and  the  crown  on  the  head,  the  eagle's  feathers. 

68.  The  same  as  the  preceding  number. 

69.  Images  with  imperfect  symbols. 

70.  Image  of  Sio-hu-mis-ka-tci-na,  or,  god  of  the  green  corn  placed  in  a  row.     The 

festival  of  this  god  is  celebrated  in  July  and  August,  at  intervals  of  several 
years.  It  is  a  rite  of  the  ZuEi  Indians,  introduced  into  the  religion  of  the 
Tusayan  Indians. 

71.  Images  of  the  gluttonous  priests,  who  amuse  the  spectators  at  the  sacred  dances 

during  their  celebration  by  eating  immoderately  and  performing  all  kinds  of 
fooleries.  These  gluttons  belong  to  a  very  ancien»t  organization  or  priesthood, 
and  some  of  their  rites  are  immoral.  To  this  same  order  belong  others  who 
wear  masks,  with  balls  of  clay  or  bags  of  seeds  on  top  of  their  heads.  These 
are  called  " mud-heads"  or  clowns. 

72.  Image  of  Ma-lo-ka-tci-na,  whose  festival  is  celebrated  in  July.     The  symbolism 

is  identically  the  same  as  that  of  the  helmets  which  are  used  in  the  festivals. 

73.  Image  of  the  Hu-mis-ka-tci-na,  or,  god  of  the  green  corn  placed  in  a  row.     His 

festival  is  celebrated  in  August  and  is  one  of  the  most  interesting  religious 
rites  of  these  nations.  They  frequently  combine  it  with  the  departure  of  the 
gods,  and  regard  it  as  very  sacred. 

74.  Sa-li-ko-ma-na. 

75.  Sa-li-ko-ma-na. 

76.  Sa-li-ko-ma-na. 

77.  Image  of  the  mother  of  the  monsters,  who  appears  in  the  village  every  year ;  she 

is  the  bugbear  of  bad  children.  Men  with  large  helmets  in  imitation  of  the 
heads  of  reptiles  represent  the  monsters. 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION   AT    MADRID.  289 

78.  Image  of  Navajo  Ka-tci-ua.     The  Navajoes  are  nomad  Indians,  neighbors  of  the 

Ho-pi.     The  former  have  taken  many  gods  and  rites  from  the  latter. 

79.  Image  with  a  " phallic"  symbol  on  its  breast. 

80.  Image  of  a  Navajo  god. 

81.  Image  of  the  Flute  Ka-tci-na.  The  order  of  the  Priests  of  the  Flute,  consisting 

of  two  organizations,  celebrates  every  two  years  a  very  elaborate  festival  of 

nine  days,  previously  described. 
82  and  83.  Images  of  ancient  Ka-tci-nas. 
84  and  85.  Images  of  Navajo  Ka-tci-nas. 

86.  Image  of  the  Ho-tcan-e,  a  very  important  personage  in  the  ceremonies. 

87.  Image  of  a  Navajo  Ka-tci-na. 

88.  Image  with  the  emblems  of  the  owl. 

89.  Unknown  image. 

90.  Image  of  the  wolf  Ka-tci-na,  comrade  in  war,  and  for  this  reason  painted  red. 

91.  Image  of  Sa-li-ko-ma-na,  or  virgin  of  the  corn.    The  tablet  on  the  head  is  called 

"nak-tci"  and  represents  the  clouds,  each  color  corresponding  to  one  of  the 
cardinal  points  in  the  following  order:  north,  yellow;  Avest,  green;  south, 
red;  east,  white;  up,  black;  down,  spotted. (with  dots). 

The  white  dresses  represent  the  wedding  blanket,  and  the  dark  ones  below, 
the  ordinary  tunics  or  blankets. 

92.  Image  of  Sa-li-ko-ma-na. 

93.  Image  of  Sa-li-ko-ma-na. 

94.  Image  of  Sa-li-ko-ma-na. 

95.  Image  representing  a  glutton  priest  inside  of  ajar.     Similar  idols  are  used  at 

the  December  festival,  for  which  several  jars  with  wooden  snakes  are  pre 
pared  ;  they  are  placed  in  front  of  the  altar,  and  at  intervals,  the  snakes  are 
made  to  leap  from  the  jar  in  which  they  are  placed. 

96.  Wooden  birds  used  in  a  ceremony  called  that  of  the  "Flute,"  which  alternates 

with  the  serpent  dance  in  August.  Six  of  the  birds  serve  to  typify  the  cardi 
nal  points. 

97.  Reproduction  of  an  antelope  in  wood. 

98.  Birds  used  in  the  religious  rites.     One  of  them  can  be  made  to  move  its  wings  by 

means  of  a  rod  placed  inside  of  the  tube  on  which  it  is  fastened. 

99.  Image  of  the  gourd  Ka-tci-na. 

100.  Image  of  the  star  god. 

101.  Image  of  a  mythological  hero. 

102.  Image  of  Ko-kly-ka-tci-na. 

SAND    MOSAIC    OR   DRY   PAINTING. 

103  to  105.  Pictures  called  sand  mosaics,  prepared  with  sand  of  six  colors  in  the 
"estufas,"  or  sacred  rooms,  during  the  religious  ceremonies.  The  chiefs  make 
them  on  the  ground,  in  front  of  the  altar,  at  fixed  periods,  and  with  regard  to 
certain  rules.  The  colors  which  are  used  are  yellow,  green,  blue,  red,  white, 
and  black,  brown  being  also  permitted  to  be  used.  They  are  emblematic 
of  the  cardinal  points,  north,  west,  south,  east,  up,  and  down. 

103.  The  picture  on  the  left  is  that  which  is  made  in  the  La-la-kon-ti,  a  festival  held 

by  the  women  in  September  in  honor  of  the  god  of  germs.  The  figure  on  the 
left  is  the  star  god;  that  on  the  right,  the  patroness  of  the  ceremony,  called 
La-kon-ma-na  or  La-kon  virgin.  She  is  represented  carrying  in  her  hand  a 
small  basket  like  those  suspended  on  the  wall.  The  accompanying  pamphlet 
contains  a  description  of  the  La-la-kon-ti  and  the  rules  relative  to  these  sand 
mosaics. 

104.  105.  The  other  two  sand  pictures  are  those  which  adorn  the  altar  of  the  "estufa" 

of  the  priests  of  the  Antelope  and  of  the  Serpent  during  the  biennial  celebra 
tion  of  the  serpent  dance.  The  central  mosaic  is  a  symbolic  representation  of 
H.  Ex.  100 19 


290  COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID. 

the  cloud  gods,  O-mow-uh,  and  of  the  four  cardinal  points.  The  four  colored 
darts  on  the  upper  side  are  the  four  lightning  snakes.  Two  of  them  are 
males  and  two  females,  as  shown  by  the  model.  The  parallel  lines  outside 
of  the  picture  represent  the  rain. 

The  mosaic  on  the  right  is  called  the  house  of  the  serpents.  It  is  made  on 
the  floor  of  the  estufa  of  the  serpents,  immediately  before  washing  those 
animals,  which  are  placed  on  it  to  dry.  The  figure  in  the  center  of  the  mosaic 
is  the  mountain  lion.  The  red  line  which  runs  from  the  heart  to  the  mouth 
is  the  line  of  respiration  or  of  life. 

106-113.  Altar  of  sorcery  of  the  cloud,  similar  to  those  which  are  made  at  all  the 
religious  festivals,  to  prepare  the  offerings  which  are  made  to  the  cardinal 
points,  north,  west,  south,  east,  up,  and  down.  The  chief  priest  prepares 
this  altar  on  the  floor  of  the  estufa  or  kib-va,  in  the  following  manner: 

A  regular  heap  of  fine  valley  sand  is  first  sifted  on  the  ground.  After 
wards  six  lines  are  traced  with  sacred  meal,  intersecting  each  other  at  the 
same  center.  One  corresponds  to  the  north-south  line,  another  to  the  east- 
west,  the  third  to  that  of  up  and  do^  n.  The  medicine  jar  is  deposited  at  the 
point  of  intersection  of  these  lines,  and  at  the  end  of  each  line  of  meal  is 
laid  an  ear  of  corn  of  the  color  corresponding  to  the  direction :  To  the  north, 
yellow;  to  the  west,  green  or  blue;  to  the  south,  red;  to  the  east,  white;  up, 
black ;  down,  spotted.  Over  each  ear  of  corn  is  placed  a  pebble  or  rock  crys 
tal  ;  on  each  side,  a  small  bunch  of  feathers.  During  the  preparation  of  the 
magic  medicine,  which  is  very  complicated,  the  traditional  songs  are  sung. 

106.  The  rectangular  jar  in  which  the  medicine  is  mixed.     The  ornaments  on  the 

four  sides,  forming  terraces  which  represent  the  clouds,  which  are  also  painted 
on  the  inside.  The  parallel  lines  represent  the  rain.  Frog  figure  in  its  middle 
round  about;  which,  in  the  regular  circle,  is  a  row  of  figures  representing 
tadpoles.  These  are  also  represented  under  the  rain  on  each  side,  and  dragon 
flies  in  the  corners,  on  each  side  of  which  are  emblems  of  the  rain.  The  rain 
festivals  are  among  the  most  important  that  the  Indians  of  Tusayan  now 
celebrate,  since  the  region  which  they  inhabit  is  very  dry,  and  because  it 
rains  little  or  not  at  all  there  in  summer. 

107.  Ancient  jar  for  salt  in  the  religious  rites. 

108.  Receptacle  for  sacred  meal  in  the  religious  rites.     This  meal  is  used  in  all  the 

ceremonies  as  an  offering  to  the  gods. 

109.  Corn,  sprinkler,  lightning  stone  of  the  cardinal  points.     The  color  of  the  corn 

corresponds  to  the  direction.  The  sprinkler  serves  to  sprinkle  with  medi 
cine  the  offerings  which  are  made  to  the  cardinal  points. 

110.  Rattle  which  serves  to  accompany  the  traditional  singing  during  the  incanta 

tion.     These  rattles  and  other  similar  ones  are  used  in  all  the  religious  rites. 

111.  Sacred  meal.    It  is  used  in  all  the  rit-38  to  sprinkle  the  offerings,  the  faces  of  the 

men  when  they  personify  gods,  at  the  altar,  and  to  throw  toward  the  rising 
sun.  It  is  customary  to  anoint  the  faces  of  the  novices  when  they  are  about 
to  enter  the  priesthood,  those  of  the  children  when  they  are  consecrated  to 
the  sun,  and  the  bodies  of  the  dead.  Its  use  is  not  omitted  in  any  religious 
rite.  It  is  prepared  from  corn  with  great  care,  and  is  regarded  as  sacred. 

112.  Ancient  jar  for  sacred  meal.     It  has  butterflies  painted  on  the  outside,  they 

being  associated  with  the  summer  and  the  ripening  of  the  corn. 

113.  Different  kinds  of  native   corn  of  the  color  characteristic  of  the  god  of  each 

direction.  Corn  of  various  colors  is  very  common  in  the  fields  of  the  Indians 
of  Tusayan.  In  the  diagram  is  seen  the  arrangement  of  the  altar  of  the 
incantation  of  the  cloud,  and  some  of  the  articles  which  are  used  to  perform 
that  incantation.  The  colors  of  the  corn  indicate  the  directions  of  the  cardi 
nal  points.  This  altar  is  identical  with  that  which  is  made  in  August  at  the 
ceremony  which  precedes  the  serpent  dance. 


COLUMBIAN   HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT   MADRID.  291 

MODERN  POTTERY   OF   TUSAYAN. 

This  case  contains  modern  pottery  of  the  present  Indian  inhabitants  of  the  towns 
of  Tusayan.  The  various  specimens  show  the  variety  of  the  pottery  manufactured 
by  them,  and  also  give  an  idea  of  the  utensils  which  they  use  in  the  ordinary 
employments  of  the  houses.  Everything  is  made  by  hand,  and  the  pictures  are  all 
emblematic.  The  decorations  are  sometimes  pictures  of  gods,  but  the  drawings  are 
usually  circles,  rosettes,  birds,  and  flowers.  Occasionally  they  successfully  repro 
duce  the  ancient  models,  but  the  art  has  greatly  degenerated,  and  is  no  longer  of 
the  same  importance  as  formerly. 

The  fineness  of  the  ancient  jars,  in  contrast  with  that  of  the  modern  ones,  is  due 
to  the  great  care  with  which  they  worked  the  clay  which  was  to  be  used  in  their 
manufacture  and  the  skill  with  which  they  painted  them. 

The  ceramic  industry  has  greatly  degenerated,  and  the  tendency  to  simplify  the 
ornaments  has  increased.  Pottery  is  made  by  the  women ;  never  by  the  men.  There 
are  certain  days  of  the  year  specially  devoted  to  the  manufacture  of  pottery,  and  on 
certain  nights  the  villages  are  illuminated  by  the  fires  made  to  bake  it. 

STONE   IMPLEMENTS  AND   IDOLS. 

The  collection  of  articles  of  stone  displays  the  various  shapes  which  the  Ho-pi 
Indians  used  in  ancient  times.  Almost  all  are  now  obsolete,  or  are  used  in  the 
religious  rites.  The  stone  specimens  are  hatchets,  agricultural  implements,  pipes, 
fetishes,  ornaments,  mortars  and  rollers,  images,  etc. 

115  (114).  Stone  mortar  and  piece  of  roller  for  grinding  paint  at  the  ceremonies.  A 
little  green  carbonate  of  copper  still  remains  in  the  inside. 

116.  Small  mortar  with  fiat  surface,  with  green  paint,  found  in  a  ruin. 

117.  Well-made  mortar  and  roller.     Both  from  near  Wal-pi. 

118.  Flat  stone  for  grinding  paint. 

119.  Flat  stone  with  a  shallow  cavity,  and  flat  stone  for  grinding  paint  intended  for 

the  religious  rites. 

120.  Round  stone  serving  as  a  defensive  weapon. 

121.  Ancient  stone  shovel.     It  is  used  in  planting  corn. 

122.  Two  stone  hoes  used  in  the  ceremonies.     They  are  called  Tca-ma-hia  and  are 

placed  on  the  altar  in  the  serpent  dance. 

123.  Head  of  an  ancient  stone  hoe. 

124.  Ancient  stone  shovel. 

125.  Stone  hoe,  found  in  an  ancient  ruin. 

126.  Stone  hoe. 

127.  Stone  hoe. 

128.  Piece  of  an  ancient  stone  article. 

129.  Stone  hoe. 

130.  Stone  implement. 

131.  Stone  shovel. 

132.  Stone  hoe. 

133.  Ancient  stone  implement. 

134.  Ancient  stone  hoe.  • 

135.  Round  stone  object,  with  a  groove,  which  served  as  a  weapon  in  war. 

136.  Clay  disks  for  polishing  jars  and  other  ceramic  articles,  found  in  an  ancient 

Tuin. 

137.  Fragment  of  a  stone  for  grinding  corn. 

138.  Paint  pan,  for  grinding  paint  for  the  ceremonies. 

140  (139).  Sharpening  stone,  from  A-wa-to-bi.  It  is  used  for  polishing  the  shafts  of 
the  arrows,  and  has  a  bow,  an  arrow,  and  the  emblem  of  the  serpent  carved 
on  it. 

141.  Small  buckskin  bag  for  sacred  meal. 


292  COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID. 

142.  Ancieat  bracelet  of  shells. 

143.  Earrings  of  shells  with  turquoises. 

144.  Necklace  of  shells. 

145.  Necklace  of  shells. 

146.  Necklace  of  shells. 

147.  Charm  which  is  carried  in  the  medicine  bag. 

148.  Earring  consisting  of  a  small  shell  and  a  stone  hanging  by  a  strip  of  buckskin. 

149.  Fetish  and  earrings  of  lignite. 

150.  Various  specimens  of  stones  and  ornaments  of  shells  and  clay.     Seashells  pos 

sess  great  value  as  an  ornament,  and  in  their  absence,  they  are  imitated 
with  clay.  Several  with  varied  ornaments  are  collected  under  this  number. 

151.  Stone  for  polishing  arrows. 

152.  Stone  for  polishing  arrows. 

153.  Stone  for  polishing  arrows. 

154.  Stone  fetish  of  the  mountain  lion  (Felis  concolor). 

155.  Stones  roughly  representing  animals  and  used  as  fetishes. 

156.  Fetish  to  be  suspended  from  the  neck,  as  a  personal  amulet. 

157.  Eagle  ka-tci-na  and  fetish.     The  colors  of  the  fetishes  are  related  to  the  cardi 

nal  points.     They  serve  to  give  success  in  hunting. 

158.  Zufii  fetish  of  the  lion,  for  hunting. 

159.  Zufli  fetish  of  the  bear,  for  hunting. 

160.  Fetishes  of  the  spider  woman,  a  powerful  goddess  of  the  Tusayan  mythology. 

She  is  the  wife  of  the  sun  and  the  mother  of  the  twin  gods  of  war. 

161.  Fetishes  of  the  mountain  lion. 

162.  Fetish. 

163.  Fetish  of  the  wolf. 

164.  Fetish  of  the  bear. 

165.  Fetish. 

166.  Fetish  of  the  bear,  painted  yellow  to  show  that  it  is  the  northern  bear. 

167.  Triangular  stone,  resembling  a  fetish,  and  used  as  such. 

168-171.  Four  clay  fetishes  of  the  bear,  with  emblematic  characters  on  the  nose. 

172.  Fetish  with  offerings  attached  to  its  neck.     These  fetishes,  or  similar  ones,  are 

placed  on  the  altars  during  the  religious  ceremonies,  and  are  usually  kept  in 
niches  made  in  the  walls  of  private  houses.  Sometimes  the  owners  attach  to 
the  necks  of  these  objects  tufts  of  cotton,  with  small  feathers  from  the  breast 
of  the  eagle  hanging  from  them.  It  is  also  the  custom  to  sprinkle  them,  at 
fixed  periods,  with  sacred  flour.  In  the  great  ceremony  of  the  Serpent,  dur 
ing  the  celebration  of  a  very  remarkable  rite,  in  which  the  most  complicated 
ceremonies  are  observed,  the  first  priest  of  the  Antelope  blows  four  times  upon 
the  fetish  of  the  bear  great  quantities  of  smoke,  smoking  an  ancient  pipe 
called  the  great  pipe  of  the  cloud.  To  the  Indians  of  Tusayan  tobacco  smoke 
typifies  the  cloud  and  is  used  in  the  ceremonies  which  are  performed  in  pray 
ing  for  rain.  Smoking  during  the  religious  ceremonies  is  a  serious  thing,  and- 
is  done  with  the  greatest  gravity  and  reverence. 

173.  Mouthpiece  for  smoking,  and  pipe. 

174.  Great  pipe  of  the  snow,  similar  to  that  which  is  smoked  in  the  December  cere 

mony  in  prayers  for  snow.     Found  in  the  ruins  of  A-wa-to-bi. 

175.  Pipes  with  square  bowls. 

177  (176).  Clay  mouthpiece.     The  reed  cigarette  used  in  the  ceremonies  is  a  small 
rush,  around  which  along  filament  of  cotton  is  twined.  * 

178.  Clay  figure  of  the  "clown"  priests,  or  "inud-heads,"  carrying  a  child  on  its 

shoulders,  illustrating  a  legendary  incident. 

179.  Figure  of  the  god  of  war. 

180.  Figure  of  a  Ho-pi  married  woman. 

181.  Figure  of  a  Ho-pi  maiden,  showing  the  special  coiffure  of  the  maidens.     This 

coiffure  typifies  the  blossom  of  the  gourd. 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION   AT    MADRID.  293 

182.  Clay  figure  representing  an  unknown  animal,  which  seems  to  be  a  sheep. 

183-187.  Clay  figures  of  unknown  personages,  adorned  with  indistinct  emblems. 
These  objects  represent  the  persons  who  take  part  in  the  ceremonies,  or  are 
merely  secular.  They  are  of  clay  baked  in  the  sun,  and  painted  with  earth 
of  different  colors.  They  are  usually  suspended  in  the  houses,  but  never  wor 
shiped.  Several  of  these  were  given  to  children,  who  use  them  as  playthings. 

188.  Clay  fetishes  of  an  unknown  animal. 

189.  Personalfetishes  which  are  worn  as  necklaces.     They  are  also  sometimes  worn 

hanging  from  the  back  in  little  bags. 

190.  Hunting  stone,  which  they  say  is  an  eagle.     It  is  customary  to  carry  these 

stones,  or  other  similar  ones,  011  hunting/excursions,  before  undertaking  which 
certain  simple  ceremonies  are  observed,  and  prayers  repeated. 

191.  Stone  hatchet,  with  handle  attached  by  tendons. 
192-196.  Small  stone  hatchets,  from  near  the  pueblo  of  Walpi. 

197.  Small  stone  hatchet  with  two  grooves  for  the  handle. 

198.  Small  stone  hatchet  from  A-wa-to-bi. 
199-206.  Stone  clubs. 

207-220.  Small  stone  hatchets,  from  ruins  near  Walpi. 

221,  222-230.  Various  kinds  of  hatchets  of  polished  stone,  from  Tusayan  ruins.    Found 

buried  or  on  the  surface  of  the  ground. 
231-234.  Large  ancient  stone  hatchets. 

235.  Rough,  flat  stone  hatchet. 

236.  Hatchet  with  the  edge  in  the  shape  of  a  cone. 

237.  Small  hatchet  with  the  edge  finely  worked. 
238-240.  Small,  rough  hatchets. 

241-245.  Clubs. 

246.  Small,  flat  stone  hatchet. 

247.  Small,  sharp  stone  hatchet. 

248.  Long  stone  weapon. 

249.  Long  stone  weapon. 

250.  Small,  flat  hatchet. 

The  stone  articles  employed  by  the  ancestors  of  the  present  Indians  of  Tusayan, 
and  on  certain  occasions  by  the  present  representatives  of  the  race,  do  not  differ 
from  those  found  in  other  parts  of  North  America.  These  ancient  articles  are  no 
longer  used  except  in  the  ceremonies  to  recall  ancient  customs. 

ANCIENT  POTTERY   OF    TUSAYAN. 

The  collection  of  ancient  pottery  from  the  ruins  of  Tusayan  is  the  result  of  sev 
eral  years  of  collecting,  and  is  unique.  The  greater  part  was  collected  by  Mr. 
Thomas  V.  Keam,  an  Indian  trader,  from  whom  it  was  bought  by  the  Hemenway 
expedition.  A  large  number  of  these  articles  have  never  been  exhibited  outside  of 
the  Indian  towns,  and  many  of  them  were  obtained  in  excavations  made  last  sum 
mer  (1892). 

The  collection  is  divided  into  groups,  beginning  with  the  simplest  pottery,  of 
rough  manufacture  and  without  ornament,  and  passing  on  to  the  class  having  simple 
decorations  in  the  form  of  spirals,  to  that  of  the  pottery  with  incisions. 

The  following  classification  of  the  pottery,  although  imperfect,  may  be  made  from 
the  color  and  ornaments: 

I.  Black  and  white. 
II.  Transition  pottery. 

III.  Orange  pottery. 

IV.  Of  various  colors. 
V.  Red  pottery. 

Only  the  decorated  pottery  enters  into  this  classification.  Many  specimens  are 
worthy  of  mention,  from  the  beauty  of  their  shape  and  material,  and  some  of  the 
unornamented  specimens  deserve  notice. 


294  COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION   AT    MADRID. 

The  plans  placed  in  the  cases  of  ancient  pottery  are  of  ruins  in  the  south  of  Ari- 
fona,  and  indicate  the  configuration  of  the  ancient  towns  in  the  valleys  of  the  Salado 
and  Gila  rivers. 

The  Hemenway  expedition  has  made  important  excavations  in  this  region.  The 
plans  reproduce  a  single  town,  composed  of  twenty-four  groups  of  dwellings  with  a 
large  central  building. 

RED   POTTERY. 

The  small  collection  of  red  pottery  is  among  the  best  of  the  ancient  ware.  It  is 
not  manufactured  at  the  present  time  and  the  knowledge  of  how  it  was  made  has 
died  out.  The  fineness  of  the  material  of  the  pottery  of  the  ancient  Ho-pi  is  unequaled. 
The  best  specimen  is  No.  267,  the  classic  form  of  which  is  readily  seen.  The  external 
figures  are  simple.  The  colors  usually  employed  in  decorating  this  pottery  are  white 
and  black. 

251.  Ancient  food  bowl,  with  plain  handle  and  paintings  on  the  inside  in  white, 

black,  and  red. 

252.  Jar  with  figures  formed  by  broken  lines.  ^ 

253.  Jar  ornamented  with  the  head  of  a  bird  and  symbolic  offerings,  called  pa-hos. 

254.  Ancient  ceremonial  jar,  with  figures. 

255.  Salt  holder. 

256.  Ancient  jar,  with  painted  spirals. 

257.  Bowl  for  food,  with  paintings  formed  of  broken  lines. 

258.  Bowl  for  food. 

259.  Small  bowl  with  inclined  border,  ornamented  with  cloud  symbols. 

260.  Fragment  of  ladle,  with  the  handle  broken. 

261.  Ladle. 

262.  Receptacle  for  salt  or  sacred  flour,  which  is  carried  at  the  side. 

263.  Vertical  jar  for  salt. 

264.  Hemispherical  jar  with  inclined  edge. 

265.  Hemispherical  jar  with  parallel  lines. 

266.  Hemispherical  jar,  with  holes  for  passing  a  cord,  for  the  purpose  of  carrying  it 

suspended  from  the  shoulder. 

267.  Wide-mouthed  j ar. 

268.  Ladle  with  a  single  white  circle. 

269.  Square  clay  box,  with  emblems  of  the  cloud,  used  in  the  ceremonies  for  salt  or 

sacred  flour. 

270.  Jar  with  white  and  black  figures  resembling  a  chessboard. 

271.  Ladle. 

272.  Fretted  jar. 

273.  Small  jar. 

274.  Painted  jar  with  small  mouth 

275.  Jar  with  well-executed  figures  of   the  growing  gourd,  the  cloud,  and  the  circle. 

276.  Jar  with  various  ornaments. 

277.  Jar  with  symbolic  figures. 

278.  Sacred  jar  with  external  figures  and  ornaments. 

279.  Large  jar  with  external  paintings  of  rectangles,  squares,  frets,  and  circles.    It 

has  been  used  many  years  in  the  religious  rites  of  the  present  Wal-pi.  and  is 
said  to  have  come  from  a  ruin  in  the  northern  part  of  Arizona. 

POTTERY  OF  VARIOUS  COLORS. 

The  so-called  variegated  pottery  is  among  the  best  that  the  ancient  potters  manu 
factured.  The  clay  is  fine  and  the  decoration  artistic.  It  is  only  found  in  one  or 
two  of  the  most  ancient  ruins,  and  no  attempt  is  ever  made  now  to  imitate  it.  It  is 
orange  or  red  on  one  side  and  of  variegated  color  on  the  other.  The  number  of  speci- 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION   AT    MADRID.  295 

mens  of  this  pottery  found  in  ruins  is  much  less  than  that  of  any  other  kind  except 
the  red  or  orange.  They  are  therefore  of  great  value,  in  spite  of  their  not  being  very 
artistic.  The  decorations  are  various,  and,  for  the  most  part,  simple. 

280.  Large  jar  with  figures  made  up  of  broken  lines. 

281.  Jar  with  a  painted  bird. 

282.  Bowl  for  food. 

283.  Bowl  for  food,  with  emblematic  figures. 

284.  Salt  holder. 

285.  Jar  with  black  and  white  figures. 

286.  Jar  for  ceremonies,  with  spiral  figures. 

287.  Small  painted  jar. 

288.  Jar  for  ceremonies,  with  emblems  of  the  cloud  alternating  with  those   of  the 

gourd. 

289.  Jar  of  ancient  pottery,  which  has  been  used  for  many  years  in  the  ceremonies 

at  Wal-pi. 

290.  Jar  with  wings  on  both  sides,  imitating  a  bird. 

291.  Jar  in  the  form  of  an  amphora,  with  emblems  of  the  cloud. 

292.  Jar  for  carrying  the  sacred  flour  in  the  ceremonies.     It  has  the  sun  on  one  side. 

293.  Jar  much  esteemed  by  the  Ho-pi  for  its  great  antiquity,  with  emblems  the 

meaning  of  which  the  present  Indians  do  not  know. 

294.  Jar  with  a  mythological  bird,  the  wings  of  which  represent  the  clouds. 

295.  Narrow-necked  jar,  with  emblems  of  the  cloud  and  the  lightning.     The  band 

of  the  neck  is  not  closed,  which  signifies  that  it  was  made  by  an  unmarried 
woman. 

296.  Jar  with  series  of  spiral  figures. 

297.  Jar  with  the  emblems  of  the  cloud  and  circle ;  the  latter  probably  formerly  the 

symbol  of  the  sun. 

298.  Jar  with  unknown  symbols. 

299.  Ancient  drinking  jar. 

300.  Ancient  drinking  jar,  with  cloud  symbols. 

301.  Rare  and  unique  jar,  with  emblematic  pictures  of  the  dwellings  and  families 

which  constituted  the  tribe  painted  on  opposite  sides,  alternating  with  the 
virgin  emblem.  The  same  picture  is  found  reproduced  in  carved  pictures  or 
engravings  cut  in  the  rocks  near  the  town  of  Wal-pi. 

TRANSITION   POTTERY. 

The  pottery  of  this  class  is  very  common  in  the  burying  ground  of  A-wa-to-bi. 
The  clay  is  fine,  and  the  decorations  usually  have  more  richness  than  those  of  the 
white  and  black  pottery.  Here,  for  the  first  time,  we  meet  symbolized  gods,  which 
never  occur  in  the  less  perfect  black  and  white  pottery.  Still,  there  is  little  variety 
in  the  shape  of  the  jars,  and  they  are  not  an  improvement  on  those  which  belong  to 
the  black  and  white  class  already  mentioned.  The  collection  of  transition  pottery 
contains  several  house  articles. 

302.  One  of  the  bowls  of  the  greatest  merit  in  the  collection.     The  decorations  are 

variegated,  and  the  clay  is  very  fine.  The  Ho-pi  potters  regard  it  as  one  of 
the  best  productions  of  their  industry  in  ancient  times.  The  four  imitations 
of  white  and  red  birds  represent  the  thunder  bird,  a  mythological  creation 
of  the  Indians,  about  which  there  are  many  tales.  These  birds  appear 
flying  near  the  mouth  of  the  jar,  preserving  the  circle  of  ceremonies,  which 
is  never  altered  in  the  religious  rites.  Together  with  the  drawings,  the 
jars  have  engravings,  which  characterize  the  best  specimens  of  the  Ho-pi 
pottery.  This  is  seen  in  the  crooks  in  front  of  the  wings.  These  crooks  typify 
the  powerful  warrior  society  called  Kwa-kwan-ti.  There  are  four  of  these 


296  COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION   AT    MADRID. 

"birds,  one  corresponding  to  each  of  the  cardinal  points — north,  south,  east, 
and  west.  The  black  and  red  lines,  crossed  by  two  other  parallel  lines,  rep 
resent  the  dragon  fly,  a  symbol  of  water.  It  is  also  a  beneficent  animal,  to 
which,  according  to  the  traditions,  the  corn  crop  has  often  been  due. 

303.  Jar  with  unclosed  band  around  the  neck.     The  opening  of  this  band  represents 

the  line  of  life. 

304.  Jar  with  good  decorations  of  frets  and  representation  of  clouds. 

305.  Jar  for  water  or  food,  with  unknown  symbols. 

306.  Jar  with  emblems  of  a  mythological  bird  and  stars. 

307.  Jar  with  band  and  fret. 

308.  Ladle  having  a  fantastic  animal  with  wings  painted  on  the  inside.      The  dots 

represent  feathers. 

309.  Jar  for  food. 

310.  Small  jar  with  rough  drawings,  found  near  a  skeleton. 

311.  Ceremonial  jar. 

312.  Sacred  vase,  from  the  sand  hills  near  A-wa-to-bi. 

313.  Jar  with  two  handles  and  sunflowers. 

314.  One  of  the  vases  in  which  the  priests  carry  sacred  flour. 

315.  Ancient  jar,  found  in  a  tomb. 

316.  Jar  the  decorations  of  which  represent  an  ancient  game  of  the  Ho-pi. 

317.  Ancient  vase,  with  rude  drawings. 

318.  Bowl  with  one  of  the  buckskin  nets  which  the  priests  bear  in  the  ceremonies 

to  pray  for  rain.     Ancient  vase  with  a  modern  net. 

319.  Ancient  sacred  vase. 

320.  Ancient  vase  with  symbols  of  clouds. 

321.  Small  water  jar.     It  was  used  in  the  ceremonies  which  are  performed  in  prayers 

for  rain. 

322.  Ancient  vase  used  in  prayers  for  rain. 

323.  Vase  for  water  used  in  prayers  for  rain. 

324.  Small  jar  which  was  anciently  used  in  the  ceremonies  which  were  performed 

in  praying  for  rain. 

325.  Clay  spoon  for  secular  uses. 

326.  Ladle  for  nonreligious  uses. 

327.  Ancient  vase,  the  use  of  which  is  not  known. 

328.  Ancient  vase,  the  use  of  which  is  not  known. 

329.  Ceremonial  jar,  found  near  a  skeleton,  at  A-wa-to-bi. 

330.  Ancient  water  jar. 

331.  Ancient  jar  for  flour. 

332.  Ancient  water  jar,  with  handles  through  which  to  pass  a  strap  in  order  to  carry 

it  suspended  at  the  side.     It  was  adapted  for  excursions. 

333.  Sacred  vase,  similar  to  that  which  is  used  at  the  festival  of  the  Flute.     It  was 

probably  used  by  the  ancestors  of  those  who  now  form  part  of  the  fraternity 
of  the  Flute. 

334.  Burial  bowl  for  food. 

335.  Ancient  vase  having  an  ancient  ka-tci-na,  or  god,  painted  on  the  inside.     It  has 

the  serpent  and  the  butterfly  on  the  outside. 

336.  Ancient  ladle,  with  unknown  emblems. 

337.  Ceremonial  jar. 

338.  Ceremonial  vase,  in  which  was  formerly  kept  the  honey  which  was  used  in 

certain  rites. 

339.  Burial  bowl  for  food,  from  a  grave  at  A-wa-to-bi. 

340-392.  Vases  and  jars  for  food,  of  various  shapes  and  symbols.     Found  in  graves 

at  A-wa-to-bi  and  neighboring  burying  grounds. 

393.  Burial  bowl  for  provisions.     It  has  an  offering  to  the  gods  of  rain  elaborately 
drawn  on  it. 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION   AT    MADRID.  297 

WHITE  AND  BLACK  POTTERY. 

Nos.  394  to  468  display  the  features  of  the  so-called  white  and  black  pottery,  which 
is  no  longer  made,  and  can  only  be  found  in  one  or  two  ruins  near  Keam's  Canyon. 
Among  the  specimens  of  this  pottery  are  comprised  all  the  types  now  in  use.  The 
decorations  are  very  simple,  as  they  represent  neither  animals,  plants,  nor  sacred 
emblems.  It  is,  without  any  doubt,  the  simplest  class  of  the  painted  pottery  of 
Tusayan. 

394.  Vase  with  bands,  dots,  and  triangles  interlaced.     It  is  one  of  the  most  regularly 

shaped  specimens  in  the  collection. 

395.  Large  jar  for  holding  water  or  for  carrying  it  from  one  place  to  another.     It  is 

the  best  painted  specimen  of  all  the  white  and  black  pottery. 

396.  Amphora,  with  a  zigzig  baud  around  the  edge.     The  only  one  of  this  shape, 

and  with  these  characteristic  decorations. 

397.  Drinking  vase,  with  three  salient  protuberances.     It  very  probably  represents 

some  imaginary  bird. 

398.  Sieve  for  scattering  flour  or  sand. 

399.  Jar  with  a  single  handle,  with  painted  triangles.     One  of  the  simplest  forms  of 

the  white  and  black  pottery. 

400.  Vase  in  the  shape  of  a  shoe,  for  carrying  the  sacred  flour  in  the  ceremonies. 

401.  Small  water  jar. 

402.  Ladle. 

403.  Ladle  with  zigzag  figures  and  long  neck. 

404.  Hemispherical  vase  for  ceremonies. 

405.  Vase  for  food,  found  in  a  grave. 

406.  Vase  for  food,  with  emblems  of  the  cloud^and  of  the  four  cardinal  points. 

407.  Ancient  pan  for  paint. 

408.  Vase  for  food,  from  a  grave. 

409.  Ancient  drinking  cup. 

410.  Vase  in  the  shape  of  a  shoe,  for  sacred  flour. 

411.  Vase  for  food,  with  figures  imitating  rectangles. 

412.  Vase  for  food,  with  figures  on  tLe  outside.     In  ancient  pottery,  as  well  as  in 

modern,  it  is  very  rarely  that  vases  for  food  are  found  with  decorations  on 
the  outside. 

413.  Ancient  bowl,  with  handle.     It  probably  served  as  a  ladle. 

414.  Narrow-mouthed  jar,  with  spirals. 

415.  Vase  with  handle  and  triangular  figures. 

416.  Narrow-mouthed  jar,  with  spirals  and  parallel  lines.     The  spiral  is  the  emblem 

of  the  whirlwind  god. 

417.  Narrow-mouthed  cup. 

418.  Large  water  jar.     The  decorations  are  very  characteristic.     Similar  jars  were 

also  used  for  cooking  and  for  boiling  water. 

419.  Paint  jar. 

420.  Cup  with  diagonal  figures. 

421.  Bowl  with  a  single  handle,  or  ladle. 

422.  Pan  for  holding  the  paint  with  which  the  decorations  and  sacred  objects  were 

painted. 

423.  Wide-mouthed  vase. 

424.  Vase  for  carrying  water  on  long  excursions. 

425.  Long-necked  cup. 

426.  Drinking  cup. 

427.  Perforated  vase,  for  sifting  sand  or  flour.     It  is  possible  that  this  was  used  in 

making  the  sand  pictures  in  the  ancient  ceremonies. 

428.  Drinking  cup,  well  executed,  and  of  large  size. 

429.  Paint  pan. 
430-432.  Drinking  cups. 


298  COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID. 

433.  Salt  vase. 

434.  Long-necked  globular  vase. 

435.  Vase  with  two  compartments,  which  were  used  for  salt  or  pepper. 

436.  Water  jar,  with  zigzag  drawings. 
437,438.  Cups. 

439.  Bowl  for  food,  very  fine,  and  with  emblems  of  the  cloud. 

440.  Salt  vase,  with  zigzag  and  parallel  lines. 

441.  Vase  for  food,  with  half  spirals  and  black  broken  lines. 

442.  Vase  of  extraordinary  shape,  with  handle.     Its  former  use  is  unknown. 

443.  Long-necked  vase. 

444.  Amphora,  for  transporting  provisions,  usually  corn  bread. 

445.  Fretted  vase. 

446.  Ancient  vase  for  ceremonies. 

447.  Vase  with  handles  for  cords.     It  is  used  on  long  excursions. 

448.  Ancient  vase  with  spirals,  which  was  formerly  used  in  the  ceremonies  connected 

with  the  "Mam-zrau-ti"  dance.  Observe  on  the  side  the  combination  of 
figures  forming  rectangles  and  spirals.  This  jar,  which  is  well  painted,  dis 
plays  the  highest  degree  of  perfection  attained  by  the  Indians  of  Tusayaii 
in  the  decoration  of  the  white  and  black  pottery,  and  is  the  most  valuable  of 
the  specimens  from  the  ruins  near  Ream's  Canyon. 

449.  Well-polished  drinking  cup. 

450.  The  colors  of  this  bowl  recall  those  of  the  transition  pottery.    It  is  the  only 

specimen  of  this  ware  which  was  found  in  a  grave  near  the  inhabited  villages. 

451.  Vase  for  food,  with  triangles  formed  by  black  lines. 

452.  Bowl  for  food. 

453.  Jar  for  carrying  food  on  long  excursions.     It  is  also  used  for  water. 

454.  Drinking  cup,  with  white  and  black  squares. 

455.  Ancient  jar. 

456.  Cups. 

457.  Large  drinking  bowl. 

458.  459.  Drinking  cups. 

460.  Wide-mouthed  jar. 

461.  Jar  with  two  conical  handles,  for  fastening  a  cord. 

462.  Cup  with  large  handle. 

463.  Jar  for  food. 

464.  Jar  for  food. 

465.  Bowl  with  a  single  handle.     The  inside  is  painted  black,  with  white  zigzags. 

It  was  found  in  a  grave. 

466.  Bowl  with  large  circles. 

467.  Bowl  with  figures  representing  the  teeth  of  the  Ka-tci-nas. 

468.  Small  cup  used  as  a  spoon.     The  handle  of  a  similar  cup  which  stands  near  the 

preceding  has  the  shape  of  an  open  fan.  Similar  cups  are  now  used  for  the 
purpose  mentioned. 

RUDE  POTTERY  WITHOUT  DECORATIONS. 

This  class,  the  most  primitive  of  the  ancient  pottery,  occupies  three  cases  in  the 
northern  part  of  the  room,  and  is  divided  into  smooth  and  wrinkled  pottery.  This 
rude  pottery,  which  is  in  some  cases  decorated,  is  common  in  ruins  near  Wal-pi  and 
Ream's  Canyon.  *  It  comprises,  in  general,  vases,  bowls,  and  large  jars  for  cooking. 
They  are  usually  of  ctfarse  clay. 

The  potter's  wheel  was  not  known,  and  the  potters  polished  the  outside  of  the 
ware  with  a  stone,  a  piece  of  another  jar,  or  with  a  stick. 

The  larger  vases  serve  indiscriminately  for  cooking  and  for  storage.  The  former 
are  more  or  less  blackened  by  fire.  Those  used  as  depositories  were  buried  in  the 
ground  here  and  there,  the  Indians  filling  them  with  water  or  provisions  when  they 
went  on  any  expedition,  in  order  to  find  it  fresh  on  their  return. 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID.  299 

Some  of  the  specimens  of  the  smooth  rude  pottery  have  external  incisions  made 
with  the  thumb  nail,  a  sharpened  stone,  or  a  stick.  It  was  sometimes  customary  to 
smear  the  outside  of  the  jar  or  vase  with  pitch.  The  black  specimens  owe  their  color 
to  the  smoke  produced  during  their  baking.  This  rude  pottery  is  made  to  this  day, 
and  was  anciently  made  at  the  same  time  as  the  finer  pottery.  The  Indians  are 
accustomed  to  regard  the  wrinkled  pottery  as  very  ancient.  It  is  found  in  the  most 
ancient  ruins,  including  those  of  the  cliff-dwellers,  and  shows  the  first  step  taken 
in  the  decoration  of  pottery. 

The  best  specimen  is  No.  495,  in  which  triangles  and  circles  are  combined,  a  very 
rare  thing  in  the  ancient  pottery.  It  was  found  in  a  room  at  the  ruins  of  Si-kya-ki. 

BURIAL  ARTICLES  FROM  ALTARS  AND  GRAVES. 

The  collection  of  small  clay  articles  found  in  graves  at  the  foot  of  the  mesas  of 
the  Ho-pi  illustrate  the  kind  of  objects  which  were  formerly  placed  over  the  dead. 
Some  were  also  offerings  made  to  the  gods,  especially  to  Ma-sau-wuh,  the  god  of  fire 
and  death.  These  objects  constituted  offerings,  as  already  said,  and  never  had  any 
other  use,  though  the  smallest  may  have  served  as  playthings  for  the  children. 

ANCIENT  LADLES. 

The  collection  of  ancient  ladles  from  the  ruins  of  the  pueblos  of  Tusayan  is  instruct 
ive  as  regards  the  emblems  painted  on  these  articles.  They  are  of  all  shapes  and 
made  of  different  clays,  decorated  with  characteristic  figures  on  the  inside  and  out 
side. 

These  ladles  were  sometimes  used  in  the  religious  rites.  They  were  filled  with 
sacred  flour,  which  was  piled  in  front  of  the  fetishes,  or  was  scattered  over  the  sand 
mosaics  of  the  altars.  Many  of  these  ladles  have  pebbles  inside  of  the  handles,  and 
serve  as  rattles,  both  in  the  games  and  in  the  most  solemn  rites  of  the  sacred  dances. 

Every  figure  on  these  rattles  is  symbolic,  and  the  technical  study  of  this  symbol 
ism  has  a  close  connection  with  that  of  the  ornaments  of  the  baskets,  images, 
blankets,  and  pottery. 

With  a  view  to  establishing  a  comparison,  a  ladle  of  mountain-sheep  horn  has  been 
placed  among  them.  Many  of  these  objects,  if  not  all,  were  probably  used  in  the 
ceremonies  and  not  in  the  ordinary  employments  of  life. 

ADOBE    (CLAY  BAKED   IN   THE   SUN)    TILES,    WITH   SYMBOLIC   PAINTINGS. 

These  tiles  are  modern  imitations  of  those  which  were  formerly  made  for  the  cere 
monies  which  were  solemnized  in  the  estufas.  ,This  collection  was  manufactured 
many  years  ago,  and  the  only  person  who  knew  how  to  prepare  them  is  dead.  We 
see  in  them  the  characteristic  symbolism  of  the  gods,  and  the  various  spiral  wind 
ings,  circles,  and  frets  which  are  used  for  decorating  the  pottery.  On  comparing 
them  with  the  images  we  easily  see  the  sun,  the  god  of  the  corn,  and  others.  These 
tiles  are  not  used  for  ornaments  of  houses  and  are  rarely  manufactured  by  the  Indians. 
The  value  of  this  collection,  unique  for  the  study  of  the  symbolism,  together  with 
that  of  the  pottery,  is  great,  but  with  certain  limitations,  as  the  articles  composing 
it  are  modern. 

Similar  tiles  are  now  used  in  the  religious  ceremonies  of  the  present  inhabitants 
of  Tusayan,  and  are,  for  the  most  part,  traditional,  and  the  priests  hold  them  in 
great  veneration.  The  picture  of  an  ancient  tile  called  the  Ho-ko-na-ma-na,  or 
Butterfly  Virgin,  introduced  in  the  serpent  dance,  is  exhibited  in  the  case  with  the 
specimens. 

PHOTOGRAPHS   OF   SACRED   DANCES  AND  PARAPHERNALIA. 

1.  Group  of  glutton  priests  or  clowns.  These  priests  accompany  the  Ka-tci-nas  in 
their  dances  and  try  to  amuse  the  spectators.  This  priesthood  is  one  of  the 
most  ancient  of  Tusayan,  and,  according  to  their  traditions,  has  existed  since 
the  epoch  when  the  race  came  out  from  the  center  of  the  earth. 


300  COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION   AT    MADRID. 

2.  The  Snake  priests  leaving  the  town.     Their  mission  is  to  catch  the  serpents 

which  are  to  be  used  in  the  dance. 

3.  Row  of  sacred  dancers,  or  Ka-tci-nas,  with  two  women  Ka-tci-nas  wrapped  in 

the  ceremonial  blankets. 

4.  A  Snake  priest  emerging  from  the  kib-va  to  take  part  in  the  sacred  dance. 

5.  The  Snake  altar. 

6.  Ceremony  of  the  purification,  which  takes  place  after  that  in  which  the  serpents 

are  carried  in  the  mouth. 

7.  The  same  ceremony. 

8.  The  same  ceremony. 

9.  The  same  ceremony. 

10.  The  principal  street  of  the  pueblo  of  Wal-pi  and  the  Snake  priests  retiring  from 

the  plaza. 

11.  The  Snake  priests  preparing  to  undertake  the  hunt  for  the  serpents  which  are 

to  be  used  in  the  ceremony. 

12.  Priest  at  the  door  of  the  estufa. 

13.  Place  in  which  the  serpents  are  confined  before  the  dance. 

14.  The  Snake  chief.     He  has  in  his  left  hand  a  whip  for  charming  snakes,  and  a 

small  bag  of  sacred  flour  to  anoint  the  head  of  those  animals,  which  they  claim 
to  be  related  to  the  fraternity  which  celebrates  the  dance  mentioned. 

15.  Black  zigzag  lines  which  the  priests  of  the  Serpent  paint  on  their  bodies,  legs, 

and  arms.     The  black  lines  are  of  clay  and  saliva. 

16.  Snake  priest  dressed  for  the  ceremony. 

17.  Ceremony  of  the  purification.     On  the  last  of  the  nine  days  of  the  festival  the 

Snake  priests  eat  nothing.  At  the  conclusion  of  the  dance  they  take  a  drink 
which  purifies  them.  On  the  following  day  a  more  complicated  ceremony  of 
purification  takes  place. 

18.  Snake  priests  going  off  to  hunt  snakes. 

19.  Snake  dance.     This  is  the  public  ceremony  which  takes  place  in  the  presence 

of  all  the  inhabitants  of  the  pueblos.  The  two  fraternities  which  take  part 
in  it  are  the  Antelope  and  the  Snake.  In  this  ceremony  the  priests  of  the 
latter  fraternity  carry  living  venomous  snakes  in  their  mouths.  Those  who 
take  part  in  the  dance  and  the  spectators  are  seen  in  the  photograph. 

20.  Small  ladder  leading  to  the  kib-va,  or  sacred  rooms  in  which  the  secret  mysteries 

of  the  Snake  ceremony  are  held.  From  this  ladder  hang  a  bow  and  arrows 
with  red  horsehair  and  the  skin  of  a  small  mammal.  Their  object  is  to  notify 
the  uninitiated  that  ceremonies  at  which  they  are  not  permitted  to  be  present 
are  being  performed  in  the  subterranean  room. 

21.  The  courier  emerging  from  the  kib-va  of  the  Antelope  with  the  sacred  offerings 

which  are  to  be  made  to  the  gods  of  the  four  cardinal  points.  On  each  of  the 
first  seven  days  of  the  Snake  ceremony  this  man  goes  around  the  pueblo 
following  a  circle  and  placing  the  offerings  on  the  four  altars  of  the  gods  of  the 
cardinal  points.  Each  day  the  diameter  of  the  circle  diminishes;  on  the  first 
it  is  about  7  miles,  and  the  last  is  confined  to  going  around  the  hatch  of  the 
kib-va.  He  carries  the  offerings  on  his  back.  In  his  left  hand  he  has  the 
sacred  flour,  with  which  he  sprinkles  the  offerings  after  he  has  placed  them 
on  the  altars. 

22.  The  Snake  priests  in  rank  at  the  beginning  of  the  dance. 

23.  The  chief  of  the  Snake  priests  taking  the  flag  from  the  ladder,  to  give  notice 

that  the  mysteries  of  the  ceremony  of  the  Snake  have  ended. 

24.  The  Antelope  priests  inviting  the  Snake  priests  to  eoine  out  of  their  kib-va  and 

to  go  to  the  plaza  to  carry  the  serpents  around  the  sacred  rock.  Each  of  the 
Antelope  priests  deposits  a  handful  of  flour  at  the  door  of  the  house  of  the 
Snake  priests,  calling  in  a  low  tone. 

25.  Ceremony  of  the  purification. 

26.  Snake  priest  going  to  the  hunt. 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID.  301 

27.  Hatch-way  of  the  Snake  kib-va.     A  man  is  seen  entering. 

28.  Ka-tci-na  dance,  called  the  "  Good-bye  of  the  Ka-tci-nas." 

29.  Objects  used  in  the  Mam-zrau-ti  ceremony,  a  dance  of  women,  which  takes  place 

in  October.  (1)  Offering  to  the  Whirlwind  god;  (2)  head  ornament  of  hawk's 
feathers  and  horsehair,  emblematic  of  the  sun ;  (3  and  4)  the  two  faces  of  a 
screen  called  a  moisture  tablet,  which  is  carried  on  the  back ;  3,  the  obverse ; 
4,  the  reverse.  The  two  disks  are  miniature  food  symbols  offered  to  the  gods 
of  the  cardinal  points. 

30.  Articles  used  in  the  ceremony  held  to  light  the  new  fire.     (1)  Head  ornament  of 

a  novice  whom  they  are  about  to  initiate;  (2)  the  Virgin  of  the  Dawn, 
patroness  of  the  ceremony  of  the  new  fire;  (3)  offering  to  the  god  of  Fire; 
(4)  offering  to  the  god  of  War.  These  are  of  wood,  aud  are  placed  on  the 
ground  before  the  ceremony  begins.  (5)  Standard  of  the  ceremony  of  the  new 
fire ;  (6)  implements  which  are  used  to  light  the  new  fire ;  (7)  the  ears  of  corn, 
which  correspond  to  the  four  cardinal  points,  the  upward,  aud  the  downward. 
These  are  hung  up  in  the  kib-va  while  the  ceremony  of  lighting  the  fire  is 
going  on. 

31.  Row  of  shields,  corresponding  to  the  four  cardinal  points,  the  upward,  and  the 

downward,  one  additional.    They  are  used  in  the  ceremony  of  the  Su-my-ko-li. 

32.  Standard  which  is  suspended  over  the  kib-va  of  the  Antelope  while  the  secret 

Snake  rites  are  being  celebrated. 

33.  Standard  which  is  suspended  over  the  Snake  kib-va  during  the  same  rites. 

34.  The  four  slabs  of  clay  and  wood,  corresponding  to  the  four  cardinal  points, 

which  are  used  in  the  ceremony  of  the  Flute.  They  all  have  symbolic  figures 
of  the  cloud,  the  lightning,  and  the  rain. 

35.  Pillar,  or  primitive  solar  gnomon,  for  determining  the  time  of  the  religious 

dances. 

36.  Plume  or  feathers,  worn  on  the  head  by  the  members  of  a  warrior  society. 

37.  Butterfly  virgin,  clay  tile  used  in  the  ceremonies  in  which  the  adventures  of 

the  Snake  hero  during  his  journey  under  the  earth  are  dramatized.  It  has  the 
cloud,  butterflies,  and  tadpoles  depicted  on  it. 

38.  Shrine,  with  door  closing  the  room, 

39.  Shrine  under  a  great  cliff. 

40.  Two  wooden  fetishes  of  the  ceremony  of  the  Flute. 

41.  Staff  of  the  Ma-lo-ka-tci-na.     The  dancers  carry  it  in  their  hands.     The  ear  of 

corn  represents  the  mother,  the  feathers  the  four  cardinal  points. 

42.  Snake  whip.     The  handle  has  the  Great  Serpent  (Feathered  Serpent)  engraved 

and  painted  in  green  on  it.  The  feathers  are  from  an  eagle's  tail,  and  each  has 
a  bluebird's  feather  at  its  extremity. 

43.  Pa-hos,  or  sacred  offerings  of  the  Snake  ceremony.     The  largest  is  of  the  length 

of  the  arm  from  the  heart  to  the  extremities  of  the  fingers ;  the  smallest  is  the 
length  of  the  middle  finger.  *Both  have  the  four  feathers  corresponding  to 
the  north,  west,  south,  and  east. 

44.  Ka-tci-na-ma-na,  or  man  dressed  like  a  woman  to  take  part  in  the  religious 

dances. 

45.  "Clay-head"  priest. 

46.  Bower  erected  in  the  plaza  of  the  pueblo  of  Wal-pi  during  the  ceremony  of  the 

Flute.    ' 

47.  Zuiii  dancer,  with  mask. 

48.  Adobe  ball  with  the  figure  of  the  Serpent.     The  Snake  priests  carry  this  as  a 

charm  on  their  shoulder  belts,  and  make  it  with  great  ceremony. 

49.  Large  pipe  which  the  priests  of  the  Serpent  smoke  during  the  baptism  of  the 

Snakes.     This  pipe  has  the  cloud  and  the  lightning  depicted  upon  it. 

50.  Standard  of  the  priesthood  of  the  Flute. 

51.  Offering  of  a  Zuni  warrior  priesthood. 


302  COLUMBIAN   HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION   AT   MADRID. 

52.  Diagram  of  the  room  in  which  the  offerings  are  made  at  the  summer  solstice. 

The  offerings  made  at  the  same  epoch. 

53.  The  Old  scold;  personage  with  a  mask,  who  takes  part  in  Zuni  ceremony. 

54.  Ka-tci-na,  or  sacred  dance. 

55.  Offering  made  to  the  gods  of  the  cardinal  points  at  the  festival  of  the  farewell 

of  the  Ka-tci-nas. 

56.  Ceremony  for  rain,  called  the  "  Ducking  of  the  Clowns."    The  ten  naked  priests 

called  Clowns  go  around  the  pueblo  singing  traditional  songs,  and  the  women, 
who  are  on  the  roofs  of  their  houses,  pour  water  upon  the  heads  of  the  priests 
or  throw  handfuls  of  flour  on  them. 

57.  Aua-ka-tci-na,  a  rain  dance.     In  making  these  pictures  and  photographs  the 

natural  tendency  of  the  Indians  not  to  consent  to  the  taking  of  photographs 
of  their  religious  ceremonies  has  been  encountered.  They  believe  that  by 
means  of  sorceries  the  likeness  of  a  person  or  of  an  object  may  be  used  to 
exert  an  evil  influence  on  them,  and  for  this  reason  they  have  an  extreme  dis 
trust  of  the  photographic  apparatus. 
The  pueblo  of  Zuni,  in  which  some  of  the  photographs  were  taken,  is  not  in  the 

province  of  Tusayan,  but  an  adjoining  territory,  the  civilization  of  both  peoples 

being  remarkably  alike. 

BURIAL   FOOD   BOWLS. 

The  collection  of  burial  bowls  contains  some  of  the  best  specimens  of  the  ancient 
pottery,  and  displays  the  symbolism  of  the  ancient  Ho-pi.  Almost  all  were  found 
in  the  sand  hills  near  the  ruins  of  A-wa-to-bi.  During  four  days  they  filled  these 
vases  with  food  for  the  dead,  and  did  not  usually  bring  broken  vases  as  they  do  now. 
The  corpse  had  its  legs  doubled  close  to  the  body,  and  was  generally  buried  looking 
toward  the  east.  The  strong  winds  which  sweep  the  sand  hills  disinter  a  skeleton 
from  time  to  time  and  show  the  presence  of  these  vases.  The  hillocks  which  sur 
round  the  graves  also  contain  fragments  of  ancient  vases. 

These  burial  bowls  usually  have  symbols  painted  on  the  inside,  the  meaning  of 
which  the  present  Indians  do  not  know.  In  general,  these  figures  are  simple,  of  a 
single  color,  representing  the  cloud,  tadpoles,  offerings  to  the  gods,  and  occasionally 
flowers,  insects,  and  birds.  On  the  outside  they  have  not  usually  more  than  the 
border  of  the  bowl  and  offerings  to  the  gods. 

STARS   ON   THE   WALL. 

The  four  stars  on  the  wall  and  the  three  bows  over  the  windows  are  made  of  baskets, 
on  which  are  seen  the  different  decorations  with  which  the  Indians  embellished  this 
class  of  objects.  The  baskets  which  the  Ho-pi  made  are  of  two  distinct  classes, 
the  respective  characters  of  which  are  best  observed  in  those  over  the  windows. 

The  Indians  use  them  for  carrying  bread  or  flour,  and  they  are  a  very  common 
article  in  the  interior  of  every  house.  In  the  ceremony  of  La-la-kon-ti  those  who 
take  part  in  it  carry  them  in  their  hands,  and  throw  them  at  the  spectators  as 
presents. 

These  baskets  were  made  by  the  Indians  of  Tusayan,  and  are  characteristic  of  this 
tribe.  They  have  figures  painted  on  them  in  the  colors  of  the  country,  reproducing 
symbolism  of  religious  or  profane  subjects. 

The  class  of  baskets  with  a  continuous  spiral  is  made  in  the  second  mesa;  the 
other  kind  in  O-rai-bi,  the  most  populous  and  least  civilized  of  all  the  pueblos 
of  Tusayan.  When  the  outer  end  of  the  spiral  remains  loose  the  fact  is  symbolic, 
and  has  the  same  meaning  as  the  unclosed  band  with  which  some  of  the  ancient 
and  modern  vases  are  ornamented.  The  inhabitants  of  the  first  mesa  do  not  make 
these  baskets. 

BLANKETS   NAILED   TO   THE   WALL. 

The  blankets  covering  the  walls  of  the  room  of  the  Hemenway  collection  were 
made  by  the  Navajo  Indians,  who  are  nomadic,  and  are  neighbors  of  the  Tusayan 
Indians.  The  figures  are  symbolic,  representing  star,  lightning,  and  other  gods. 


COLUMBIAN   HISTORICAL   EXPOSITION    AT   MADRID.  303 

Some  of  the  colors  are  pigments  of  the  country,  others  paints  bought  from  the 
whites.  All  these  blankets  were  woven  by  women  with  hand  looms,  from  wool  spun 
by  the  Indians.  Under  No.  2  are  shown  a  small  model  of  a  loom  and  the  accompa 
nying  implements.  The  Tusayan  Indians  have  long  known  how  to  weave  blankets, 
and  probably  taught  the  art  to  the  Navajoes.  The  zigzag  figures  represent  the  light 
ning,  and  the  crosses  the  Star  god.  The  men  wear  these  blankets  in  the  ceremonies, 
but  they  weave  others  with  the  sole  object  of  selling  them  to  the  white  traders. 
They  usually  use  the  wool  of  sheep,  though  the  Ho-pi  make  blankets  also  of  rabbit 
skins.  The  ceremonial  blankets  are  generally  made  from  the  cotton  of  the  country. 
The  Navajos,  who  live  near  the  line  of  the  railroad,  use  wool  spun  in  American 
factories,  which  the  traders  sell  them. 

ANCIENT   ALTAR    CLOTH. 

This  very  ancient  cloth  was  painted  by  an  order  of  priests  called  the  " Clowns" 
or  "  Gluttons"  (Tcu-ku-wym-ki-ya).  It  has  been  used  in  many  of  their  secret  cere 
monies,  and  the  owners  were  with  great  difficulty  induced  to  give  it  up,  owing  to 
the  honor  and  respect  which  they  pay  to  their  secret  rites.  The  rites  in  which  it 
was  used  are  unknown,  and  the  symbolism  is  obscure,  but  figures  of  the  dragon  fly 
and  tadpole  are  seen  pictured  upon  it. 

The  figure  in  the  center  has  some  connection  with  the  gods  of  the  cardinal  points, 
and  is  sometimes  seen  on  the  helmets  worn  by  those  who  take  part  in  the  sacred 
dances.  The  altar  cloth  is  surrounded  by  a  belt  which  is  like  that  which  the  women 
commonly  wear. 

SYMBOLIC    ORNAMENTS    ON   THE    WALLS. 

The  two  pictures  on  the  walls  above  the  blankets  represent  common  symbols  of 
the  Ho-pi  Indians.  That  on  the  left  is  a  copy  of  the  sand  picture  made  in  the  cere 
mony  of  the  Serpent  by  Wi-kio  Chief  of  the  priests  of  the  Antelope.  It  represents 
the  four  clouds,  of  four  distinct  colors,  corresponding  to  the  four  cardinal  points.  The 
four  darts  are  the  four  lightning  serpents,  two  of  which,  the  green  and  the  white,  are 
females,  and  two,  the  yellow  and  the  red,  males.  They  have  the  respective  symbols 
of  their  sex  painted  on  one  side  of  the  head.  A  rectangle  with  two  diagonals  dis 
tinguishes  the  female.  Over  the  symbol  of  the  male  lightning  serpent  is  painted  a 
small  cylinder  of  willow,  from  which  hangs  a  cord  with  feathers  at  its  end.  Over 
the  symbol  of  the  female  is  placed  a  similar  object  in  the  shape  of  a  hoop  made  of 
corn  husk.  A  necklace  consisting  of  four  black  parallel  lines  around  the  neck  is 
painted  on  every  lightning  serpent. 

The  representation  of  the  cloud  and  the  lightning  are  in  a  frame  of  four  colors, 
emblematic  of  the  four  cardinal  points.  A  number  of  parallel  black  lines,  repre 
senting  the  rain,  issue  from  the  lower  line. 

The  symbol  of  the  gods  of  rain,  O-mow-uh,  is  found,  with  some  modifications,  on 
pottery,  blankets,  baskets,  pictures,  and  the  articles  used  in  the  dance,  and  is  one 
which  these  people  reproduce  most  frequently.  Almost  all  the  ceremonies  have  for 
their  object  a  prayer  that  this  god  will  be  propitious  to  them,  and  offerings  are 
made  to  him  in  all  their  secret  rites. 

The  picture  on  the  right  represents  Sa-li-ko-ma-na,  a  beneficent  goddess,  the  wife  of 
Sa-li-ko.  This  goddess  brought  man  the  seeds  of  all  the  vegetables,  and  is  regarded 
a  very  beneficent  being.  The  reader  will  find  her  symbolism  in  the  number  relat 
ing  to  the  image  of  this  divinity.  The  red  lines  on  the  body  probably  represent  the 
ancient  feather  ornaments.  This  picture  is  a  copy  of  a  drawing  of  the  goddess  made 
on  a  clay  tile,  and  is  an  exact  reproduction  of  it  in  all  its  details.  The  wings  which 
it  has  on  the  sides  of  the  body  represent  clouds. 

PUBLICATIONS    OF    THE   HEMENWAY   EXPEDITION. 

The  publications  of  the  Hemenway  expedition  during  the  last  two  years  are  found 
in  the  Journal  of  American  Folk  Lore,  Houghton,  Mifflin  &  Co.,  Boston;  The  Amer 
ican  Anthropologist,  Washington,  D.  C.,  and  others.  The  official  organ  is  A  Journal 


304  COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID. 

of  American  Ethnology  and  Archaeology,  Houghton,  Miffliu  &  Co.,  Boston,  two  vol 
umes  of  which  have  been  already  published. 

Copies  of  the  publications  are  exhibited  in  this  case. 

Volume  I,  Journal  of  American  Ethnology  and  Archaeology,  contains  an  article  on 
Zufii  melodies,  by  Mr.  B.  I.  Oilman.  This  music  was  taken  from  the  Indian  singer  by 
the  phonograph.  In  this  case  is  seen  one  of  the  cylinders  of  the  phonograph  on  which 
Indian  music  was  taken.  The  Indians  were  made  to  sing  in  front  of  the  phono 
graph,  and  the  impressions  thus  obtained  serve  to  retain  the  music  and  were  used  in 
writing  it.  The  members  of  the  Hemenway  expedition  were  the  first  to  employ  this 
method. 


THE  BANDELIER  COLLECTION  OF  COPIES  OF  DOC 
UMENTS  RELATIVE  TO  THE  HISTORY  OF  NEW 
MEXICO  AND  ARIZONA. 

[From  the  archives  of  the  Hemenway  expedition.] 

The  books  placed  on  the  lower  shelf  in  this  case  are  copies  of  ancient 
documents  now  existing  in  Mexico,  Santa  Fe,  N".  Mex.,  and  other  points 
in  the  southwestern  part  of  the  United  States. 

These  copies  were  made  by  the  eminent  scholar,  Mr.  A.  F.  Bandelier, 
formerly  a  member  of  the  expedition.  Part  of  the  results  of  his  studies 
on  the  historical  documents  of  New  Mexico  and  Arizona,  the  portion 
of  the  United  States  constituting  the  principal  base  of  the  labors  of  the 
Hemenway  expedition,  were  published  by  the  Archaeological  Institute 
of  America  and  the  Hemenway  expedition,  in  the  volume  on  exhibi 
tion. 

The  following  is  a  list  of  the  works  copies  of  which  are  exhibited  in 
this  case : 

SONORA. 
[Spanish  titles  and  translation.] 

1.  Misidn  de  Nebomes  de  N.  P.  S.  Francisco  de  Borja.     Aiios  de  1658-59. 
Nebomes  Mission  of  Our  Holy  Father  Francisco  de  Borja.     1658-59. 

2.  Carta  dando  noticia  al  P.  Provincial  Ambrosio  Odobe  quo  los  Pimos  piden  el 

bautismo.     P.  Jos6  Osorio,  S.  J.,  1690. 

Letter  notifying  the  Father  Provincial  Ambrosio  Odobe  that  the  Pimos  ask  for 
baptism.  Father  Jos6  Osorio,  S.  J.,  1690. 

3.  Inforrne  al  Virrey  del  estado  de  las  Misiones  de  la  Compania  en  Sinaloa  y  Sonora. 

General  D.  Pedro  Rivera,  1727. 

Report  to  the  Viceroy  of  the  state  of  the  Company's  Missions  in  Sinaloa  and 
Soiiora.  General  Don  Pedro  Eivera,  1727. 

4.  Testimonio  aute'ntico  delo  sucedido  en  la  visita  que,  por  orden  del  Dean  y  Cabildo 

de  Guadalajara,  hizo  en  las  Misiones  de  Sinaloa  y  Sonora.     Fr.  D.  Tomas  de 
Ugarte,  1673. 

Authentic  testimony  of  what  happened  on  the  visit  which  he  made,  by  order  of 
the  Dean  and  Chapter  of  Guadalajara,  to  the  Missions  of  Sinaloa  and  Sonora. 
Fray  Don  Tomas  de  Ugarte,  1673. 

5.  Catalogo  de,las  partidas  de  Sonora.     1685. 
List  of  the  laws  of  Sonora.     1685. 

6.  Breve  reJacion  de  la  victoria  de  los  Pimos.     P.  Eusebio  Francisco  Kino,  S.  J.,  1698. 
Brief  account  of  the  victory  over  the  Piinos.     Father  Eusebio  Francisco  Kino, 

S.  J.,  1698. 

7.  Relacion  de  Nuestra  Senora  de  los  Remedios.     P.  Eusebio  Francisco  Kino,  S.  J., 

1698. 

Account  of  Our  Lady  of  the  Remedies.  Father  Eusebio  Francisco  Kino,  S.  J., 
1698. 

8.  Carta  al  P.  Horacio  Polici.     P.  Eusebio  Francisco  Kino,  S.  J.,  1698. 

Letter  to  Father  Horacio  Polici.     Father  Eusebio  Francisco  Kino,  S.  J.,  1698. 
H.  Ex.  100 20  305 


306  COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION   AT    MADRID. 

9.   Relacion  del  estado  de  la  Pimeria.     PP.  Horacio  Polici  y  E.  Kino,  1697. 

Account  of  the  state  of  the  Pimeria.     Fathers  Horacio  Polici  and  E.  Kino,  1697. 

10.  Relaci6n  del  viaje  al  Rio  Gila.     PP.  Kino,  Crist6bal  Bernal,  etc.,  1697. 
Account  of  the  journey  to  the  River  Gila.     Fathers  Kino,  Cristobal  Bernal,  etc., 

1697. 

11.  Carta  al  Virrey.     P.  Miguel  Janvier  Almansa,  S.  J..  1724. 

Letter  to  the  Viceroy.     Father  Miguel  Garico  Almansa,  S.  J.,  1724. 

12.  Idem.  ^ 
The  same. 

13.  Informe  del  Capitfm  y  de  los  vecinos  del  Real  de  Nacosari.    D.  Ventura  Fernandez 

Calvo,  1724. 

Report  of  the  Captain  and  residents  of  the  Real  de  Nacosari.  Don  Ventura 
Fernandez  Calvo,  1724, 

14.  Estado  de  la  provincia  de  Sonora.     1730. 
State  of  the  Province  of  Sonora.     1730. 

15.  Noticias  de  la  Pimeria.     1740. 
Notes  on  the  Pimeria.     1740. 

16.  Carta  al  P.  Rector  Jose"  de  Echeverria.     P.  Jacob  Sedelmair,  S.  J.,  1747. 
Letter  to  the  Father  Rector  Jose  de  Echeverria.     Father  Jacob  Sedelmair,  S.  J., 

1747. 

17.  Relacion  de  los  Rios  Gila  y  Colorado.     P.  Jacob  Sedelmair,  S.  J.,  1746. 
Account  of  the  Gila  and  Colorado  Rivers.      Father  Jacob  Sedelmair,  S.  J.,  1746. 

18.  Noticia  breve  de  la  expedicion  de  Sonora  y  Cinaloo.     1771. 
Brief  account  of  the  expedition  to  Souora  and  Sinaloa.     1771. 

19.  Noticia  de  las  Misiones  de  Sonora.     P.  Fr.  Antonio  de  los  Reyes,  1772. 
Account  of  the  Missions  of  Sonora.     Father  Fray  Antonio  de  los  Reyes,  1772. 

NEW  MEXICO.  1595—1778. 

1.  Discurso  y  proposicidn  que  se  hace  &  V.  M.  de  lo  tocante  a"  los  descubrimientos 

dez  Nuevo  Mejico.     Conde  de  Monterey,  1602. 

Address  and  proposition  made  to  Your  Majesty  with  regard  to  the  discoveries  of 
New  Mexico.  Count  de  Monterry,  1602. 

2.  Realce"dula.     1685. 
Royal  decree.     1685. 

3.  Informe  al  Rey  sobre  las  tierras  de  Nuevo  Mejico,  Quivira  y  Teguayo.     Fr.  Alonso 

de  Posados,  1686. 

Report  to  the  King  on  the  lands  of  New  Mexico,  Quivira  and  Teguayo.  Fray 
Alonso  de  Posados,  1686. 

4.  Memorial  acerca  de  la  replobacion  de  Nuevo  Mejico,  y  ventajas  que  ofrece  el 

reino  de  Quivira.     Fr.  Nicolas  Lopez,  1686. 

Memorial  with  regard  to  the  resettlement  of  New  Mexico,  and  advantages 
offered  by  the  kingdom  of  Quivira.  Fray  Nicolas  Lopez,  1686. 

5.  Memorial  informando  de  las  naciones  del  Orieute.     Juan  Dominguez  de  Men- 

doza,  1686  (?). 

Memorial  giving  an  account  of  the  nations  of  the  East.  Juan  Dominguez  de 
Meudoza,  1686  (?). 

6.  Realc6dula.     1596. 
Royal  decree.     1596. 

7.  Mandamiento  &  D.  Juan  de  Onate.     Conde  de  Monterey,  1596. 
Order  to  Don  Juan  de  Ofiate.     Count  de  Monterey,  1596. 

8.  Relaciones  de  todas  las  cosas  que  en  el  Nuevo  Mdjico  se  han  visto  y  sabido,  asf 

por  mar  como  por  tierra,  desde  el  afio  de  1538  hasta  61  de  1626.     Fr.  Jerdnimo 
de  Zarate  Salmeron,  1626. 

Accounts  of  all  the  things  which  have  been  seen  and  known  in  New  Mexico, 
both  by  sea  and  land,  from  the  year  1538  to  the  year  1626.  Fray  Jerdnimo  de 
Zarate  Salmeron,  1626. 


COLUMBIAN   HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID.  307 

9.    Relacion  an6nima  de  la  reconquista  y  tie  la  replobacion  del  Nuevo  Mejico.     1718. 
Anonymous  account  of  the  reconquest  and  of  the  resettlement  of  New  Mex 
ico.     1718. 

10.  Diario  y  derrotero  de  lo  carninado,  visto,  y  observado  en  el  discurso  de  la  visita 

general  de  presidios  situados  en  las  provincias  Ynternas  de  Nueva  Espana. 
D.  Pedro  de  Rivera,  1736. 

Diary  and  itinerary  of  the  traveling,  seeing,  and  observing  in  the  account  of 
the  general  inspection  of  forts  situated  in  the  interior  provinces  of  New  Spain. 
Don  Pedro  de  Rivera,  1736. 

11.  Carta  al  P.  Fr.  Agustin  Morn.     Fr.  Silvestre  Velez  de  Escalante,  1778. 

Letter  to  Father  Fray  Agustin  Morn.     Fray  Silvestre  Velez  de  Escalante,  1778. 

NEW  MEXICO,  1541-1793. 

1.  Relacion  postrera  de  Sivola.     Fr.  Toribio  Motolinia,  1541. 
Last  account  of  Sivola.     Fray  Toribio  Motolinia,  1541. 

2.  Realce"dula.     1570. 
Royal  decree.     1570. 

3.  Realcedula.     1600. 
Royal  decree.     1600. 

4.  Ley  inserta  en  la  Ordenanza  del  17  de  Diciembre,  1603. 
Law  inserted  in  the  Ordinance  of  December  17, 1603. 

5.  Realcedula.     1620. 
Royal  decree.     1620. 

6.  Peticion  contra  Juan  Lopez  Holgufn.     Pobladores  de  San  Gabriel,  1604. 
Petition  against  Juan  Lopez  Holguin.     Settlers  of  San  Gabriel,  1604. 

7.  Autos  de  Proceso  contra  Juan  de  Escanamad,  1617. 
Proceedings  in  the  suit  against  Juan  de  Escauamad.  1617. 

8.  Real  cddula,  1631. 
Royal  decree,  1631. 

9.  Real  cedula,  1636. 
Royal  decree,  1636. 

10.  Mandamiento  del  Tribunal  de  la  Santa  Cruzada.     Don  Lopez  Altamirano  y  Cas- 

tilla,  1633. 
Order  of  the  Court  of  the  Holy  Crusade.    Don  Lopez  Altamirano  y  Castilla,  1633. 

11.  Mandamiento  del  Virrey  de  la  Nueva  Espana.     Marques  de  Cerraloo,  1634. 
Order  of  the  Viceroy  of  New  Spain.     Marquis  de  Cerralbo,  1634. 

12.  Autos  sobre  las  Misiones  de  Zuiii,  1636. 
Documents  concerning  the  Zufii  Missions,  1636. 

13.  Autos  sobre  excomuniones,  1636. 

Decrees  concerning  excommunications.    1636. 

14.  Carta  a"  Fr.  Crist6bal  de  Quiros.     Fr.  Jeronimo  de  la  Liana,  1636. 
Letter  to  Fray  Cristdbal  de  Quiros.     Fray  Jeronimo  de  la  Liana,  1636. 

15.  Carta  al  Virrey.    Fr.  Pedro  Zambrano,  1636. 
Letter  to  the  Viceroy.    Fray  Pedro  Zambrano,  1636. 

16.  Carta  al  Virrey.     Fr.  Antonio  de  Ybargaray,  1636. 
Letter  to  the  Viceroy.     Fray  Antonio  de  Ybargaray,  1636. 

17.  Carta  al  Virrey.     Cust°  Def=  del  Nuevo  Mejico,  1636. 

Letter  to  the  Viceroy.     Custody  and  defence  of  New  Mexico,  1636. 

18.  Certificacion.     Fr.  Cristobal  de  Quiros,  1636. 
Certificate.     Fray  Cristobal  de  Quiros,  1636. 

19.  Carta  al  Virrey.     Francisco  Gomez  Soto  Mayor,  1638. 
Letter  to  the  Viceroy.     Francisco  Gomez  Soto  Mayor,  1638. 

20.  Carta  al  Virrey.     Cabildo  de  Santa  Fe~,  1639. 

Letter  to  the  Viceroy.     Corporation  of  Santa  Fe~,  1639. 

21.  Informe  al  Conde  de  Salvatierra.     D.  Juan  de  Palafox  y  Mendoza,  Obispo,  etc., 

1642. 


308  COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID. 

Report  to  the  Count  de  Salvatierra.     Don  Juan  de  Palafoa  y  Mendoza,  Bishop, 

etc.,  1642. 
22.   Real  ce'dula.     1643. 

Royal  decree.     1643. 
23. l  Autos  de  proceso  (original).     Alonso  Pacheco  de  Heredia,  1643. 

Proceedings  of  suit  (original).     Alonso  Pacheco  de  Heredia,  1643. 

24.  Carta  al  Rey.     Fr.  Andre's  Suarez,  1647. 
Letter  to  the  King.     Fray  Andre's  Suarez,  1647. 

25.  Real  ce'dula.     1650. 
Royal  decree.     1650. 

26.  Real  c^dula.     1654. 
Royal  decree.     1654. 

27.  Mandaniieuto  sobre  los  Indies  braves.     Diego  de  Fefialosa  Brizefio,  1664. 
Order  concerning  the  savage  Indians.     Diego  de  Penalosa  Brizeiio,  1664. 

28.  Real  ce'dula.     1665. 
Royal  decree.     1665. 

29.  Real  ce'dula.     1668-. 
Royal  decree.     1668. 

30.  Real  ce'dula.     1674. 
Royal  decree.     1674. 

31.  Carta  al  Virrey.     Fr.  Francisco  de  Ayeta,  1676. 
Letter  to  the  Viceroy.     Fray  Francisco  de  Ayeta,  1676. 

32.  Parecer  del  Fiscal  Real.     Martin  de  S61is  Miranda,  1676. 

Opinion  of  the  Royal  Attorney-General.     Martin  de  Soils  Miranda,  1676. 

33.  Auto  acordado.     Audiencia  de  Mejico,  1676. 
Decree  granted.     Audience  of  Mexico,  1676. 

34.  Realcedula.     1678. 
Royal  decree.     1678. 

35.  Diario  del  sitio  de  Santa  F6.     Antonio  de  Otermin,  1680. 
Journal  of  the  siege  of  Santa  F<5.     Antonio  de  Otermin,  1680. 

36.  Diario  de  la  salida  de  Nuevo  Mexico.     Antonio  de  Otermin,  1680. 
Journal  of  the  departure  from  New  Mexico.     Antonio  de  Otermin,  1680. 

37.  Carta  al  Virrey.     Fr.  Francisco  de  Ayeta,  1680. 
Letter  to  the  Viceroy.     Fray  Francisco  de  Ayeta,  1680. 

38.  Interrogatories  y  declaraciones  de  Indies.     Antonio  de  Otermin,  1681. 
Interrogatories  and  declarations  of  Indians.     Antonio  de  Otermin,  1681. 

39.  Merced  a  Ignacio  de  Roybal.     Pedro  Rodriguez  Cubero,  1698. 
Grant  to  Ignacio  de  Roybal.     Pedro  Rodriguez  Cubero,  1698. 

40.  Merced  a  Lorenzo  de  Carabajal.     Martin  Hurtado,  1707-8. 
Grant  to  Lorenzo  de  Carabajal.     Martin  Hurtado,  1707-8. 

41.  Merced  a"  Juan  Gonzalez.     Jos6  Chacon  Medina  Salazar,  1711-12. 
Grant  to  Juan  Gonzalez.     Jose"  Chac6n  Medina  Salazar,  1711-12. 

42.  Carta  al  Virrey.     Pedro  Fermin  de  Mendinueta,  1772. 
Letter  to  the  Viceroy.     Pedro  Fermin  de  Mendinueta,  1772. 

43.  Apuntes  historicos  sobre  el  Nuevo  Mejico.     Antonio  Bonilla,  1776. 
Historical  notes  on  New  Mexico.     Antonio  Bonilla,  1776. 

44.  Descripcion  Geografica  de  Nuevo  Mejico.     Fr.  Juan  Agustiu  Morn,  1782. 
Geographical  description  of  New  Mexico.     Fray  Juan  Agustin  Morfi,  1782. 

45.  Comunicado  de  Real  ce'dula  (original).     Marque's  de  Sonora,  1786. 
Communication  of  Royal  decree.     Marquis  of  Sonora,  1786. 

46.  Comunicado  de  mandamiento  del  Virrey  (original).     Jacobo  Ugarte  y  Loyola, 

1786. 

Communication  of  order  of  the  Viceroy  (original).     Jacobo  Ugarte  y  Loyola, 
1785. 

1  Mentioned  in  table  of  contents,,  not  in  the  volume. 


COLUMBIAN   HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION   AT   MADKID.          309 

47.  Real  ce"dula  sobre  religiosos.     1603. 
Royal  decree  concerning  monks.     1603. 

48.  Real  cddula  sobre  religiosos.     1624. 
Royal  decree  concerning  monks.     1624. 

49.  Real  ce"dula,  Patronazgo.     1629. 
Royal  decree,  presentations.     1629. 

50.  Real  ce"dula,  Patronazgo.     1634. 
Royal  decree,  presentations.     1634. 

51.  Reales  provisioues  y  ce"dulas  sobretel  tratamiento  de  los  Indies  y  su  proteccion. 

Juan  Francisco  de  Montemayor,  1530-1677. 

Royal  directions  and  decrees  concerning  the  treatment  of  the  Indians  and  their 
protection,     Juan  Francisco  de  Monteinayor,  1530-1677. 

NEW  MEXICO  AND  CHIHUAHUA,  1602-1690. 

1.  Real  c6dula  en  favor  de  D.  Juan  de  On  ate  y  de  sus  descendientes.    D.  Felipe  III, 

1602. 

Royal  decree  in  favor  of  Don  Juan  de  Ofiate  and  of  his  descendants.    Don  Philip 
III,  1602. 

2.  Noinbramiento  del  Capitan  Thome"  Dominguez  por  Cabo  del  Despacho.    Francisco 

Martinez  de  Baeza,  1636. 

Appointment  of  Captain  Thome  Dominguez  as  Chief  of  the  Office.     Francisco 
Martinez  de  Baeza,  1636. 

3.  Auto  de  fundacion  de  la  Mision  de  Nuestra  Seiiora  de  Guadalupe  de  los  Mansos 

del  Paso  del  Norte.     Fr.  Gracia  de  San  Francisco,  1659. 

Decree  of  establishment  of  the  Mission  of  Our  Lady  of  Guadalupe  of  the  Mansos 
of  Paso  del  Norte.     Fray  Gracia  de  San  Francisco,  1659. 

4.  Certificado  de  benedici6n  de  la  piedra  fundamental  de  la  Iglesia  de  Nuestra 

Senora  de  Guadalupe  del  Paso.     Fr.  Gracia  de  San  Francisco,  1662. 
Certificate  of  benediction  of  the  corner  stone  of  the  church  of  Our  Lady  of 
Guadalupe  of  the  Pass.     Fray  Gracia  de  San  Francisco,  1662. 

5.  Autos  que  se  hicieron  sobre  claniar  los  vecinos  de  este  reino  para  salir  a  mejorarse 

de  puesto  por  la  grave  necesidad  que  padecian.     Antonio  de  Otermin,  1681. 
Decrees  issued  with  regard  to  the  residents  of  this  kingdom  clamoring  to  change 
their  location  for  a  better  one  on  account  of  the  great  distress  which  they 
were  suffering.     Antonio  de  Otermin,  1681. 

6.  Extractos  del  uLibro  Real  de  Asientos  y  Pagos  de  Pobladores  y  Soldados,  etc." 

Antonio  de  Otermin,  1681. 

Extracts  from  the  Royal  Book  of  Entries  and  Payments  of  Settlers  and  Soldiers, 
etc.     Antonio  de  Otermin,  1681. 

7.  Tanto  de  Reqnerimiento  que  se  despacho  a"  Francisco  Ramirez,  Alcalde  Mayor  de 

Casas  Grandes.     Antonio  de  Otermin,  1681. 

Requisition  sent  to  Francisco  Ramirez,  Chief  Alcalde  of  Casas  Grandes.  Antonio 
de  Otermin,  1681. 

8.  Bando.     Antonio  de  Otermin,  1681. 
Proclamation.     Antonio  de  Otermin,  1681. 

9.  Autos  y  diligencias  pordichos  de  algunas  Personas.     Antonio  de  Otermin,  1681. 
Decrees  and  proceedings  on  depositions  of  some  persons.     Antonio  de  Otermin, 

1681. 

10.  Fragmento"  de  los  autos  6  interrogatories.     Antonio  de  Otermin,  1681. 
Fragment  of  the  decrees  and  interrogatories.     Antonio  de  Otermin,  1681. 

11.  Autos  y  diligencias  sobre  poblar  y  asentar  los  Indies  Pueblos,  traidos  del  Nuevo 

Mejico,  en  las  mmediaciones  del  Paso  del  Norte.     Antonio  de  Otermin,  1682. 
Decrees  and  proceedings  with  regard  to  settling  and  fixing  in  the  neighborhood 
of  Paso  del  Norte  the  Pueblo  Indians  brought  from  New  Mexico.     Antonio  de 
Otermin,  1682, 


310  COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID. 

12.  Autos  criminales  contra  Juaii  Paititi.     Antonio  de  Otermin,  1682. 
Criminal  proceedings  against  Jnan  Paititi.     Antonio  de  Otermin,  1682 

13.  Causa  contra  Juan  Cucala.     Antonio  de  Otermin,  1682. 
Suit  against  Juan  Cucala.     Antonio  de  Otermin,  1682. 

14.  Mandamiento  del  Virrey  de  la  Nueva  Espafia,  en  que  declara  la  judisdiccion  desde 

el  Rio  del  Sacramento  de  esta  jurisdicciou  del  Nuevo  Mexico.     Marques  de  la 
Laguna,  1682. 

Order  of  the  Viceroy  of  New  Spain,  in  which  he  declares  the  jurisdiction  of  New 
Mexico  (to  extend)  from  the  Sacramento  River.     Marquis  de  la  Laguna,  1682. 

15.  Representacion  al  Virrey  de  parte  del  Gobernador  de  la  Nueva  Vizcaya.     Bartol- 

om6  de  Estrada,  1683. 

Representations  to  the  Viceroy  from  the  Governor  of  New  Biscay.     Bartolome" 
de  Estrada,  1683. 

16.  Certificacion  del  Escribano  Real.     Miguel  de  Aranda,  1683. 
Certificate  of  the  Royal  Notary.     Miguel  de  Araiida,  1683. 

17.  Informe  de  los  pobladores,  etc.,  de  San  Joseph  de  Parral.     Justicia  y  vecinos  de 

Parral,  1683. 

Report  of  the  settlers,  etc.,  of  San  Joseph  de  Parral.     Magistrate  and  residents 
of  Parral,  1683. 

18.  Bando  que  se  publicd  para  que  todos  los  vesinos  pasen  muestra.   Domingo  Jironza 

Petriz  de  Cruzate,  1683. 

Proclamation  published  for  all  the  residents  to  be  mustered.     Domingo  Jironza 
Petriz  de  Cruzate,  1683. 

19.  Declaracion  sobre  la  nmerte  de  un  Indio  Jano.     Diego  Varela,  1683. 
Declaration  concerning  the  death  of  a  Jano  Indian.     Diego  Varela,  1683. 

20.  Orden  que  didSuSeiioria  a"  Felipe  Bravo.    Domingo  Jironza  Petriz  de  Cruzate,  1683. 
Order  given  by  His  Excellency  to  Felipe  Bravo.     Domingo  Jironza  Petriz  de 

Cruzate,  1G83. 

21.  Instruccion  militar  al  Sargento  Mayor  Roque  de  Madrid,  para  la  campafia  contra 

los  Mansos.     Domingo  Jironza  Petriz  de  Cruzate,  1684. 

Military  instructions  to  Sergeant-Major  Roque  de  Madrid  for  the    campaign 
against  the  Mausos.     Domingo  Jironza  Petriz  de  Cruzate,  1684. 

22.  Petici6ii  al  Gobernador  Petriz  de  Cruzate.     Francisco  de  Anaya,  1684. 
Petition  to  Governor  Petriz  de  Cruzate.     Francisco  de  Anaya,  1684. 

23.  Interrogatories  de  Indies  (fragmento).     Antonio  de  Otermin,  1681. 
Interrogatories  of  Indians  (fragment).     Antonio  de  Otermin,  1681. 

24.  Confesiones  y  declaraciones  de  varios  Indios  de  los  pueblos  del  Nuevo  Me~jico 

(fragmento  tronco,  etc.).     Antonio  de  Otermin,  1683. 

Confessions  and  declarations  of  several  Indians  from  the  pueblos  of  New  Mexico 
(mutilated  fragment).     Antonio  de  Otermin,  1683. 

25.  Causa  criminal,  por  denunciaci6n  de  Andre's  Jopita,  contra  nueve  Indios,  etc. 

Domingo  Jironza  Petriz  de  Cruzate,  1684. 

Criminal  prosecution  on  the  accusation  of  Andres  Jopita  against  nine  Indians, 
etc.     Domingo  Jironza  Petriz  de  Cruzate,  1684. 

26.  Causa  criminal  contra  los  Indios  Cristianos  Mansos.     Domingo  Jironza  Petriz  de 

Cruzate,  1684. 

Criminal  prosecution  against  the  Christian  Manso  Indians.     Domingo  Jironza 
Petriz  de  Cruzate,  1684. 

27.  Confesion  de  Francisco,  Indio  de  naciou  Tigua  de  la  Isleta.     Domingo  Jironza 

Petriz  de  Cruzate,  1684. 

Confession  of  Francisco,  an  Indian  of  the  Tigua  de  la  Isleta  nation.     Domingo 
Jironza  Petriz  de  Cruzate,  1684. 

28.  Diario  del  viaje  a"  la  junta  de  los  rios,  y  hasta  el  rio  de  Pecos  y  Nuecos  (fragmento). 

Juan  Dominguez  M,endoza,  1684. 

Diary  of  the  journey  to  the  confluence  of  the  rivers,  and  to  the  Pecos  and  Nuecos 
Rivers  (fragment).     Juan  Dominguez  Mendoza,  1684. 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID.  311 

29.  Carta  al  Gobernador  Cruzate.     Felipe  Romero  y  otros,  1684. 
Letter  to  Governor  Cruzate.     Felipe  Romero  and  others,  1684. 

30.  Pedimento  al  Maestre  de  Campo  Dominguez  de  Mendoza.    Felipe  Romero  y  otros, 

1684. 

Petition  to  Quartermaster  Dominguez  de  Mendoza.  Felipe  Romero  and  others, 
1684. 

31.  Petici6n  al  Goberuador  Cruzate.     Felipe  Romero  y  otros,  1684. 
Petition  to  Governor  Cruzate.     Felipe  Romero  and  others,  1684. 

32.  Acto  que  se  hizo  en  el  pefiol  de  los  Xaiios,  etc.     Francisco  Ramirez  de  Salazar, 

1684. 

Proceedings  which  took  place  at  the  Rock  of  Los  Xanos.  Francisco  Ramirez 
de  Salazar,  1684. 

33.  Auto  de  remisi6n  al  Virrey  de  los  autos  formados  por  Juan  Dominguez  de  Men 

doza  sobre  sus  descubrimientos.     Domingo  Petriz  de  Cruzate,  1684. 
Act  of  delivery  to  the  Viceroy  of  the  documents  drawn  up  by  Juan  Dominguez 
de  Mendoza  concerning  his  discoveries.     Domingo  Petriz  de  Cruzate,  1684. 

34.  Lista  y  muestra  de  la  gente  que  va  a"  liacer  castigo  y  justa  guerra  a  los  Indios 

ap6statas,  etc.,  Janos,  Sunias  y  demds  naciones.     Roque  Madrid,  1684. 
List  and  muster  roll  of  the  men  who  are  going  to  inflict  punishment  and  just 
war  on  the  apostate  Indians,  etc.,  Janos,  Sumas  and  other  nations.     Roque 
Madrid,  1684. 

35.  Orden  contra  el  Sargento  Mayor  Sebastian  de  Herrera  y  su  familia.     Domingo 

Jironza  Petriz  de  Cruzate,  1684. 

Order  against  Sergeant-Major  Sebastian  de  Herrera  and  his  family.  Domingo 
Jironza  Petriz  de  Cruzate,  1684. 

36.  Testimonio  sacado  de  los  autos  del  Presidente  del  Cabildo,  etc.,  en  que  piden 

licencia  para  salirse  de  este  puesto.     Cabildo  de  Santa  ~F6  y  el  Goberuador 
Petriz  de  Cruzate,  1684. 

Testimony  drawn  from  the  proceedings  of  the  President  of  the  Corporation, 
etc.,  in  which  they  request  permission  to  leave  this  post.  Corporation  of 
Santa  Fe  and  Governor  Petriz  de  Cruzate,  1684. 

37.  Orden  del  Sargento  Mayor  Roquo  Madrid  para  que  ejecute  la  senteucia  de  muerte 

pronunciada  contra  los  Apaches.     Domingo  Jironza  Petriz  de  Cruzate,  1685. 
Order  to  Sergeant-Major  Roque  Madrid  to  execute  the  sentence  of  death  pro 
nounced  against  the  Apaches.     Domingo  Jirouza  Petriz  de  Cruzate,  1685. 

38.  Registro  de  una  iniua  de  plorao  de  Abalos.     Domingo  Jirouza  Petriz  de  Cruzate, 

1685. 
Register  of  a  lead  mine  at  Abalos.     Domingo  Jironza  Petriz  de  Cruzate,  1685. 

39.  Autos  del  Pleito  entre  Francisco  Lucero  y  Juan  Domiuguez  de  Mendoza.   Domingo 

Jironza  Petriz  de  Cruzate,  1685. 

Record  of  the  suit  between  Francisco  Lucero  and  Juan  Dominguez  de  Mendoza, 
1685. 

40.  Testimonio  de  las   requisitorias  que  se  remitieron  &  diferentes    jurisdiciones. 

Domingo  Jironza  Petriz  de  Cruzate,  1685. 

Statement  of  the  requisitions  sent  to  various  jurisdictions.  Domingo  Jironza 
Petriz  de  Cruzate,  1685. 

41.  Testimonio  a"  la  letra  de  la  caussa  criminal  que  se  ha  seguido  contra  el  Maestre 

de  Campo  Juan  Dominguez  de  Mendoza  y  los  demas  que  con  el  hicieron  fuga. 
Domingo  Jironza  Petriz  de  Cruzate,  1685. 

Literal  report  of  the  criminal  proceedings  instituted  against  Quartermaster 
Juan  Dominguez  de  Mendoza  and  the  others  who  fled  with  him.  Domingo 
Jironza  Petriz  de  Cruzate,  1685. 

42.  Petici6n  al  Cabildo  de  Santa  Fe".     Lorenzo  Madrid  y  Sebastian  Gonzalez,  1685. 
Petition  to  the  Corporation  of  Santa  Fe.     Lorenzo  Madrid  and  Sebastian  Gonza"- 

lez,  1685. 


312  COLUMBIAN   HISTORICAL   EXPOSITION   AT   MADRID. 

43.  Bando  para  que  se  est6  con  toda  guardia  y  custodia  eu  sus  casas.     Pedro  Reneros 

de  Posada,  1686. 

Proclamatian  to  remain  with  all  precautions  and  vigilance  in   their  houses. 
Pedro  Reneros  de  Posada,  1686. 

44.  Sentencia  contra  los  Indios  cautivos  del  pueblo  de  Santa  Ana.     Pedro  Reneros  de 

Posada,  1687. 

Sentence  against  the  captive  Indians  of  the  pueblo  of  Santa  Ana.    Pedro  Reneros 
de  Posada,  1687. 

45.  Bando  para  que  los  soldados  no  vendan  caballos,  etc.     Pedro  Reneros  de  Posada, 

1687. 

Proclamation  that  the  soldiers  must  not  sell  horses,  etc.      Pedro  Reneros  de 
Posada,  1687. 

46.  Licencia  al  Maestro  de  Campo  Juan  Dominguez  de  Mendoza  para  que  pueda 

sacar  del  Paso  del  Norte  &  su  mujer  y  familia.     Conde  de  la  Mondova,  1688. 
Permission  to  Quartermaster  Juan  Dominguez  de  Mendoza  to  take  his  wife  and 
family  from  Paso  del  Norte.     Count  de  la  Mendova,  1688. 

47.  Licencia  que  se  la  concedio  al  Maestro  de  Campo  Diego  Lucero,  por  mandate  del 

Excmo  Sr.  Virrey.     D.  Jironza  Petriz  de  Cruzate,  1689. 

Furlough  granted  to  Quartermaster  Diego  Lucero  by  order  of  His  Excellency 
the  Viceroy.     D.  Jironza  Petriz  de  Cruzate,  1689. 

48.  Fragmentos  de  interrogatories  tocante    a"  la  residencia  de  D.  Pedro  Reneros 

Posada,  1690. 

Fragments  of  interrogatories  concerning  the  accounts  of  Don  Pedro  Reneros 
Posada,  1690. 

NEW  MEXICO,  1620-1729. 

1.  Traslado  de  Real  ce~dula  dirijida  al  P.  Fr.  Esteban  de  Perea.     Don  Philip  III. 

1620. 

Copy  of  Royal  decree  addressed  to  Father  Fray  Esteban  de  Perea.     Don  Philip 
III,  1620.  ' 

2.  Ynformaciones  y  dilige"ncias  de  Diego  Lucero  de  Godoy,  1680. 
Marriage  notice  and  proceedings  of  Diego  Lucero  de  Godoy,  1680. 

3.  Peticion  al  P.  Custodio  Fr.  Francisco  de  Vargas.     Pedro  Reneros  Posada,  1689. 
Petition  to  the  Father  Custodian,  Fray  FrancJsco  de  Vargas.     Pedro  Reneros  de 

Posada,  1689. 

4.  Testimonio  de  mandamientos  de  los  Virrey es  de  la  Nueva  Espana,  tocantes  a"  ]as 

If  mites  delNuevo  Mejico  y  de  Nueva  Vizcaya,  1682, 1690, 1749. 
List  of  orders  of  the  Viceroys  of  New  Spain,  concerning  the  boundaries  of  New 
Mexico  and  New  Biscay,  1682, 1690, 1749. 

5.  Carta-patente  para  que  se  alisten  los  religiosos  que  quieran  ir  a"  la  conversion  de 

los  Apaches.     Fr.  Francisco  de  Vargas,  1691. 

Pastoral  letter  directing  the  enrollment  of  the  ecclesiastics  who  wish  to  go  to 
convert  t^ie  Apaches.     Fray  Francisco  de  Vargas,  1691. 

6.  Testimonio  de  petici6n  &  Diego  de  Vargas.     Fr.  Salvador  de  San  Antonio,  1694. 

Copy  of  petition  to  Diego  de  Vargas.     Fray  Salvador  de  San  Antonio,  1694. 

7.  Certificacio'n  de  los  huesos  de  Fr.  Juan  de  Jesus,  hallados  en  el  pueblo  de  los  Jemes, 

juntos  a,  una  estufa.     Diego  de  Vargas,  1694. 
Certification  of  the  bones  of  Fray  Juan  de  Jesus,  found  in  the  pueblo  of  the 

Jemes,  near  an  "  estufa."    Diego  de  Vargas,  1694. 
S.   Relaci6n  sumaria  de  las  operaciones  militares  del  afio  1694  (fragmento).    Diego  de 

Vargas,  1694. 
Brief  account  of  the  military  operations  of  the  year  1694  (fragment).     Diego  de 

Vargas,  1694. 
9.  Ynformacidn  de  Juan  de  Archebec  y  Antonia  Gutierrez,  viuda,  1697. 

Marriage  notice  of  Juan  de  Archebec  and  Antonia  Gutierrez,  widow,  1697. 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION   AT    MADRID.  313 

10.  Repartimiento  a"  los  vecinos  del  Nuevo  Mejico,  tan  to  de  ge"neros  como  de  gauados. 

Diego  de  Vargas,  1697. 

Distribution  to  the  inhabitants  of  New  Mexico,  both  of  goods  and  sheep.  Diego 
de  Vargas,  1697. 

11.  Autos  y  edictos  contra  Juan  Paez  Hurtado.     Pedro  Rodriguez  Cubero,  1697. 
Proceedings  and  decrees  against  Juan  Paez  Hurtado.     Pedro  Rodriguez  Cubero, 

1697. 

12.  Ynformacidn  y  <lilige"ncias  matrirnoniales  de  Pedro  Meusnier  y  Lucia  Madrid. 

1699. 
Marriage  notice  and  proceedings  of  Pedro  Meusnier  and  Lucia  Madrid.     1699. 

13.  Carta  al  Gobernador  Pedro  Rodriguez  Cubero.     Juau  de  Ulibarri,  1700. 
Letter  to  Governor  Pedro  Rodriguez  Cubero,     Juan  de  Ulibarri,  1700. 

14.  Merced  de  Bemalillo.     Pedro  Rodriguez  Cubero,  1701. 
Grant  of  Bemalillo.     Pedro  Rodriguez  Cubero,  1701. 

15.  Autos  de  guerra  de  la  priinera  campaiia  contra  los  Apaches  Faraones.     Diego 

de  Vargas,  1704. 

War  documents  of  the  first  campaign  against  the  Farao  Apaches.  Diego  de 
Vargas,  1704. 

16.  Carta  de  testamento.     Diego  de  Vargas,  1704. 
Will.     Diego  de  Vargas,  1704. 

17.  Autos  y  juntas  de  guerra  sobre  las  invasiones  que  haciau  los  Navajos.    Francisco 

Cuerbo  y  Vald^s,  1705. 

Proceedings  and  councils  of  war  concerning  the  irruptions  made  by  the  Navajos. 
Francisco  Cuerbo  y  Valde"s,  1705. 

18.  Mandamiento  para  que  los  veciuos  del  Nuevo  Mejico  euvien  a"  la  doctrina  los 

naturales  mulatos  y  negros  del  reino.     Francisco  Cuerbo  y  Valde"s,  1705. 
Order  for  the  inhabitants  of  New  Mexico  to  send  the  mulatto  and  black  natives 
of  the  kingdom  to  bo  taught.     Francisco  Cuerbo  y  Vald6s,  1705. 

19.  Testimonio  del  mandamiento  del  Virrey  Duque  de  Alburquerque  sobre  la  fundicidn 

de  la  villa  de  Alburquerque,  1706. 

Copy  of  the  order  of  the  Viceroy  Duke  of  Alburquerque  concerning  the  founda 
tion  of  the  town  of  Alburquerque,  1706. 

20.  Carta  al  Gobernador  Cuerbo  y  Valdes  sobre  que  mande  retirar  la  escolta  de  Zuui. 

Cristtfbal  Gomez,  1706. 

Letter  to  Governor  Cuerbo  y  Valde"s  with  regard  to  his  ordering  the  withdrawal 
of  the  garrison  from  Zuiii.  Cristobal  Gomez,  1706. 

21.  Orden  al  Capitan  Francisco  Valdes  Soribas  sobre  la  guerra  contra  los  Moquis. 

Francisco  Cuerbo  y  Valde"sx  1706. 

Order  to  Captain  Francisco  Valdes  Soribas  concerning  the  war  against  the 
Moquis.  Francisco  Cuerbo  y  Valde"s,  1706. 

22.  Junta  de  guerra  en  el  Pasaje  de  los  Chupaderos,  camino  para  Moqui.     Juan  Roque 

Gutierrez,  1706. 

Council  of  war  at  the  Pass  of  the  Suckers  (Pasaje  de  los  Chupaderos),  on  the 
road  to  Moqui.  Juan  Roque  Gutierrez,  1706. 

23.  Autos  y  diligencias  (fragmento).     Antonio  Valverde  Cosio,  1710. 
Decrees  and  documents  (fragment).     Antonio  Valverde  Cosio,  1710. 

24.  Bando  para  que  se  despachara"  una  posta  para  la  ciudad  de  Mejico.     Marque's  de 

la  Pefmela,  1712. 

Proclamation  concerning  the  dispatch  of  a  courier  to  the  city  of  Mexico.  Mar 
quis  de  la  Penuela,  1712. 

25.  Junta  y  auto  sobre  que  se  celebre  el  dia  14  de  Septiembre,  en  conmemoracion  de 

la  toma  de  la  villa  por  Vargas.     Cabildo  de  Santa  Fe,  1712. 

Council  and  decree  concerning  the  celebration  of  the  14th  September,  in  com 
memoration  of  the  taking  of  the  town  by  Vargas.  Corporation  oJ*  Santa  Fe, 
1712. 


314  COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID. 

26.  Testimonio  de  diligencia  sobre  la  fundacidn  de  Alburquerque,  Santa  Maria  de 

Orado  y  San  Diego  de  Pojuaque.     Ignacio  Flores  Mogolldn,  1712. 
Copy  of  document  concerning  the  foundation  of  Alburquerque,  Santa  Maria  de 
Orado  and  San  Diego  de  Pojuaque.     Ignacio  Flores  Mogolldn,  1712. 

27.  Auto  y  junta  de  guerra  sobre  un  robo  que-hicieron  los  Navajos  en  San  lldefonso, 

etc.     Ignacio  Flores  Mogolldn,  1713. 

Decree  and  council  of  war  concerning  a  robbery  committed  by  the  Navajos  at 
San  Ildefonso,  etc.     Ignacio  Flores  Mogolldn,  1713. 

28.  Auto  y  junta  de  guerra  sobre  los  Apaches  Faraones.     Ignacio  Flores  Mogolldn, 

1714. 

Decree   and  council   of  war   concerning   the   Farao   Apaches,     Ignacio   Flores 
Mogolldn,  1714. 

29.  Baudo  para  que  se  bautizasen  todos  los  cautivos  Apaches  en  el  Nuevo  Mejico. 

Ignacio  Flores  Mogolldn,  1714. 

Proclamation  that  all  the  Apache  prisoners  in  New  Mexico  must  be  baptized. 
Ignacio  Flores  Mogolldn,  1714. 

30.  Testimonio  de  las  juntas  de  guerra  sobre  hacer  la  guerra  en  la  Sierra  de  Ladrones, 

y  robo  de  un  Espanol  qjietrajeron  los  Apaches.    Ignacio  Flores  Mogolldn,  1715. 
Proceedings  of  the  councils  of  war  with  regard  to  carrying  on  the  war  in  the 
Sierra  de  Ladrones  (Robber  Mountains),  and  abduction  of  a  Spaniard  whom 
the  Apaches  carried  off.     Ignacio  Flores  Mogolldn,  1715. 

31.  Mandarniento  al  Cabildo  de  Santa  Fe  para  que  los  soldados  dierau  sus  poderes  & 

quien  les  pareciere.     Duque  de  Linares,  1715. 

Order  to  the  corporation  of  Santa  Fe  for  the  soldiers  to  give  their  powers  to 
whomever  they  please.     Duke  of  Linares,  1715. 

32.  Requerimieuto  al  Vice-custodio  para  que  ponga  ministro  en  la  Misidu  de  alma  de 

Zufii,  y  respuesta,  etc.     Ignacio  Flores  Mogolldn,  1715. 

Request  to  the  Vice-Custodian  to  place  a  priest  at  the  spiritual  Mission  of  Zufii, 
and  reply,  etc.     Ignacio  Flores  Mogolldn,  1715. 

33.  Certificacidn  de  la  entrega  del  gobidrno  del  Nuevo  Mexico  a"  D.  Felix  Martinez. 

Cabildo  de  Santa  Fe',  1715. 

Certificate  of  the  surrender  of  the  Government  of  New  Mexico  to  Don  Felix 
Martinez.     Corporation  of  Santa  Fe,  1715. 

34.  Orden  al  Acalde  Menor  de  la  villa  de  Alburquerque,  tenga  aprontados  de  armas  y 

caballos  &  los  veciuos  para  la  campana  de  Moqui.     Felix  Martinez,  1716. 
Order  to  the  Lesser  Alcalde  of  the  town  of  Alburquerque  to  have  the  inhabitants 
furnished  with  arms  and  horses  for  the  Moqui  campa  ign.     Felix  Martinez,  1716. 

35.  Testimonio  de  la  suerte  que  entregaron  el  palacio  al  Gobernador  D.  Felix  Marti 

nez.     Cabildo  de  Santa  Fe,  1716. 

Certificate  of  the  condition  in  which  the  palace  was  turned  over  to  the  Governor, 
Don  Felix  Martinez.     Corporation  of  Santa  Fe,  1716. 

36.  Mendamiento  para  que  los  Indies  vengan  &  poner  enramadas  el  dia  de  Corpus 

Christi.     Felix  Martinez,  1716. 

Order  for  the  Indians  to  come  and  erect  booths  on  Corpus  Christi  Day.     Felix 
Martinez,  1716. 

37.  Orden  al  Alcalde  Mayor  de  Santa  Cruz  para  que  tenga  aproutada  la  gente  para 

la  campana  contra  los  Moquis.     Felix  Martinez,  1716. 

Order  to  the  Chief  Alcalde  of  Santa  Cruz  to  have  the  forces  prepared  for  the 
campaign  against  the  Moquis.     Felix  Martinez,  1716. 

38.  Mandamiento  para  la  publicacidn  de  los  edictos  de  la  fe.     Felix  Martinez,  1716. 
Order  for  the  publication  of  the  edicts  of  the  faith.     Felix  Martinez,  1716. 

39.  Autos  que  se  formaron  sobre  la  entrada  de  la  provincia  de  Moqui.     Felix  Mar 

tinez,  1716. 

Decrees  issued  on  the  entrance  into  the  province  of  Moqui.     Felix  Martinez, 1 
1716. 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION   AT    MADRID.  315 

40.  Carta  cordillera.     Fr.  Antonio  Camargo,  1717. 
Letter.     Fray  Antonio  Camargo,  1717. 

41.  Probanza  liecha  por  los  oficiales  del  presidio  de  Santa  F6  contra  D.  Felix  Mar 

tinez  (fragiuento).     1718. 

Evidence  given  by  the  officers  of  the  garrison  of  Santa  Fe  against  Don  Felix 
Martinez  (fragment).  1718. 

42.  Autos  y  pareceres  sobre  el  pediraento  de  los  Tanos  de  Galisteo  de  ir  &  Moqui. 

Antonio  Valverde  Cosio,  1718. 

Decrees  and  opinions  concerning  the  petition  of  the  Tanos  of  Galisteo  to  go  to 
Moqui.  Antonio  Valverde  Cosio,  1718. 

43.  Proceso  contra  1111  Indio  de  Taos  que  habia  tornado  peyote  y  alborotado  el  pueblo. 

Antonio  Valverde  Cosio,  1720. 

Prosecution  of  a  Taos  Indian  who  had  taken  peyote  and  disturbed  the  town. 
Antonio  Valverde  Cosio,  1720. 

44.  Junta  y  paraceres  sobre  la  j  ornada  al  reconocimiento  de  las  poblaciones  Francesas 

al  nordeste,  y  sobre  establecimiento  de  un  presidio  en  puesto  del  Cuartelejo. 
Antonio  Valverde  Cosio,  1720. 

Council  and  opinions  with  regard  to  the  journey  to  inspect  the  French  settlements 
•         to  the  northeast,  and  the  establishment  of  a  garrison  at  the  post  of  the  Quar- 
telejo.     Antonio  Valverde  Cosio,  1720. 

45.  Inventories  y  autos  de  liquidacion  y  participacion  del  caudal  que  qued6  por  la 

muerte  del  Capitan  Juan  de  Archibeque.     1720. 

Inventories  and  decrees  of  settlement  and  distribution  of  the  property  left  by 
the  death  of  Capt.  Juan  de  Archibeque.  1720. 

46.  Autos  y  pareceres  sobre  la  replobacion  del  Nuevo  Mejico  y  reconquista  de  Moqui. 

Antonio  Cobian  Busto,  1722. 

Decrees  and  opinions  concerning  the  resettlement  of  New  Mexico  and  the  recon- 
quest  of  Moqui.  Antonio  Cobian  Busto,  1722. 

47.  Autos  sobre  comercio  ilicito  con  los  Franceses  del  Oriente  y  Luisiana.     Juan 

Domingo  Bustamante,  1724. 

Decrees  concerning  illicit  commerce  with  the  French  of  the  East  and  Louisiana. 
Juan  Domingo  Bustamante,  1724. 

48.  Paraceres  del  Fiscal  Real  y  del  Auditor  sobre  la  causa  contra  D.  Antonio  Valverde 

Cosio.  y  seutencia  (fragmento).     Marques  de  Casafuerte,  1727. 
Opinions  of  the  Royal  Attorney-General  and  Auditor  touching  the  prosecution 
of  Don  Antonio  Valverde  Cosio  and  sentence  (fragment).     Marquis  de  Casa 
fuerte,  1827. 

49.  Apuntes  sobre  el  alzamiento  de  los  pueblos  del  Jemez,  Zia,  Santa  Ana  y  Cochiti, 

en  el  ano  de  1728,  y  sobre  la  epidemia  del  sarampioii,  la  cual  principio  &  fines 
del  mismo  afio.     Fr.  Carlos  Delgado,  1729. 

Notes  on  the  revolt  of  the  towns  of  the  Jemez,  Zia,  Santa  Ana,  and  Cochiti,  in  the 
year  1728,  and  on  the  epidemic  measles  which  began  at  the  close  of  the  same 
year.  Frey  Carlos  Delgado,  1729. 

NEW  MEXICO,  1680-1761. 

1.  .Ynforme  al  Virrey,  Marques  de  Cruillas.     Fr.  Pedro  Serrano,  1761. 
Report  to  the  Viceroy,  the  Marquis  de  Cruillas.     Fray  Pedro  Serrano,  1761. 

2.  Carta  al  P.  Procurador  Fr.  Jose  Miguel  de  los  Rios.     Fr.  Manuel  Trigo,  1754. 
Letter  to  the  father  solicitor,  Fray  Jose  Miguel  de  los  Rios.     Fray  Manuel  Trigo, 

1754. 

3.  Estado  de  la  Mision  de  San  Lorenzo  de  Zumas. 
State  of  the  Mission  of  San  Lorenzo  de  Zumas. 

4.  Carta  al  P.-  Comisario  Fr.  Domingo  de  Noriega.     Fr.  Francisco  de  Ayeta,  1680. 
Letter  to  the  Father  Commissary,  Fray  Domingo  de  Noriega.     Fray  Francisco  de 

Ayeta,  1680. 


316  COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID. 

5.  Carta  al  Virrey.     Fr.  Francisco  de  Ayeta,  1680. 
Letter  to  the  Viceroy.     Fray  Francisco  de  Ayeta,  1680. 

6.  Carta  al  P.  Comisario  Fr.  Pedro  Navarrete.     Fr.  Jos6  Yrigoyen,  1744. 

Letter  to  the  Father  Commissary,  Fray  Pedro  Navarrete.     Fray  Jose"  Yrigoyen, 
1744. 

7.  Gobierno  de  las  Misiones  de  Xemeze  Ysleta.     Fr.  Joaquin  de  Je'sus  Ruiz. 
Management  of  the  Missions  of  Xemeze  Ysleta.     Fray  Joaquin  de  Je"sus  Ruiz. 

8.  Ynforme  sobre  las  Misiones  de  Cebolieta,  etc.     D.  Thomas  Ve"lez  Gorchupin,  1750. 
Report  on  the  Missions  of  Cebolieta,  etc.     Don  Thomas  Velez  Gorchupin,  1750. 

9.  Dict^meu  fiscal.     Martin  de  Solis  Miranda,  1681. 

Decision  of  the  Attorney-General.     Martin  de  Solis  Miranda,  1681. 
10.    Interrogatories  de  preguntas,  etc.     Antonio  de  Otermin,  1681. 
Lists  of  questions,  etc.     Antonio  de  Otermm,  1681. 
Descripcion  Geogra'fica  Natural  y  Curiosa  de  la  Provincia  de  Sonora,  por  un  Amigo 

del  servicio  de  Dios  y  del  rey  nuestro  seflor.     1764. 
Geographical  description,  natural  and  curious,  of  the  province  of  Sonora,  by  a 

friend  of  the  service  of  God  and  of  our  Lord  the  King.     1764.     (103  pages.) 

NEW  MEXICO,  1682-1793. 

• 

1.  Ynformaciones  matrimoniales  de  Sebastian  de  Herrera,  1682. 
Marriage  notice  of  Sebastian  de  Herrera,  1682. 

2.  Ynformaciones  matrimoniales  de  Domingo  de  Herrera,  1683. 
Marriage  notice  of  Domingo  de  Herrera,  1683. 

3.  Peticion  para  dispensa  matrimonial .     Juan  Lucero  de  Godoy,  1688. 
Petition  for  marriage  dispensation.     Juan  Lucero  de  Godoy,  1688. 

4.  Autos  da  fundacion  de  la  villa  nueva  de  Santa  Cruz  de  la  Canada.     Diego  de 

Vargas,  1695. 

Decrees  for  the  foundation  of  the  new  town  of  Santa  Cruz  de  la  Canada.     Diego 
de' Vargas,  1695. 

5.  Lista  de  ventiuna  familias  de  Zacatecas  que  se  mandaron  poblar  en  la  villa  nueva 

de  Santa  Cruz.     Diego  de  Vargas,  1696. 

List  of  twenty-one  families  of  Zacatecas  which  were  sent  to  settle  in  the  new 
town  of  Santa  Cruz.     Diego  de  Vargas,  1696. 

6.  Pedimento  a  Diego  de  Vargas  para  despoblar  Santa  Cruz  y  mudarse  &  la  Ala- 

meda.     Vecinos  de  Santa  Cruz,  1696. 

Petition  to  Diego  de  Vargas  to  abandon  Santa  Cruz  and  move  to  the  Alameda. 
Residents  of  Santa  Cruz,  1696. 

7.  Merced  de  la  Bajada.     Pedro  Rodriguez  Cubero,  1698. 

Grant  of  the  Bajada  (Descent).     Pedro  Rodriguez  Cubero,  1698. 

8.  Ynformaciones  matrimoniales  de  Santiago  Geollet.     1699. 
Marriage  notice  of  Santiago  Giollet.     1699. 

9.  Merced  a  Lorenzo  de  Madrid.     Pedro  Rodriguez  Cubero,  1699. 
Grant  to  Lorenzo  de  Madrid.     Pedro  Rodriguez  Cubero,  1699. 

10.  Causa  de  la  Misi6n  de  San  Juan  contra  Lorenzo  de  Madrid,  sobre  terrenes  en  el 

Canada.     1704-5. 

Suit  of  the  Mission  of  San  Juan  against  Lorenzo  de  Madrid,  with  regard  to  lands 
in  the  Canada.     1704-5. 

11.  Ynformaciones  matrimoniales  de  Miguel  Duran  y  Maria  de  Gamboa.     1705-6. 
Marriage  notice  of  Miguel  Durim  and  Maria  de  Gamboa.     1705-6. 

12.  Ynformaciones  matrimoniales  de  Juan  del  Archibeque  y  Manuela  Roybal.     1719. 
Marriage  notice  of  Juan  del  Archibeque  and  Manuela  Roybal.     1719. 

13.  Autos  de  residencia  de  D.  Juan  Ignacio  Flores  Mogollon.     Juan  de  Estrada  Antil- 

16n,  1721. 
Accounts  of  Don  Juan  Ignacio  Flores  Mogoll6n.     Juan  de  Estrada  Antillon,  1721. 

14.  Ynformaciones  matrimoniales  de  Manuel  Flores.     1723. 
Marriage  notice  of  Manuel  Flores.     1723. 


COLUMBIAN   HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION   AT   MADRID  317 

15.  Ynformaciones  matrimoiiiales  de  Bernardino  de  Sena  y  Mannela  Ruibal.     1727. 
Marriage  notice  of  Bernardino  de  Sena  and  Manuela  Ruibal.     1727. 

16.  Merced  de  la  Canada  de  Cochiti.     Juan  Domingo  Bustauiante,  1728. 
Grant  of  the  Canada  (Glen)  of  Cochiti.     Juan  Domingo  Bustamante,  1728. 

17.  Petici6n  para  poblar  el  pueblo  viejo  de  Sandia.     Indios  gemzaros,  1733. 
Petition  to  settle  the  old  pueblo  of  Sandia.     Mixed  Indians,  1733. 

18.  Consulta  sobre  Misiones  de  Navajos.     Joaquin  Codallos  y  Rabal,  1744. 
Report  on  Navajo  Missions*     Joaquin  Codallos  y  Rabal,  1744. 

19.  Auto  y  peticion  sobre  abandon ar  los  puestos  de  Abiquiu,  Ojo  Caliente  and  Pueblo 

Quemado.     Joaqufn  Codallos  y  Rabal,  1748. 

Proceedings  and  petition  with  regard  to  abandoning  the  posts  of  Abiquiri,  Ojo 
Caliente,  and  Pueblo  Quemado.     Joaquin  Codallos  y  Rabal,  1748. 

20.  Causa  contra  los  Indios  de  los  pueblos  de  Cochiti  y  Tezuque.     Joaquin  Codallos 

y  Rabal,  1748. 

Suit  against  the  Indians  of  the  towns  of  Cochiti  and  Tezuque.    Joaqufn  Codallos 
y  Rabal,  1748. 

21.  Causa  contra  los  Indios  de  San  Juan.     Joaquin  Codallos  y  Rabal,  1748. 
Suit  against  the  Indians  of  San  Juan.     Joaquin  Codallos  y  Rabal,  1748. 

22.  Declaracion  sobre  cosas  de  Navajo.     Felix  Sanchez,  1748. 
Declaration  concerning  Navajo  matters.     Felix  Sanchez,  1748. 

23.  Declaraci6n  sobre  cosas  de  Navajo.     Indio  Ventura,  1748. 
Declaration  concerning  Navajo  matters.     Ventura  Indian,  1748. 

24.  Superior  despacho   sobre  repueble  de    Sandia,  y  merced   de   Saudia.     Joaquin 

Codallos  y  Rabal,  1748. 

Decision  of  the  Governor  concerning  the  resettlement  of  Sandia,  and  grant  of 
Sandia.    Joaquin  Codallos  y  Rabal,  1748. 

25.  Autos  sobre  el  ataque  de  Pecos.     Joaquin  Codallos  y  Rabal,  1748. 
Decrees  concerning  the  attack  on  Pecos.     Joaquin  Codallos  y  Rabal,  1748. 

26.  AutoprohibiendoeldespuebledelpartidodeChama.    Toma's  Velez  Cachupin,  1749. 
Decree  forbidding  the  abandonment  of  the  District  of  Chama.     Tomas  Velez 

Cachupin,  1749. 

27.  Autos  sobre  el  repueble  de  Abiquiii.     Toma's  Velez  Cachupiu,  1750. 

Decrees  concerning  the  resettlement  of  Abiquiii.     Toma's  Velez  Cachupin,  1750. 

28.  Parecer  sobre  el  repueble  de  Abiquiii.     Marques  de  Altamira,  1750. 

Opinion  with  regard  to  the  resettlement  of  Abiquiii.     Marquis  de  Altamira,  1750. 

29.  Carta  al  Gobernador  del  Nuevo  Mejico.     Coude  de  Revillagigedo,  1751. 
Letter  to  the  Governor  of  New  Mexico.     Count  of  Revillagigedo,  1751 

30.  Merced  de  Abiquiii.     Tomas  Velez  Cachupin,  1754. 
Grant  of  Abiquiii.     Tomas  Velez  Cachupiu,  1754. 

31.  Diligencias  sobre  la  solicitud  del  cuerpo  de  Fr.  Jer6nimo  dela  Liana.     Francisco 

Maria  del  Valle,  1759. 

Documents  concerning  the  anxiety  about  the  body  of  Fray  Jer6nimo  de  la  Liana. 
Francisco  Maria  del  Valle,  1759. 

32.  Real  posesiou  de  San  Miguel  de  Laredo.     Toma's  Velez  Cachupin,  1759. 
Royal  possession  of  San  Miguel  de  Laredo.     Toma's  Velez  Cachupin,  1759. 

33.  Merced  del  Ojo  de  San  Mateo.     Pedro  Fermiii  de  Mendinueta,  1770. 

Grant  of  the  Ojo  de  San  Mateo  (St.  Matthew's  Eye).     Pedro  Fermin  de  Mendi 
nueta,  1770. 

34.  Mandamiento  sobre  el  repueble  de  Abiquiii.     Pedro  Fermin  de  Mendinueta,  1770. 
Order  with  regard  to  the  resettlement  of  Abiquiii.     Pedro  Fermin  de  Mendi 
nueta,  1770. 

35.  Representaci6n  para  desplobar  el  puesto  de  Canine".    Pobladores  de  Carnue',  1771. 
Petition  for  the  abandonment  of  the  post  of  Carnue.     Settlers  of  Carnue,  1771. 

36.  ¥6  de  sepultura  de  las  victmias  de  la  matanza  de  Tome".    Fr.  Andre's  Garcia,  1777. 
Certificate  of  the  burial  of  the  victims  of  the  Tome  massacre.     Fray  Andre's- 

Garcia,  1777. 


318  COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID. 

37.  Lista  de  las  muertes  hechas  por  los  Indies  gentiles  en  las  parroquias  de  San  Juan 

y  Santa  Clara.     1742-1818. 

List  of  the  murders  committed  by  the  heathen  Indians  in  the  Parishes  of  San 
Juan  and  Santa  Clara.     1742-1818. 

38.  Sentencia  dada  &  favor  de  los  Indies  de  Santa  Clara.    Juan  Bautista  de  Anza,  1780. 
Judgment  given  in  favor  of  the  Santa  Clara  Indians.     Juan  Bautista  de  Anza, 

1780. 

39.  Apuntes  solbre  la  epidemia  de  viruelas  en  San  Juan  y  Chama.     1781. 
Notes  on  the  smallpox  epidemic  in  San  Juan  and  Chama.     1781. 

40.  Apuntes  para  la  historia  de  Zuni.     1699-1711. 
Notes  for  the  history  of  Zuni.     1699-1711. 

41.  Apuntes  para  la  historia  de  Pojuaque  y  Namb6.     1707-1753. 
Notes  for  the  history  of  Pojuaque  and  Nambe.     1707-1753. 

42.  Apuntes  para  la  historia  de  San  Ildefonso.     1700-1705. 
Notes  for  the  history  of  San  Ildefonso.     1700-1705. 

43.  Apuntes  para  la  historia  de  Pecos.     1695-1772. 
Notes  for  the  history  of  Pecos.     1695-1772. 

44.  Apuntes  para  la  historia  de  Galisteo.     1728-1767. 
Notes  for  the  history  of  Galisteo.     1728-1767. 

45.  Apuntes  para  la  historia  de  Alburquerque.     1774-1775. 
Notes  for  the  history  of  Alburquerque.     1774-1775. 

46.  Apuntes  para  la  historia  de  Isleta.     1724-1776. 
Notes  for  the  history  of  Isleta.     1724-1776. 

47.  Apuntes  para  la  historia  de  Picuires.     1748-1779. 
Notes  for  the  history  of  Picuires.     1748-1779. 

48.  Apuntes  para  la  historia  de  Acoma  y  Laguna.     1728-1771. 
Notes  for  the  history  of  Acoma  and  Laguna.     1728-1771. 

49.  Peticidnal  Comandante  de  Arizpe.     Indies  Tehuas,  1786. 
Petition  to  the  Commandant  of  Arizpe.     Tehua  Indians,  1786. 

50.  Mandamiento  al  Alcalde  Mayor  de  los  Tehuas.     Juan  Bautista  de  Anza,  1784. 
Order  to  the  Chief  Alcalde  of  the  Tehuas.     Juan  Bautista  de  Anza,  1784. 

51.  Petici6n  contra  el  Alcalde  de  Laguna.     Fr.  Toma~s  Salvador  Fernandez,  1786. 
Petition  against  the  Alcalde  of  Laguna.     Fray  Toma"s  Salvador  Fernandez,  1786. 

52.  Memorial  al  Comandante  General.     Fr.  Santiago  Ferniindez  de  Siena,  1784. 
Memorial  to  the  Commander-in-chief.     Fray  Santiago  Fernandez  de  Siena,  1784. 

53    Orden  ol  Alealde  Mayor  de  Santa  Cruz.     Fernando  de  la  Concha,  1793. 
Order  to  the  Chief  Alcalde  of  Santa  Cruz.     Fernando  de  la  Concha,  1793. 

NEW  MEXICO,  1682-1715. 

1.  Real  ce"dula,  noinbrando  &  Domingo  Jironza  Petriz  de  Cruzate  por  Gobernador  de 

Nuevo  Mejico.     D.  Felipe  II,  1682. 

Royal  decree  appointing  Domingo  Jironza  Petriz  de  Cruzate  Governor  of  New 
Mexico.     Don  Philip  II,  1682. 

2.  Peticion  a  Diego  de  Vargas.     Francisco  de  Anaya  Almazjin,  1692. 
Petition  to  Diego  de  Vargas.     Francisco  de  Anaya  Alinaztin,  1692. 

3.  Bando  para  que  los  habitantes  del  Paso  del  Norte  se  alisten  para  la  entrada  en  el 

Nuevo  Mejico.     Diego  de  Vargas,  1693. 

Proclamation  for  the  inhabitants  of  Paso  del  Norte  to  enroll  themselves  for  the 
entrance  into  New  Mexico.     Diego  de  Vargas,  1693. 

4.  Mandamiento  para  que  se  guarden  al  Cabildo  de  Santa  Fe  sus  houores  y  preemi- 

nencias.     Conde  de  Galve,  1694. 

Order  that  the  corporation  of  Santa  Fe  retain  its  honors  and  privileges.     Count 
de  Galve,  1694. 

5.  Mandamiento  al  Gobernador  de  Nueva  Vizcaya.     Conde  de  Galve,  1694. 
Order  to  the  Governor  of  New  Biscay.     Count  de  Galve,  1694. 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT   MADRID.  319 

6.  Bando  prokibiendo  a  los  Espauoles  vender  armas  £  los  Indies.     Diego  de  Vargas, 

1695. 

Proclamation  forbidding  the  Spaniards  to  sell  arms  to  the  Indians.     Diego  de 
Vargas,  1695. 

7.  Testimonio  y  certificacidn  dada  al  P.  Fr.  Diego  Leimos.     Diego  de  Vargas,  1695. 
Recommendation  and  certificate  given  to  Father  Fray  Diego  Leimos.     Diego  de 

Vargas,  1695. 

8.  Declaracidn  tocante  a"  que  los  pueblos  Indies  intentan  sublevarse.     Fr.  Francisco 

de  Vargas,  1695. 

Declaration  concerning  the  intention  of  the  Indian  towns  to  revolt.     Fray 
Francisco  de  Vargas,  1695. 

9.  Carta  a"  Fr.  Francisco  de  Vargas.     Fr.  Francisco  Corbera,  1695. 
Letter  to  Fray  Francisco  de  Vargas.     Fray  Francisco  Corbera,  1695. 

10.  Carta  a"  los  Padres  religiosos  (fragmento).     Fr.  Francisco  de  Vargas,  1695. 
Letter  to  reverend  Fathers  (fragment).     Fray  Francisco  de  Vargas,  1695. 

11.  Carta  al  P.  Custodio  (fragmento).     Fr.  Francisco  Jime'nez  de  Cisueros,  1696. 
Letter  to  the  Father  Custodian  (fragment).     Fray  Francisco  Jimenez  de  Cis- 

neros,  1696. 

12.  Peticion  a"  Diego  de  Vargas.     Definitorio  del  Nuevo  Mejico,  1696. 
Petition  to  Diego  de  Vargas.     Chapter  of  New  Mexico,  1696. 

13.  Carta  &  Diego  de  Vargas  sobre  la  coujuracion  de  los  pueblos.     Definitorio  del 

Nuevo  Mejico,  1696. 

Letter  to  Diego  de  Vargas  concerning  the  conspiracy  of  the  Indian  towns. 
Chapter  of  New  Mexico,  1696. 

14.  Peticion    a  Diego  de  Vargas    sobre  el  prdximo   alzamiento   de  los  pueblos. 

Definitorio  del  Nuevo  Mejico,  1696. 

Petition  to  Diego  de  Vargas  concerning  the  impending  rising  of  the  towns. 
Chapter  of  New  Mexico,  1696. 

15.  Peticion  &  Diego  de  Vargas.     Fr.  Francisco  de  Vargas,  1696. 
Petition  to  Diego  de  Vargas.     Fray  Francisco  de  Vargas,  1696. 

16.  Carta  al  P.  Custodio.     Fr.  Joseph  de  Arbizu,  1696. 

Letter  to  the  Father  Custodian.     Fray  Joseph  de  Arbizu,  1696. 

17.  Aviso  H  Diego  de  Vargas.     Domingo  Tuguague,  Gobernador  de  Tezuque,  1696. 
Warning  to  Diego  de  Vargas.     Domingo  Tuguague,  Governor  of  Tezuque,  1696. 

18.  Primer  cuaderno  de  autos  de  guerra  sobre  el  alzamiento  de  1696.     Diego  de 

Vargas,  1696. 

First  volume  of  war  documents  concerning  the  rising  of  1696.     Diego  de  Vargas, 
1696. 

19.  Segundo  cuaderno  (incoinpleto).     Diego  de  Vargas,  1696. 
Second  volume  (incomplete).     Diego  de  Vargas,  1696. 

20.  Escritura  de  venta  de  una  casa  en  Santa  F6  £  Francisco  de  Anaya  Almaza"n. 

Hijas  de  Francisco  Lucero,  1697. 

Deed  of  sale  of  a  house  in  Santa  Fe  to  Francisco  de  Anaya  Almaza'n.    Daughters 
of  Francisco  Lucero,  1697. 

21.  Peticion  contra  Diego  de  Vargas.     Cabildo  de  Santa  F6,  1697. 
Petition  against  Diego  de  Vargas.     Corporation  of  Santa  Fe,  1697. 

22.  Petition  y  autos  de  pleyto  contra  Diego  de  Vargas.    Pedro  Rodriguez  Cubero,  1697. 
Petition  and  proceedings  of  suit  against  Diego  de  Vargas.     Pedro  Rodriguez 

Cubero,  1697. 

23.  Orden  de  poner  preso  al  Capitan  Juan  Paez  Hurtado.     Pedro  Rodriguez  Cubero, 

1697. 
Order  to  arrest  Captain  Juan  Paez  Hurtado.     Pedro  Rodriguez  Cubero,  1697. 

24.  Razon con  el  espiritii  con  que  murieron  los  miuistros  misioneros  el  afio  de 

1696.     1696. 

Discourse  on  the  spirit  in  which  the  missionary  priests  died  in  the  year  1696. 
1696. 


320  COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID. 

25.  Real  c«5dula  en  favor  de  Antonio  Valverde  Cosio.     D.  Carlos  II,  1699. 
Royal  decree  in  favor  of  Antonio  Valverde  Cosio.     Don  Carlos  II,  1699. 

26.  Certificacion  en  favor  de  Andre's  de  Vetanzos.     Cabildo  de  Santa  F6,  1701. 
Certificate  in  favor  of  Andres  de  Vetauzos.     Corporation  of  Santa  Fe,  1701. 

27.  Interrogatories  en  los  pueblos  de  Laguna,  Acoma  y  Zuni.    Juan  de  Ulibarri,  1702. 
Interrogatories  in  the  pueblos  of  Laguna,  Acoma,  and  Zuni.     Juan  de  Ulibarri, 

1702. 

28.  Autos  de  justificaci6n  &  Diego  de  Vargas.     Cabildo  de  Santa  Fe',  1703. 
Documents  of  justification  to  Diego  de  Vargas.    Corporation  of  Santa  Fe,  1703. 

29.  Peticion  al  Marques  de  la  Naba.     Indios  Tehuas,  1703. 
Petition  to  Marquis  de  la  Naba.     Tehua  Indians,  1703. 

30.  Autos  sobre  la  llegada  de  Moquis  al  pueblo  de  Taos.     Diego  de  Vargas,  1704. 
Decrees  on  the  arrival  of  Moquis  at  the  pueblo  of  Taos.     Diego  de  Vargas,  1704. 

31.  Inventario  de  los  bienes  de  Diego  de  Vargas.     Juan  Paez  Hurtado,  1704. 
Inventory  of  the  property  of  Diego  de  Vargas.     Juan  Paez  Hurtado,  1704. 

32.  Autos  de  pleitos  de  los  Indios  de  San  Ildefonso  contra  Iguacio  Roybal.     Juan 

Paez  Hurtado,  1704. 

Records  of  suits  of  the  Indians  of  San  Ildefonso  against  Ignacio  Roybal.    Jaun 
Paez  Hurtado,  1704. 

33.  Bando  sobre  rescates  con  Apaches.     Juan  Paez  Hurtado,  1704. 
Proclamation  concerning  ransoms  with  Apaches.     Juan  Paez  Hurtado,  1704. 

34.  Diligencias  sobre  haber  contraido  ainistad  los  pueblos  con  los  infieles.     Juan 

Paez  Hurtado,  1704-5. 

Documents  with  regard  to  the  pueblos  having  contracted  friendship  with  the 
heathen.     Juan  Paez  Hurtado,  1704-5. 

35.  Petici6n  &  favor  de  Antonio  de  Chaves.     Fernando  Dura"n  y  Chaves,  1705. 
Petition  in  favor  of  Antonio  de  Chaves.     Fernando  Dura"n  y  Chaves,  1705. 

36.  Petici6n  y  autos  sobre  rescates.     Francisc  o  Cuerbo  y  Valde's,  1705. 
Petition  and  decrees  concerning  ransoms.     Francisco  Cuerbo  y  Valde's,  1705. 

37.  Orden  destinando  &  Nicola's  Ortiz.     Francisco  Cuerbo  y  Vald6s,  1705. 
Order  appointing  Nicolas  Ortiz.     Francisco  Cuerbo  y  Valde's,  1705. 

38.  Bando  para  que  se  reedifique  la  villa  de  Santa  Fe.     Francisco  Cuerbo  y  Valde's, 

1705. 

Proclamation  for  the  rebuilding  of  the  town  of  Santa  Fe.     Francisco  Cuerbo  y 
Valde's,  1705. 

39.  Carta  al  Maestre  de  Campo  Juan  Roque  Gutierrez.     Francisco  Cuerbo  y  Valde's, 

1706. 

Letter  to  Quartermaster  Juan  Roque  Guti6rrez.     Francisco  Cuerbo  y  Valdes, 
1706. 

40.  Peticion  a"  Fr.  Agustin  de  Colina.     Pobladores  de  Santa  Maria  del  Grado,  1706. 
Petition  to  Fray  Agustin  de  Colina.     Settlers  of  Santa  Maria  del  Grado,  1706. 

41.  Autos  de  junta  de  guerra.     Francisco  Cuerbo  y  Valde's,  1707. 
Proceedings  of  council  of  war.     Francisco  Cuerbo  y  V  aides,  1707. 

42.  Mandamicnto  sobre  tierras.     Marques  de  la  Peiiuela,  1707. 
Order  concerning  lands.     Marquis  de  la  Peiiuela,  1707. 

43.  Petici6n  contra  Roque  Madrid.     Indios  de  San  Juan,  1707. 
Petition  against  Roque  Madrid.     San  Juan  Indians,  1707. 

44.  Peticion  al  Cabildo  Santa  Fe\     Vecinos  de  Alburquerque,  1708. 

Petition  to  the  Corporation  of  Santa  Fe.     Residents  of  Alburquerque,  1708. 

45.  Certificacion  sobre  cosas  de  Moqui  (original  fragrnentario).     Fr.  Joseph  Xardon, 

1728. 

Certificate  concerning  Moqui  matters  (fragmentary  original).     Fray   Joseph 
Xardon,  1728. 

46.  Mandamiento  para   que  se  pueblen  los   Indios   Sumas.     Juan  Ignacio   Flores 

Mogolldn,  1712. 
Order  for  settling  the  Suma  Indians.     Juan  Ignacio  Flores  Mogoll6n,  1712. 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID.  321 

47.  Peticion  al  Defmitorio  de  Nuevo  Mejico.     Felix  Martinez  (original),  1712. 
Petition  to  the  Chapter  of  New  Mexico.     Felix  Martinez  (original),  1712. 

48.  Autos  sobre  la  venida  de  un  Indio  Tano,  huido  de  los  Navajos.     Juaii  Ignacio 

Flores  Mogolldn,  1713. 

Documents  concerning  the  arrival  of  a  Tano  Indian  who  had  escaped  from  the 
Navajoes.  Juan  Ignacio  Flores  Mogollon,  1713. 

49.  Junta  de  guerra  sobre  muertes  hechas  por  los  Apaches  en  el  Arroyo  Hondo.     Juan 

Iguacio  Flores  Mogollon,  1715. 

Council  of  war  concerning  murders  committed  by  the  Apaches  at  the  Arroyo 
Hondo  (Deep  Stream).  Juan  Ignacio  Flores  Mogoll6n,  1715. 

50.  Mandamiento  al  Gobernador  de  Nuevo  Mejico.     Duque  de  Linares,  1714. 
Order  to  the  Governor  of  New  Mexico.     Duke  de  Linares,  1714. 

51.  Causa  contra  Lorenzo  Rodriguez.     Juan.  Ignacio  Flores  Mogollon,  1715. 
Proceedings  against  Lorenzo  Rodriguez.     Juaii  Ignacio  Flores  Mogollon,  1715. 

A.  Two  documents  are  missing,  one  between  Nos.  6  and  7,  a  fragment  relating  to 

Father  Francisco  de  Jesus.     Diego  de  Vargas,  1694. 

B.  The  other  between  Nos.  35  and  36.    Order,  etc.     Francisco  Cuerbo  y  V  aide's,  1705. 

MEXICO  AND  NEW  MEXICO,  1692-1742. 

1.  Peticion  del  Cabildo  de  Santa  Fe"  al  Gobernador  Diego  de  Vargas,  sobre  desplobar 

el  Paso  del  Norte,  y  retirarse  &  otra  parte  del  Sur,  y  autos  hechos  sobre  el  caso. 
Archives  U.  S.  Sur.  Gen.  Santa  Fe  (copia  de  un  fragmento),  1692. 
Petition  of  the  Corporation  of  Santa  Fe  to  Governor  Diego  de  Vargas,  with 
regard  to  abandoning  Paso  del  Norte,  and  retiring  to  another  part  of  the  south, 
and  documents  drawn  up  on  the  subject.  Archives  of  the  U.  S.  Surveyor-General, 
Santa  Fe  (copy  of  a  fragment),  1692. 

2.  Diligencias  hechas  sobre  la  muerte  de  Maria  Quiteria  Sandoval,  mujer  de  Sebas 

tian  Antonio  Varela;  cautivada  por  los  Comanches  en  el  pueblo  de  Taos  el  afio 
de  1766.  Archivos  de  la  parroquia  del  Paso  del  Norte,  1776. 

Documents  drawn  up  concerning  the  death  of  Maria  Quiteria  Sandoval,  wife  of 
Sebastian  Antonio  Varela,  taken  prisoner  by  the  Comanches  in  the  town  of 
Taos  in  the  year  1766.  Archives  of  the  Parish  of  Paso  del  Norte,  1776. 

3.  Certiiicacion  en  favor  del  Bachiller  D.  Santiago  de  Roybal,  dada  por  el  Goberna 

dor  del  Nuevo  Mejico,  D.  Gaspar  Domingo  de  Mendoza,  afio  1742.  Archivos  de 
la  parroquia  del  Paso  del  Norte,  Mejico  (testimonio),  1742. 

Certih'cate  in  favor  of  Bachelor-of-Arts  Don  Santiago  de  Roybal,  given  by  the 
Governor  of  New  Mexico,  Don  Gaspar  Domingo  de  Mendoza,  in  the  year  1742. 
Archives  of  the  Parish  of  Paso  del  Norte,  Mexico  (copy),  1742. 

4.  Testimonio  a  la  letra  del  despacho  original  del  excelentisimo  Sr.  Conde  de  Fuen- 

clara,  Virrey,  Gobernador  y  Capitan  General  que  fue  de  esta  Nueva  Espafia, 
el  cual  me  presento  el  R.  P.  Fr.  Juan  Joseph,  Juez  Misabal  Custodio  de  esta 
Santa  Custodia  de  la  Conversi6n  de  San  Pablo,  en  orden  al  establecimiento  y 
ftmdacion  de  cuatro  Misiones  en  la  proviucia  de  Navajo,  en  la  forma  que  adentro 
se  percibe.  Archivos  Territoriales  de  la  Agrimensura  General,  Santa  Fe,  N. 
M.,  1747. 

Literal  copy  of  the  original  despatch  of  His  Excellency  the  Count  de  P'uenclara, 
former  Viceroy,  Governor,  and  Captain-General  of  this  New  Spain,  which  was 
given  to  me  by  the  Rev.  Father  Fray  Juan  Joseph,  Judge  Custodian  of  this 
Holy  Custody  of  the  Conversion  of  St.  Paul,  for  the  establishment  and  founda 
tion  of  four  Missions  in  the  province  of  Navajo,  in  the  manner  shown  within. 
Territorial  Archives  of  the  General  Survey,  Santa  Fe,  N.  M.,  1747. 

5.  Requerimiento  del  Capitan  D.  Alonso  Victores  Rubin  de  Zelis,  al  Vicario  D.  Miguel 

de  Oleachea,  para  que  se  retirase  de  la  Mision  de  las  Caldes  a  las  Casas  Reales 
del  Paso  del  Norte,  por  la  sublevaci6n  que  intentaban  los  Indios  de  la  sobre- 
dicha  Misi6n.     Archivos  de  la  Parroquia  del  Paso  del  Norte,  Mejico,  1749. 
H.  Ex.  100 21 


322  COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID. 

Request  of  Captain  Don  Alonso  Victores  Rubin  de  Zelis  to  the  Vicar  Don  Miguel 
de  Oleachea,  to  withdraw  from  the  Mission  of  Las  Caldes  to  the  Casas  Reales 
(Royal  Houses)  of  Paso  del  Norte,  on  account  of  the  rebellion  which  the  Indians 
of  that  Mission  were  planning  Archives  of  the  Parish  of  Paso  del  Norte, 
Mexico,  1749. 

6.  Carta  del  Obispo  D.  Pedro  Tamaron  al  Bachiller  D.  Santiago  Roibal.     Archives 

de  la  Parroqufa  del  Paso  del  Norte,  Mejico,  1762. 

Letter  of  Bishop  Don  Pedro  Tamaron  to  Bachelor  Don  Santiago  Roibal.  Archives 
of  the  Parish  of  Paso  del  Norte,  Mexico,  1762. 

7.  Ynbentario  de  los  papeles  pertenecientes  &  lo  gubernativo  del  tierupo  que  ful 

Gobernador  y  Capitan  General  de  este  nuevo  reirio  de  Mexico,  y  entrega  que  de 
ellos  hago  al  Sr.  D.  Tomas  Ve"lez  Cachupin,  Gobernador  y  Capitan  General  tie  este 
dicho  reino,  hoy  de  Febrero  de  1762,  A.  S.  Papeles  de  Abraham  Gold,  Santa 
Fe\  N.  M.,  1762. 

Inventory  of  the  papers  belonging  to  the  Government  during  the  time  that  I  was 
Governor  and  Captain-General  of  this  new  kingdom  of  Mexico,  and  delivery 
which  I  make  of  them  to  Don  Tomas  Velez  Cachupin,  Governor  and  Captain- 
General  of  this  said  kingdom,  this  day  of  February,  1762.  Papers  of  Abraham 
Gold,  Santa  Fe,  New  Mexico,  1762. 

8.  Inventario  de  los  autos  civiles  y  criminales  obrados  en  el  tiempo  del  gobierno 

•  del  Sr.  D.  Tomas  Velez  Cachupiu,  en  la  segunda  vez  que  en  propiedad  se  le 
concedio  la  piedad  de  S.  M.  de  este  reiuo  de  Nuevo  Mejico.  Papeles  de  Abra 
ham  Gold,  Santa  Fe,  N.  M.,  1767. 

Inventory  of  the  civil  and  criminal  decrees  issued  during  the  time  of  the  govern 
ment  of  Don  Toma's  Velez  Cachupin,  during  the  second  time  that  theifavor  of 
His  Majesty  granted  him  the  government  of  this  kingdom  of  New  Mexico. 
Abraham  Gold's  papers,  Santa  Fe,  N.  M.,  1767. 

9.  Parecer  de  la  Real  Audieucia  de  Mejico  sobre  la  couducta  de  D.  Diego  de  Vargas 

en  la  reconquista  del  Nuevo  Mejico.  Testimonio  perteueciente  a  D.  Jose" 
Lagunal,  Santa  Fe,  N.  M.,  1697. 

Opinion  of  the  Royal  Audience  of  Mexico  concerning  the  conduct  of  Don  Diego 
de  Vargas  in  the  recoiiquest  of  New  Mexico.  Copy  belonging  to  Don  Jose 
Lagunal,  Santa  Fe,  N.  M.,  1697. 

10.  Mandamiento  de  la  Nueva  Espaua  al  Gobernador  de  Nuevo  Mejico,  Pedro  Rodri 

guez  Cubero,  tocante  a  lo  resuelto  en  la  junta  general  de  la  Audiencia  Real  de 
Mejico.  Ducumeutos  perteuecientes  &  John  Gray,  Esq.,  Santa  Fe",  N.  M., 
1698. 

Order  from  New  Spain  to  the  Governor  of  New  Mexico,  Pedro  Rodriguez  Cubero, 
with  regard  to  what  was  resolved  at  the  general  meeting  of  the  Royal  Audi 
ence  of  Mexico.  Documents  belonging  to  John  Gray,  Esq.,  Santa  Fe,  N.  M., 
1698. 

11.  Visita  que  hizo  el  Sr.  Marques  de  la  Naba  de  Brazinas,  Gobernador  y  Capitan 

Gen  eral  de  este  reino  y  provincia  de  Nuevo  Mejico,  su  conquistador  a  su  costa 
y  re  conquistador  Castellauo  de  sus  fuerzas  y  presidios  por  S.  M.,  en  donde 
c  onstan  las  diligencias  que  en  la  ATilla  nueva  de  Santa  Cruz  hizo  sobre  los 
pedinieiitos  que  presentaron  los  veciuos  Mejicanos,  en  que  pretendian  las 
tierras  de  dicha  villa  nueva  y  Canada,  y  lo  demas  que  en  dicha  visita  de  los 
naturales  se  ejecuto.  Documentos  perteuecieutes  &  .John  Gray,  Esq.,  Santa  F<5 
Nuevo  Mejico,  1704. 

Visit  made  by  the  Marquis  de  la  Naba  de  Brazinas,  Governor  and  Captain-Gen 
eral  of  this  kingdom  and  province  of  New  Mexico,  its  conqueror  at  his  own 
cost,  and  Spanish  reconqueror  of  its  forces  and  forts  for  His  Majesty,  showing 
the  action  which  he  took  in  the  new  town  of  Santa  Cruz,  concerning  the 
petitions  presented  by  the  Mexican  inhabitants,  in  which  they  claimed  the 
lands  of  the  said  new  town  and  Canada  (Glen),  and  the  rest  that  was  done 
during  the  said  visit  of  the  natives.  Documents  belonging  to  John  Gray, 
Esq.,  Santa  Fe,  New  Mexico,  1704. 


COLUMBIAN"   HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID.  323 

12.  ario  de  la  campaiia  que  el  Maestro  de  Cainpo  Roque  Madrid  hizo  contra  los 
Indios  Navajos,  por  inandato  del  Gobernador  D.  Francisco  Cuerbo  y  V aides, 
el  afio  1705.    El  original  para  en  posesion  del  Sr.  D.  Jose  Segura,  Santa  F6,  N.  M. 

Journal  of  the  campaign  which  the  Quartermaster  Roque  Madrid  made  against 
the  Navajo  Indians  by  order  of  the  Governor,  Don  Francisco  Cuerbo  y  Vald.es, 
in  the  year  1705.  The  original  is  in  the  possession  of  Don  Jose  Segura,  Santa 
Fe,  N.  M. 

13.  Parecer  del  P.  Fr.  Gonzalo  Sobence  Barreda,  sobre  la  reduccion  a  pueblos  de  los 

Indios  Sumas.     Archives  de  la  Parroquia  del  Paso  del  Norte,  Mojico,  1713. 
Opinion  of  Father  Fray  Gonzalo  Sobeuce  Barreda  with  regard  to  confining  the 
Suma  Indians  to  towns.     Archives  of  the  Parish  of  Paso  del  Norte,  Mexico, 
1713. 

14.  Diligencias  que  se  hiceron  sobre  la  sublevacion  de  los  Indios  Mansos,  Sumas  y 

Janos,  y  se  remitierou  los  originates  al  superior  gobierno  de  Su  Excelencia. 
1711-1713. 

Documents  drawn  up  concerning  the  rebellion  of  the  Menso,  Suma,  and  Jano 
Indians;  the  originals  were  transmitted  to  the  superior  government  of  His 
Excellency.  1711-1713. 

15.  Mandamiento  del  Excmo.  Sr.  Duque  de  Linares,  en  que  manda  al  Seiior  Goberna- 

dor  D.  Juan  Ygnacio  Flores  Mogollou,  le  iuforme  sobre  la  entrada  que  pretende 
hacer  &  la  provincia  de  Moqui  el  P.  Agustin  de  Campos,  de  la  Compania  de 
Je"sus.  Archivos  del  U.  S.  Sur.  Gen.,  Santa  Fo,  N.  M.,  1714. 

Order  from  his  excellency  ths  Duke  of  Linares,  in  which  he  commands  Governor 
Don  Juan  Ignacio  Flores  Mogollon  to  report  to  him  concerning  the  entrance 
which  Father  Agustin  de  Campos,  of  the  Company  of  Jesus,  intends  to  make 
into  the  province  of  Moqui.  Archives  of  the  U.  S.  Sur.  Gen.,  Santa  Fe,  N.  M., 
1714. 

16.  Peticion  del  Capitan  Diego  Arias  y  diligencias  quo  se  hicieron  contra  el  del  Tan- 

que  de  la  Cienega.     Archivos  del  U.  S.  Sur.  Gen.,  Santa  Fe,  N.  M.,  1715. 
Petition  of  Captain  Diego  Arias  and  proceedings  instituted  against  Captain  del 
Tanque  de  la  Cienega.     Archives  i.f  the  U.  S.  Sur.  Gen.,  Santa  Fe,  N.  M.,  1715. 

17.  Diligencias  ejecutadas  contra  los  Indios  Sumas  por  sus  osadias  y  sublevacion. 

1725-27. 

Measures  taken  against  the  Suma  Indians  for  their  insubordination  and  rebel 
lion.  1725-27. 

18.  Declaracion  de  Miguel  y  de  Maria  Teresa  acerca  de  un  parentesco  que  decian 

teuian.     Archivos  de  la  Parroquia  del  Paso  del  Norte,  Mejico,  1727. 
Declaration  of  Miguel  and  Maria  Teresa  concerning  a  relationship  which  they 
said  existed  between  them.     Archives  of  the  Parish  ol  Paso  del  Norte,  Mexico, 
1727. 

19.  Ordeii  del  Vicario  D.  Jose"  de  Bustamante  al  P.  Fr.  Jose  Antonio  Guerrero,  min- 

istero  de  Santa  Fe,  para  que  casase  &  nil  Indio  Panaua  con  una  India  Cargua, 
ambos  sirvieutes.  Archivos  de  la  Parroquia  de  Nuestra  Sefiora  de  Guadalnpe 
del  Paso  del  Norte,  Mejico,  1732. 

Order  of  the  Vicar,  Don  Jose"  de  Bustamante,  to  Father  Fray  Jose  Antonio 
Guerrero,  minister  (priest)  of  Santa  Fe,  to  marry  a  Panana  Indian  to  a  Cargua 
Indian  woman,  both  servants.  Archives  of  the  Parish  of  our  Lady  of  Guada- 
lupe  of  Paso  del  Norte,  Mexico,  1732. 

20.  Ynformaciones  matrimouiales  dadas  por  parte  de  Francisco  Lira  y  Barbara,  de 

nacioii  Caigua,  siruente  del  Capitan  D.  Joseph  de  Aganza,  en  29  de  Heno  de 
1735.     Archivos  dela  Parroquia  del  Paso  del  Norte,  Ciudad  Juarez,  1735. 
Marriage  notice  given  by  Francisco  Sira  and  Barbara,  of  the  Caigua  nation,  ser 
vant  of  Captain  Don  Joseph  de  Agauza,  June  29,  1735.     Archives  of  the  Parish 
of  Paso  del  Norte,  Ciudad  Juarez,  1735. 

21.  Ynformaciones  de  Pedro  Suriate  con  Maria  Petrona,  hechas  en  este  ano  de  1732, 

Febrero  25.  Archivos  de  la  Parroquia  de  Nuestra  Senora  de  Guadalupe  del 
Paso  del  Norte,  Mejico,  1732. 


324  COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID. 

Marriage  notice  of  Pedro  Suriate  and  Maria  Petrona,  made  this  year  of  1732, 

February  25.     Archives  of  the  Parish  of  Our  Lady  of  Guadalupe  of  Paso  del 

Norte,  Mexico,  1732. 
Autos  echos  de  visita  para  el  teniente  Coronel  D.  Gaspar  Domingo  de  Mendoza, 

Gouniiador  y  Capitan  G'ral  del  Reyno  del  Nuevo  Mexto.     Srio  Mauuel  Sanz. 

de  Garnisa.     A.  D.  1742. 
Minutes  made  of  the  visit  of  Lieutenant-Colonel  Don  Gaspar  Domingo  de  Mendoza, 

Governor  and  Captain  General  of  the  kingdom  of  New  Mexico;  Secretary, 

Manuel  Sanz  de  Garnisa. 

NEW  MEXICO,  1704-1822. 

1.  Demanda  puesta  por  Juana  de  Apodaco  contra  Miguel  Garatuza  y  Felipa  de  la 

Cruz,  su  hija,  y  assimismo  por  Juan  de  Chaves  contra  los  susodichos,  y  lo 
demas  que  en  estos  autos  se  expresa,  etc.  Archivos  del  pueblo  <le  Sauta  Clara, 
Nuevo  Mejico,  1704. 

Claim  made  by  Juana  de  Apodaca  against  Miguel  Garatuza  and  Felipa  de  la 
Cruz,  his  daughter,  and  also  by  Juan  de  Chaves  against  the  same  and  the 
rest  that  is  set  forth  in  these  documents,  etc.  Archives  of  the  town  of  Santa 
Clara,  New  Mexico,  1704. 

2.  Causa  criminal  contra  Jeronimo  Dirucaca,  Indio  del  pueblo  de  Picuries.     Archivos 

Territoriales,  Santa  Fe,  Nuevo  Mejico  (original).  1713.     Auto  de  culpa  y  cargo. 
Criminal  prosecution  against  Jeronimo  Dirucaca,  an  Indian  of  the  town    of 
Picuries.     Territorial  Archives,  Santa  Fe,  New  Mexico  (original),  1713.     Writ 
of  accusation  and  charge. 

3.  Diligencias  hechas  sobre  un  crimen  do  bestialidad  cometido  por  un  Indio  de 

nacioii  Manso,  llamado  Juan  Estevan  Panocha.  Archivos  de  la  Parroquia  del 
Paso  del  Norte,  Mejico  (original),  1724. 

Documents  drawn  up  concerning  a  bestial  crime  committed  by  an  Indian  of  the 
Manso  Nation,  named  Juan  Esteban  Panocha.  Archives  of  the  Parish  of  Paso 
del  Norte,  Mexico  (original),  1724. 

4.  Confesion  de  Diego  Zuazo,  hecha  voluntariainente,  do  hechicerfas  cometidas 

por  el,  y  entrega  de  los  objectos  e  implementos  quo  usaba  en  ello.  Arehivos 
de  la  Parroquia  del  Paso  del  Norte  (original),  1727. 

Confession  of  Diego  Zuazo,  made  voluntarily,  of  sorceries  committed  by  him 
and  surrender  of  the  articles  and  implements  which  he  used  therein.  Archives 
of  the  Parish  of  Paso  del  Norte  (original),  1727. 

5.  Autos  y  diligeiicias  contra  los  hechiceros  do  los  pueblos  de  la  Isleta  y  del  Paso 

del  Rio  del  Norte.     Archivos  de  la  Parroquia  del  Paso  del  Norte  (original),  1728. 
Decrees  and  proceedings  against  the  sorcerers  of  the  towns  of  the  Isleta  and 
of  the  Paso  del  Rio  del  Norte  (Pass  of  the  North  River).     Archives  of  the 
Parish  of  Paso  del  Norte  (original),  1728. 

6.  Requerimiento  al  Capitan  Joseph  Valentin  de  Aganza  por  parte  del  P.  Fr.  Salva 

dor  Lopez,  tocante  a  los  hechiceros  de  la  Isleta  y  del  Paso  del  Rio  del  Norte, 
etc.     Archivos  de  la  Parroquia  del  Paso  del  Norte  (original),  1728. 
Request   to  Captain  Joseph  Valentin  de  Aganza  from  Father  Fray  Salvador 
Lopez  concerning  the  sorcerers  of  the  Isleta  and  of  the  Paso  del  RiodelXorte, 
etc.     Archives  of  the  Parish  of  Paso  del  Norte  (original),  1728. 

7.  Causa  criminal  contra  unos  Indies  del  pueblo  de  Santa  Fe,  denunciados  por  hechi 

ceros.     Archivos  Territoriales,  Santa  Fe,  Nuevo  Mexico,  1732. 
Criminal  prosecution  against  some  Indians  of  the  town  of  Santa  Fe,  denounced 
as  sorcerers.     Territorial  Archives,  Santa  Fe,  New  Mexico,  1732. 

8.  Autos  que  se  siguen  contra  la  persona  de  D.  Tomasillo,  Indio  del  Paso  del  Rio  del 

Norte,  por  relaci6n  que  de  41  hizo  Antonio  Joseph  Telles,  asimismo  Indio  del 
pueblo  del  Paso,  ante  su  Padre  ministro,  Fr.  Joseph  Blanco,  y  f'ste  lo  remitio 
con  cartaaute  el  Sr.  Vicario,  D.Francisco  Pedro  Romano,  Juez  Eclesiastico  de 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID.  325 

la  jurisdicciondel  Paso,  cuyadenuncia  es  por  hechicero,  seguidos  en  13  de  Abril 
de  1742,  etc.  Archives  de  la  Parroqufa  del  Paso  del  Norte,  Mejico  (original), 
1742. 

Proceedings  instituted  against  the  person  of  Don  Tomasillo,  an  Indian  of  del 
Paso  del  Rio  del  Norte,  on  an  information  laid  against  him  by  Antonio  Joseph 
Telles,  also  an  Indian  of  the  town  of  Paso,  before  his  Father  minister,  Fray 
Joseph  Blanco,  who  sent  him  with  a  letter  to  the  Vicar,  Don  Francisco  Pedro 
Romano,  Ecclesiastical  Judge  of  the  Jurisdiction  of  Paso,  which  accusation  is 
for  sorcery,  instituted  April  13, 1742,  etc.  Archives  of  the  Parish  of  Paso  del 
Norte,  Mexico  (original),  1742. 

9.  Causa  contra  Joseph  de  Amparjin,  Gobernador  del  Pueblo  do  Santa  Maria  de  las 
Caldas,  por  accusacion  de  los  Indies  del  diclio  pueblo  de  ser  el  dicho  hechicero. 
Archives  de  la  Parroquia  del  Paso  del  Norte  (original,  fragmento),  1742. 
Prosecution  against  Joseph  de  Ampariiii,  Governor  of  the  town  of  Santa  Maria 
de  las  Caldras,  on  the  accusation  of  the  Indians  of  the  said  town  that  the 
same  is  a  sorcerer.  Archives  of  the  Parish  of  Paso  del  Norte  (original,  frag 
ment),  1742. 

10.  Causas  de  Maria  Montoya  Guachile  y  de  Felipe  de  la  Crux,  el  Saladito,  por  hechi- 

zeros.    Archives  de  la  Parroquia  del  Paso  del  Norte  (original),  Mejico,  1746. 
Prosecution  of  Maria  Moutoya  Guachile  and  of  Felipe  de  la  Cruz,  el  Saladito. 
for  sorcery.     Archives  of  the  Parish  of  Paso  del  Norte  (original),  Mexico,  1746. 

11.  Certincaci6n  de  Gaspar  Ortiz  sobre  brujerias  de  los  Indies  de  Nanibo.     Archives 

del  Territorio  del  Nuevo  Mejico  (MSS.),  Santa  Fe,  1822. 

Certificate  of  Gaspar  Ortiz  concerning  the  sorceries  of  the  Indians  of  Nambe. 
Archives  of  the  Territory  of  New  Mexico  (MSS.),  Santa  Fe,  1822. 

NEW  MEXICO,  1764-1845. 

1.  Descripcion  del  reino  del  Nuevo  Mejico.     Citation  from  "Breve  Resumen/'etc., 

etc.     Villaimeva  y  Chavarri,  1764. 

Description  of  the  kingdom  of  New  Mexico.  "Brief  Resume","  etc.,  etc.  Villa- 
uueva  and  Chavarri,  1764. 

2.  Estado  que  mauifiesta  el  inimero  de  vasallos  y  habitantes  que  tiene  el  Rev  en 

esta  proviucia,  con  distinciou  de  estados,  classes  y  castas  de  todas  persona*  de 
ambos  sexos,  con  inclusion  de  los  parvulos.  Santa  Fe,  1790. 

Statement  showing  the  number  of  vassals  and  inhabitants  that  the  King  lias  in 
this  province,  with  distinction  of  ranks,  classes,  and  castes  of  all  persons  of 
both  sexes,  including  children.  Santa  Fe,  1790. 

3.  Padron  de  todas  las  gentes  del  pueblo  de  Zuiii.     1790. 

Noticia  de  la  Mision  del  Sor.  San  Jose"  de  la  Laguna,  que  ocupa  el  P.  Fr.  Jos6 
Benito  Pereyro,  religiose  de  la  Regular  Observancia  de  N.  S.  P.  S.  Francisco; 
sus  progresos  en  los  afios  de  1800  y  1801,  etc.,  etc.  1801. 

Register  of  all  the  people  of  the  town  of  Zufii.     1790. 

Account  of  the  Mission  of  San  Jose  de  la  Laguna,  occupied  by  Father  Fray  Jose" 
Benito  Pereyro,  a  monk  of  the  Regular  Observance  of  our  Holy  Father  San 
Francisco;  its  progress  in  the  years  1800  and  1801,  etc.,  etc.  1801. 

4.  Peticioii  de  Bernardo  de  Castro  al  Virrey  de  Nueva  Espana,  sobre  el  descubrimi- 

ento  del  Cerro  de  Oro.  Archives  U.  S.  Sur.  Gen.'s  Office,  Santa  Fe.  (No  date 
of  the  original;  copy),  1803. 

Petition  of  Bernardo  de  Castro  to  the  Viceroy  of  New  Spain,  concerning  the  dis 
covery  of  the  Golden  Hill.  Archives  U.  S. 

5.  Borrador  de  carta  escrita  por  el  Gobernador  del  Nuevo  Mejico,  tocante  al  descu- 

briuiiento  del  Cerro  de  Oro.  Archives  U.  S.  Sur.  Gen.'s  Office,  Santa  Fe,  N.  M., 
1803. 

Draft  of  letter  written  by  the  Governor  of  New  Mexico,  with  regard  to  the  dis 
covery  of  the  Golden  Hill.  Archives  U.  S. 


326  COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID. 

6.  Carta  del  Gobernador  del  Nuevo  Me'jico,  sobre  la  expedici6n  de  Bernardo  de  Cas 

tro  al  Cerro  de  Oro.     Archives  U.  S.  Sur.  Gen.,  Santa  Pe  (borrador),  1830. 
Letter  of  the  Governor  of  New  Mexico  concerning  the  expedition  of  Bernardo 
Castro  to  the  Golden  Hill. 

7.  Carta  del  Gobernador  del  Nuevo  Me'jico,  tocante  a  las  expediciones  en  busca  del 

Cerro  de  Oro.     Archives  U.  S.  Sur.  Gen.,  Santa  Fe  (borrador),  1829. 
Letter  of  the  Governor  of  New  Mexico  concerning  the  expeditions  in  search  of 
the  Golden  Hill. 

8.  Maiidaniiento  del  Alcalde  Mayor  de  la  jurisdiccion  de  Jeine/.     Papeles  de  David 

J.  Miller,  Santa  Fe,  N.  M.,  1813. 

Order  of  the  Chief  Alcalde  of  the  jurisdiction  of  Jemez.  Papers  of  David  J. 
Miller,  Santa  Fe,  1813. 

9.  Informe  sobre  los  limites  quo  se  reconocen  en  el  territorio  de  su  mando,  etc.,  etc. 

Archives  of  U.  S.  Sur.  Gen.,  Santa  Fe,  1826. 

Report  on  the  boundaries  which  are  recognized  in  the  territory  under  his  com 
mand,  etc.,  etc. 

10.  Ayuntamieuto,  de  Cochiti:  cuenta  que  maniiiesta  el  fondo    que  reconoce  este 

Ayuutamieuto,  con  explicaci6n  de  la  eutrada,  saliday  existencia  que  hahabido 
hasta  la  presente.  Documentos  pertenecieiites  a  la  nnna  de  Catron,  Claney  & 
Knaebel,  Santa  Fe,  N.  M.,  1826. 

City  Council  of  Cochiti:  account  showing  the  capital  which  this  Council  recog 
nizes,  with  a  statement  of  the  receipts,  disbursements,  and  stock  up  1o  the 
present  time. 

11.  Borrador  de  la  estadistica  2,  que  se  form  5  en  8  de  Abril  de  1827.     Documentos 

de  la  firma  de  Catron,  Claney  &  Knaebel,  Santa  Fe,  N.  M. 

Copy  of  the  2nd  statistics  drawn  up  April  8,  1827.     Documents  of  the 'firm  of 

Catron,  Claney  &  Knaebel,  Santa  Fe,  N.  M. 

-12.  Breve  iioticia  de  la  provincia  del  Nuevo  Mejico  y  su  custodia  de  la  Conversidii 
de  San  Pablo,  segun  los  papeles  del  Archive  del  Gobierno  y  del  P.  Murillo 
Velarde,  en  el  Tomo  IX  de  su  Geografia  Historica,  y  otras  noticias  de  varios 
anuncios  de  dicha  provincia.  Papeles  del  Seiior  Arzobispo. 

Short  account  of  the  province  of  New  Mexico  and  its  reliquary  of  the  Conver 
sion  of  St.  Paul,  according  to  the  papers  in  the  Archives  of  the  Government 
and  those  of  Father  Murillo  Velarde,  in  the  ninth  volume  of  his  Historical 
Geography,  and  other  accounts  from  various  advertisements  of  said  province. 
The  Archbishop's  papers. 

13.  Merced  del  Rio  Colorado.     Archives  de  Taos  County,  1842. 
Grant  of  the  Colorado  River.     Archives  of  Taos  County. 

14.  Promulgacion  del  decreto  de  la  Asamblea  Departamental  del  Nuevo  Me'jico, 

imponiendo  uii  prestamo  de  dece  mil  pesos.     1845. 

Promulgation  of  the  decree  of  the  Provincial  Assembly  of  New  Mexico,  order 
ing  a  loan  of  12,000  pesos.  1845. 

15.  Plan  que  manifiesta  el  censo  general  del  Territorio  de  Nuevo  Mejico  con  respecto 

&  su  poblaciou,  etc.,  etc.     (Extract.) 

Plan  showing  the  general  census  of  the  Territory  of  New  Mexico  with  respect  to 
its  population,  etc.,  etc.  (Extract.) 

OTHER    VOLUMES. 

Relaciondel  descrubimiento  del  Nvovo  Mejico  a"  Sr.  de  Montoya.     In  Roma.    Por 

Bartolomc  Bonfadino,  1608. 
Account  of  the  discovery  of  New  Mexico  to  Sefior  de  Montoya,   at  Rome,  by 

Bartolome"  Bonfadiuo,  1608. 

Historia  del  Nueva  Mejico.     Capitan  Gaspar  de  Vilagra,  1610. 
History  of  New  Mexico.     Captain  Gaspar  de  Vilagra,  1610. 
Luz  do  Tierra  Incognita,  etc.     Por  el  Capitan  Juan  Mateo  Mange,  1720. 
Light  from  an  unknown  Land,  etc.     By  Captain  Juan  Mateo  Mange,  1720. 


EXHIBIT  OF  THE   PEABODY  MUSEUM. 

In  addition  to  the  Hemenway  expedition  there  is  in  this  room  a 
collection  of  photographs  and  books  exhibited  by  the  Peabody  Museum 
of  American  Ethnology  and  Archaeology. 

This  institution  is  at  Cambridge,  Mass.  (United  States),  and  is  con 
nected  with  Harvard  University.  It  contains  a  large  collection  of 
American  archaeological  and  ethnological  objects.  The  chief  wealth 
of  this  collection  consists  in  archaeological  objects,  particularly  those 
relating  to  the  mound  builders  and  to  the  ancient  inhabitants  of  the 
eastern  part  of  the  United  States.  Harvard  University  is  one  of  the 
few  American  institutions  of  education  which  impart  instruction  to 
their  students  concerning  the  archaeology  of  America.  The  class  is 
under  the  charge  of  Professor  Putnam  who  is  the  curator  of  the 
museum. 

The  two  screens  covered  with  photographs  exhibit  a  portion  of  the 
scientific  labors  of  the  Peabody  Museum.  The  most  interesting  photo 
graphs  of  the  collection  are  those  of  the  excavations  made  at  Copan, 
Honduras,  and  give  an  idea  of  the  peculiar  character  of  the  houses, 
"stelas,"  plazas  (squares),  etc.  There  are  also  among  them  photo 
graphs  of  the  explorations  directed  by  the  Peabody  Museum  at  Labna, 
Yucatan. 

This  institution  contributes  photographs  of  extensive  excavations  and 
scientific  studies  of  mounds,  made  in  the  valley  of  the  Ohio  Eiver,  in 
the  United  States,  which  photographs  are  also  displayed  on  the  screens. 
The  Serpent  Mound,  situated  in  the  valley  of  the  Ohio  Eiver,  has  been 
accurately  studied  by  Prof.  F.  W.  Putnam,  curator  of  the  Peabody 
Museum,  and  the  photographs  of  these  excavations  are  on  the  screen 
placed  in  the  northern  part  of  the  hall.  The  Serpent  Mound  now 
belongs  to  the  Peabody  Museum,  and  the  land  around  it  is  inclosed  by 
a  fence  forming  a  park. 

In  the  case  at  the  side  are  the  publications  of  the  Peabody  Museum 
of  American  Ethnology  and  Archselogy.  It  publishes  annually  records 
of  the  progress  made,  and  occasionally  bulletins  in  8vo.  Several  quarto 
volumes  have  also  been  printed.  In  addition,  assistants  connected 
with  the  museum  have  written  and  published  articles  in  various  scien 
tific  magazines.  Several  volumes  have  been  prepared  on  articles  in 
the  collection. 


ANCIENT  MEXICAN  FEATHER  WORK  AT  THE  COLUMBIAN 
HISTORICAL  EXPOSITION  AT  MADRID. 


By  ZELIA  NUTTALL,  Delegate  of  the  Peabody  Museum  of  American  Archaeology  and  Ethnology,  Cambridge, 

Mass.,  U.  S.  A. 


Since  my  interest  in  ancient  Mexican  feather  work  was  stimulated, 
some  years  ago,  by  the  quaintly  illustrated  Laurentian  manuscript  of 
Sahagun's  Historia,  I  have  made  efforts  lo  ascertain  how  many  repre 
sentative  specimens  of  this  peculiar  indigenous  art  are  in  existence  at 
the  present  day. 

Jn  l.sOO  I  submiited  to  the  members  of  the  International  Congress 
of  Americanists,  assi-mbled  in  Paris,  a  description  and  colored  photo 
graphs  of  a  beautiful  specimen  of  native  feather  work  that  I  had  dis 
covered  in  Florence,  and  expressed  at  the  same  time  the  hope  to  learn 
of  similar  relics  elsewhere.  Although  my  hope  was  not  realized  before 
the  opening  of  the  exhibition  at  Madrid,  1  fully  expected  that  this 
would  draw  forth  from  obscurity  some  fine  samples  of  the  curious  art. 
My  expectations,  on  the  whole,  were  not  lealized,  and  I  was  obliged  to 
assume  that,  as  such  relics  were  not  forthcoming  on  this  momentous 
occasion,  they  probably  did  not  exist.  As  the  majority  of  specimens 
known  were,  however,  assembled  in  the  exhibition,  in  the  original,  or 
in  counterpart,  I  was  afforded  at  all  events  an  unprecedented  oppor 
tunity  for  making  a  review  of  the  remnants  that  have  thus  far  ( scaped 
destruction. 

The  present  report,  wbich  I  have  amplified  by  references  to  all  relics 
of  the  kind  that  have  come  under  my  notice  during  my  researches  in 
European  museums,  aims  at  being  a  complete  inventory  of  all  speci 
mens  of  ancient  Mexican  feather  work,  dating  from  the  sixteenth  and 
seventeenth  centuries,  known  to  be  in  existence  at  the  present  day. 
As  such  it  may  not  only  prove  useful  for  future  reference,  but  also 
stimulate  an  interest  which  may  lead  to  the  discovery  of  farther  speci 
mens. 

The  only  original  pieces  of  Mexican  feather  work,  dating  from  about 
the  time  of  the  Conquest,  contained  in  the  whole  exhibition,  were  the 
two  shields  belonging  to  the  Royal  Museum  at  Stuttgart.  These  were 
displayed  in  the  section  of  the  Imperial  German  Government,  and 
their  presence  deserves  appreciative  recognition. 

329 


330  COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID. 

A  fine  copy  of  a-  similar  contemporary  shield,  preserved  at  the 
National  Museum  of  the  City  of  Mexico,  was  exhibited  in  the  Mexican 
section.  This  shield  is  of  especial  historical  interest,  for,  after  having 
in  all  probability,  formed  part  of  the  presents  sent  by  Cortes  to  Charles 
V,  it  was  preserved  in  Austria  for  nearly  three  centuries,  and  was  only 
sent  back  to  Mexico  at  the  instance  of  the  ill-fated  Emperor  Maxi 
milian,  who  presented  it  to  the  National  Museum. 

Among  the  objects  exhibited  by  the  National  Museum  of  Washing 
ton  was  a  large  water-colored  sketch  of  the  shield  discovered  by  the 
writer  in  181)0,  at  the  Castle  of  Ambras,  Tyrol.  Since  then  it  and 
other  ancient  Mexican  relics  have  been  transferred  to  the  Imperial 
Museum  at  Vienna.  In  an  adjoining  room,  in  the  same  section,  I  dis 
played  a  similar  copy  in  oil  colors,  and  subsequently  presented  it  to  the 
newly  founded  National  Museum  at  Madrid. 

The  four  above-mentioned  shields,  illustrated  descriptions  of  which 
have  been  published',  belong  to  the  category  of  gala  shields,  such  as 
were  used  by  native  chieftains  in  ceremonial  dances,  etc. 

They  are  composed  of  narrow  strips  of  cane  skillfully  interwoven  with 
cotton  threads  and  surrounded  by  a  circular  wooden  frame.  This  foun 
dation  was  covered  with  leather,  as  in  the  specimen  in  the  National 
Museum  of  Mexico,  or  with  fine  agave  paper,  as  in  the  other  specimens, 
and  on  the  smooth  surface  thus  obtained  the  feather  mosaic  was  glued. 

The  Ambras  shield  is  by  far  the  best  preserved  and  most  valuable 
example  of  the  kind.  It  was  originally  adorned  with  a  magnificent 
fringe  composed  of  Quetzal  feathers  and  displays  a  boldly  drawn  mon 
ster,  probably  a  coyote,  whose  eyes,  claws,  teeth,  and  outlines  are 
marked  by  thin  pieces  or  strips  of  gold,  applied  in  a  skillful  and  pecu 
liar  manner. 

The  probabilities  are  that  this,  as  well  as  the  other  three  shields,  was 
among  the  presents  sent  by  Cortes  to  the  Emperor  Charles  Y.  It  cer 
tainly  belonged  to  a  nephew  of  the  Emperor  Archduke  Ferdinand  of 
Tyrol,  and  is  minutely  described  in  the  inventory  of  his  famous  collec 
tion  of  armor,  dated  1506.  In  this  same  document  the  magnificent 
piece  of  feather  work  (PL  I)  now  preserved  at  Vienna,  is  designated  as 
a  hat  or  headdress.  In  later  inventories,  when  it  had  lost  a  part  of  its 
original  decoration,  it  was  described  as  an  apron.  Subsequently  it  was 
described  respectively  by  different  writers  as  a  cloak. and  a  standard.2 

1  See  Ferdinand  von  Hochstetter,  Ueber  alt-mexikanischo  Reliquien,  Wieu,  1884. 
Zelia  Nuttall,  Verhandlungen  der  Berliner  anthropologischeii  Gesellschaft,  1891,  p. 
485.  Also  articles  "On  ancient  Mexican  shields"  and  u  Coyote  or  bear?",  Interna 
tionales  Archiv  fur  Ethnographic  Band  V,  1892,  and  VII,  1893.  Franz  Heger,  Alt- 
mexikanische  Reliquien  aus  deni  Schlosso  Ambras  in  Tirol,  Wien,  1892. 

3  See  T.  Maler,  p.  1.,  Nunez-Ortega,  p.  281,  Anales  del  Museo  Nacional,  tomo  III. 
Zelia.  Nuttall,  Standard  or  Headdress.  Foabody  Museum  Papers,  vol.  1,  No.  1. 
Compte  reiulu  de  la  huiticrne  session  du  Congrcs  International  des  Am<5ricanistes, 
Paris,  1890,  p.  453.  Ed.  Seler,  Zeitschrift  fur  Ethnologic,  Baud  XXI,  p.  63,  Ver- 
haudl.,  1891,  p.  114;  ditto,  1893,  p.  44.  Max  Uhle,  Zeitschrift  fiir  Ethnologie,  Heft 
II,  p.  1 14. 


Columbian  Historical  Exposition  at  Madrid. -Nuttall. 


PLATE  II. 


OBVERSE  OF  ANCIENT  MEXICAN  FEATHER  FAN. 

Preserved  at  Castle  Ambras,  Tyrol. 


Columbian  Historical  Exposition  at  Madrid.— Nuttall 


PLATE 


REVERSE  OF  ANCIENT  MEXICAN  FEATHER  FAN. 
Preserved  at  Castle  Ambras,  Tyrol. 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID.  331 

My  study  of  the  question  led  me  to  adopt  the  identification  before 
1596  at  a  time  when  the  feather  piece  was  complete,  and  when  infor 
mation  concerning  its  purpose  could  be  obtained  at  first  hand. 

In  the  United  States  section  of  the  exhibition  a  picture,  copied  from 
a  native  manuscript,  was  exhibited  by  me.  It  represented  a  person 
age  wearing  a  headdress  identical  in  form  and  general  character  with 
the  Vienna  original.  In  the  Austrian  section  the  picture  of  this  relic 
published  by  Ferdinand  von  Hochstetter,  was  displayed  in  one  of  the 
cases.  This  was  the  only  visible  record  of  the  existence  of  ancient 
Mexican  relics  in  the  imperial  museums  at  Vienna. 

Nevertheless,  they  possess  a  larger  number  of  fine  specimens  of  Mexi 
can  and  Hispano-Mexican  feather  work  than  any  other  museum  in 
Europe  or  America.  Besides  the  magnificent  headdress  and  the 
Ambras  shield,  the  Imperial  Ethnographical  Museum  owns  the  curious 
native  fan,  dating  from  the  time  of  the  Conquest,  which  I  also  discov 
ered  at  the  castle  of  Ambras  (Pis.  II  and  III).  Two  other  contemporary 
relics,  not  represented  at  the  exhibition,  complete  the  list  of  known 
specimens.  The  first  is  the  interesting  "  delantal,"  or  native  apron, 
intended  to  be  suspended  from  the  neck,  belonging  to  the  Royal  Ethno 
graphical  Museum  at  Berlin.  This  has  been  described  by  Dr.  Ed. 
Seler  in  his  valuable  contribution  published  in  the  Rapport  du  Congres 
International  des  Americanistes,  Paris,  1890,  p.  401. 

The  second  is  the  mantle  uof  Montezuma,"  preserved  at  the  Royal 
Museum  of  Armoury  at  Brussels,  where  I  saw  it  in  1888.  It  is  chiefly 
composed  of  scarlet  feathers,  and  these  are  attached  to  a  network  by  a 
series  of  knots.  This  unique  specimen  has  been  described  by  Seuor 
Nunez-Ortega  and  Dr.  Ed.  Seler  in  their  respective  publications  already 
cited. 

These  relics  complete  the  inventory  of  all  of  the  specimens  of  purely 
indigenous  feather  work  whose  existence  and  whereabouts  are  known. 
Unless  it  should  receive  unforeseen  additions,  it  shows  that  of  the 
many  hundreds  of  similar  trophies  which  were  sent  to  Europe  by  the 
Conquerors,  there  survive  only:  Four  shields,  1  headdress,  1  fan,  1 
apron,  and  1  mantle;  8  pieces  in  all,  5  of  which  were  represented  at 
the  Madrid  Exposition. 

The  age  and  rarity  of  these  relics  undoubtedly  render  them  extremely 
valuable  from  an  ethnological  standpoint.  A  critical  examination 
reveals,  however,  that  although  admirable  in  workmanship  and  very 
etfective,  they  scarcely  testify  to  such  an  extraordinary  degree  of 
technical  skill  or  artistic  taste  as  to  justify  the  panegyrics  bestowed 
upon  this  branch  of  native  industry  by  the  Spanish  chroniclers. 

Thus,  Fray  Toribio  de  Motolinia  wrote  that  newcomers  in  Mexico 
from  Spain  or  Italy  remained  open-mouthed  in  amazement  on  seeing, 
for  the  first  time,  the  exquisite  work  of  the  Amantecas,  who  reproduced 
with  facility  and  utmost  perfection  in  feather  mosaic,  any  painting  or 
design  given  them  to  copy.1 

1  Historia  de  los  Iiidios  de  Nueva  EspaTia,  ed.  Izcabalceta,  p.  68. 


332  COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL   EXPOSITION   AT    MADRID. 

Fray  Geroinino  de  Mendieta,  also  writing  at  the  close  of  the  sixteenth 
century,  relates  that — 

What  seems  to  surpass  the  genius  of  mail  was  the  native  art  of  producing,  by  means 
of  feathers,  the  same  results  obtained  by  the  best  painters  with  their  brushes  and 
colors.  Having,  nowadays,  had  ample  opportunities  of  seeing  our  works  of  art,  the 
faculties  (of  the  Amantecas)  have  been  enlarged  and  stimulated,  and  it  is  a  marvel 
with  what  perfection  they  exercised  their  art,  so  entirely  new  to  us,  and  produced 
images  and  pictures  worthy  of  being  presented  to  princes,  kings,  and  sovereign 
pontiffs.1 

From  this  and  further  testimony,  and  a  critical  examination  of 
samples  of  purely  native  production  enumerated  above,  it  is  evident 
that  although  the  art  of  working  in  .feathers  had  long  been  practiced 
in  Mexico  and  had  developed  a  remarkable  degree  of  dexterity,  it  did 
not  reach  its  highest  development  until  infused  with  new  life  by  con 
tact  with  Spanish  art.  Motilinia  and  Mendieta  expatiate  on  the  wonder 
ful  quickness  of  perception  that  characterized  the  native  artisans  in 
every  branch  of  industry,  and  relate  many  instances  of  their  produc 
ing  counterparts,  difficult  to  distinguish  from  the  originals  of  European 
manufacture. 

Toward  the  close  of  the  sixteenth  century  native  art  and  industry 
attained  its  highest  development  in  the  City  of  Mexico,  under  the 
fostering  care  of  the  Spanish  missionaries  who,  at  that  time,  zealously 
sought  to  educate  the  Indians  and  took  a  paternal  interest  and  pride 
in  their  talents  and  improvement.  It  may  be  a  surprise  to  many  to 
learn  that  a  few  masterpieces  still  exist  that  date  from  this  period,  and 
were  actually  intended  to  be  presented  to  "princes  kings,  or  sov 
ereign  pontiffs." 

Having  had  occasion  to  examine  these  carefully,  I  can  testify  that 
they  fully  justify  the  enthusiasm  of  the  Spanish  friars  whose  words 
of  praise  have  been  quoted  above. 

A  remarkable  specimen  of  feather  mosaic,  a  shield  (PI.  IY),  dating 
from  this  period,  was  displayed  in  the  historical  European  exhibition 
toward  its  close.  This  shield  pertains  to  the  royal  collection  of 
the  Armory,  at  Madrid,  and  is  reputed  to  have  belonged  to  Phillip  II. 
It  is  designated  as  such  in  the  inventory  preserved,  but  no  place  of 
origin  is  assigned  to  it.  During  my  visit  to  the  Royal  Armory  in 
October,  1893,  the  shield  arrested  my  attention,  and  I  identified  it  as 
being  of  Hispano-Mexican  workmanship.  Having  communicated  this 
identification  to  the  distinguished  and  learned  director,  Count  Valencia, 
he  courteously  afforded  me  every  facility  for  making  a  close  examina 
tion  of  the  shield  and  kindly  furnished  me  with  photographs  and  his 
torical  data  relating  to  the  battle  scenes  depicted  on  its  face.  As  a 
specimen  of  Hispano  Mexican  art,  it  became  endowed  with  a  fresh 
interest,  and  was  promptly  transferred  to  the  exhibition  building, 
where  it  subsequently  attracted  much  attention.  Brief  notices  of  the 
above  facts  appeared  in  a  Madrid  paper,  and  in  Science,  January  3, 


'Historia  Ecclesiastica  Indiana,  ed.  Izcabalceta,  p.  405. 


Columbian  Historical  Exposition  at  Madrid.— Nuttall. 


PLATE  IV. 


MEXICAN  FEATHER  MOSAIC  SHIELD  OF  PHILIPPE  II. 

The  subjects  are  :   The  conquest  of  Granada,  1492  ;   the  battle  of  Las  Navas  de  Tolosa,  1212  ;  battle 
of  Lepanto,  1571,  and  the  battle  of  Muhlberg,  1547. 

Original  in  the  Royal  Armory,  Madrid. 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID.  333 

1893,  but  no  detailed  description  and  illustration  of  the  shield  has 
since  been  published. 

It  is  a  large  "adarga."  of  the  peculiar,  rounded,  heart-shaped,  form 
that  was  originally  Moorish,  but  was  adopted  by  the  Spaniards  in  the 
sixteenth  century  and  generally  used  by  their  mounted  lancers.  It  is 
made  of  stout  leather,  with  ribs  of  cane,  and  may  have  been  manufac 
tured  in  Spain  and  sent  to  Mexico  to  be  only  decorated  there.  On  the 
other  hand,  it  may  be  a  clever  imitation  of  a  Spanish  shield  made  by  a 
native  artisan,  a  fact  that  would  have  enhanced  its  value  as  a  curiosity. 
The  design,  executed  in  the  tiniest  of  feathers  and  covering  the  entire 
face  of  the  shield,  shows  artistic  merit,  and  is  undoubtedly  of  Spanish 
origin.  A  broad  and  beautiful  border  of  rich  arabesque  design  sur 
rounds  the  field,  which  displays  four  divisions,  each  containing  an  his 
torical  scene.  These  represent  the  four  memorable  victories  gained 
by  the  Spaniards.  The  first  is  the  battle  of  "las  Navas,"  fought 
under  Alfonso  VIII,  in  1212;  the  second,  the  entry  into  Granada  by 
Ferdinand  and  Isabella  in  1492.  In  the  third,  the  battle  of  Muhlberg, 
which  took  place  in  1547,  the  Emperor,  Charles  Y,  is  represented  on 
horseback,  in  the  foreground,  in  precisely  the  same  attitude  and  armor 
as  in  his  famous  equestrian  portrait  by  Titian,  a  fact  proving  that  the 
artist  who  designed  the  decoration  of  the  shield  must  have  copied  from 
the  latter  original. 

The  fourth  scene  shows  the  naval  victory  of  Lepanto,  with  both  fleets 
in  action,  and  the  Spanish  conqueror,  John  of  Austria,  receiving  hom 
age  from  the  vanquished  Moors.  As  this  event  transpired  in  1571, 
durin-g  the  reign  of  Phillip  II,  the  reputed  possessor  of  the  shield,  a  clue 
to  its  age  is  afforded  by  this  date. 

A  curious  allegorical  group  occupies  the  center  of  its  field  and  con 
sists  of  two  herons,  wearing  royal  crowns,  one  bird  in  a  passive  attitude, 
the  other,  smaller  in  size,  advancing  with  outstretched  wings  and  peck 
ing  at  a  recumbent  wounded  dragon,  near  to  which  is  a  smaller  reptile. 
This  curious  group  is  surmounted  by  a  scroll  bearing  the  device,  "  Serae. 
spes.  unas.  senectae."  I  was  informed  by  Count  de  Valencia  that 
this,  translated,  signifies  "The  only  hope  of  declining  age,"  and  that 
the  group  represents  the  Roman  Catholic  faith  (symbolized  by  one 
heron),  defended  by  the  Spanish  Monarch  (symbolized  by  the  fighting 
bird),  against  infidelity  and  heresy  (represented  under  the  form  of  the 
dragon  and  smaller  reptile). 

A  close  study  of  the  group  and  the  motto  011  the  scroll  leads  me  to 
give  the  allegorical  device  a  slightly  different  interpretation,  and  to 
conclude  that,  though  made  during  the  lifetime  of  Phillip  II,  the  shield 
was  destined  for  his  only  son  and  heir,  for  the  latter  was  the  sole 
person  to  whom  the  motto  could  apply,  and  therefore  be  appropriately 
inscribed  on  his  shield.  It  should  be  borne  in  mind  that  Phillip  II 
died  in  1598,  at  the  age  of  71,  and  was  succeeded  by  the  only  surviving 
offspring  of  his  four  marriages,  Phillip  III,  aged  21. 


334  COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID. 

The  devotion  of  Phillip  II  to  the  Roman  Catholic  Church,  the  zeal 
with  which  he  persecuted  all  heretics,  his  virulent  persecutions  of  the 
Moriscoes,  and  his  care  to  cultivate  these  traits  in  his  young  son,  are 
well  known.  Phillip  II  must,  indeed,  have  regarded  his  youthful  heir 
as  his  only  hope,  and  intrusted  the  latter  with  the  prosecution  of  his 
ardent  desire,  the  extirpation  of  infidelity  and  heresy  in  his  realm.  The 
banishment  of  the  Moors,  which  had  already  been  decreed  by  Charles 
Y,  was,  indeed,  carried  into  execution  by  Phillip  III  in  1609.  In  judg 
ing  of  this  cruel  deed  it  should  be  realized  that  Phillip  III  only  ful 
filled  thereby  the  long-cherished  desire  not  only  of  his  father  but  also 
of  his  grandfather,  and  that  the  action  was  therefore  the  natural  out 
come  of  family  traditions  and  influences. 

All  facts  considered  incline  to  the  belief  that  the  motto  refers  directly 
to  the  young  infant,  Phillip  of  Spain,  and  that  it  is  he  who  figures  on 
the  shield  under  the  form  of  the  smaller  heron  attacking  the  monster, 
Infidelity.  The  larger  bird,  in  a  passive  attitude,  might  readily  repre 
sent  Phillip  II,  the  hereditary  defender  of  the  Roman  Catholic  faith. 
This  inference  is  further  corroborated  by  the  fact  that  both  birds  wear 
the  same  form  of  serrated  royal  crowns,  which  would  scarcely  be  the 
case  if  one  of  the  herons  typified  the  Church.  Moreover,  the  motto 
could  not  possibly  have  applied  to  Phillip  II  unless  bestowed  upon  him 
by  his  father,  and  the  latter  died  in  1558,  thirteen  years  earlier  than  the 
battle  of  Lepanto  which  figures  on  the  shield. 

The  manufacture  of  this  interesting  relic  must  be  assigned  to  the 
period  between  the  victory  at  Lepanto  (1571)  and  the  death  of  Phillip 
II,  in  1598.  Its  actual  preservation  is  a  matter  of  wonder  and  con 
gratulation,  more  especially  when  it  is  realized  how  narrowly  it  escaped 
destruction  in  1844,  when  a  disastrous  fire  broke  out  in  the  Royal 
Armory.  When  rescued  from  this  by  Count  de  Valencia  it  was  much 
disfigured  by  smoke  and  soot,  and  the  removal  of  these  revealed  that 
the  velvety  surface  had  permanently  lost  the  remainder  of  its  former 
luster.  Scant  traces  of  humming-bird  feathers  are  left  to  testify  to  the 
lost  splendor  of  the  rich  border.  Fortunately,  the  battle  scenes  are 
comparatively  uninjured,  and  are  of  such  exquisite,  minute,  and  perfect 
mosaic  work  that  even  in  its  present  condition  the  shield  deserves  to 
be  termed  a  marvel  of  human  ingenuity  and  technical  skill. 

It  has  a  rival  in  the  beautiful  bishop's  miter  that  belongs  to  the  royal 
treasury  in  the  Pitti  Palace  at  Florence,  and  is  in  a  remarkable  and 
almost  perfect  state  of  preservation.  Visitors  to  the  United  States 
section  of  the  exhibition  were  able  to  form  an  idea  of  the  original  from 
the  miniature  copies  partly  executed  in  metallic  colors  that  I  exhibited 
there.  The  front  and  back  of  the  miter  and  its  pendants  are  entirely 
covered  with  an  extremely  rich  design  of  a  religious  character,  executed 
in  feather  mosaic.  The  design  is  evidently  the  work  of  a  Spaniard,  for 
the  names  of  the  apostles  and  patriarchs  depicted  around  the  border 
are  in  the  Spanish  language.  At  a  first  glance  it  might  be  supposed 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION   AT    MADRID.  335 

that  the  miter  was  either  enameled  or  on  copper,  painted  on  velvet  or 
silk,  but  an  indescribably  beautiful  and  novel  effect  is  produced  by  the 
employment  of  a  background  entirely  composed  of  the  wing  feathers 
with  metallic  luster  that  grow  on  the  heads  and  breasts  of  tropical  hum 
ming  birds.  When  I  first  saw  the  precious  relic  and  made  inquiries 
about  its  age  and  origin  I  was  informed  by  the  custodian  in  charge  that 
it  dated  from  the  seventeenth  century  and  had  belonged  to  a  cardinal 
or  pope  of  the  Medici  family.1 

No  documentary  evidence  seems,  however,  to  be  obtainable.  The 
indication  given  leads,  however,  to  the  conclusion  that  the  miter 
belonged  to  the  Cardinal  \lessandro  do  Medici,  a  native  of  Florence, 
who  died  in  1605,  a  few  weeks  after  his  consecration  as  Pope  Leo  XI. 

The  relic  is  thus  assigned  to  the  same  period  as  the  Madrid  shield, 
and  the  comparison  between  the  workmanship  of  each  seems  to  indi 
cate  that  they  were  both  made  by  the  same  hand. 

A  second  miter,  apparently  of  the  same  style  of  design  and  execu 
tion,  is  preserved  at  the  Kunsthistorisches  Hofinuseum  at  Vienna.  I 
recently  learned  of  its  existence  by  a  mere  chance,  and  I  believe  that 
this  is  not  generally  known. 

In  his  article  cited  above,  Hochstetter  mentions  that  he  first  found 
the  ancient  Mexican  feather  piece,  which  he  identified  as  a  standard, 
"next  to  a  bishop's  miter"  in  a  museum  case. 

Beyond  this  bare  mention  I  know  of  no  publication  in  which  the  miter 
figures.  Not  having  visited  Vienna  since  I  learned  of  its  preservation 
there,  I  am  indebted  to  the  kindness  of  a  scientific  friend  for  the  fol 
lowing  data  concerning  it.  The  relic  is  displayed  in  Case  IV,  hall  23, 
is  entered  as  No.  48,  in  the  official  general  catalogue,  wherein  it  was 
described  as  follows  : 

Miter,  of  Hispano-Mexicau  workmanship,  covered  with  a  mosaic  composed  of 
humming-bird  feathers.  On  the  obverse  the  genealogical  tree  of  Christ  is  repre 
sented.  The  reverse  displays  a  rosebush  with  the  apostles  and  a  crucifix  issuing 
forth  from  its  flowers. 

In  the  special  catalogue  of  the  same  year,  1891,  the  following  valua 
ble  detail  is  added: 

The  word  Buenagia,  meaning  Good  Road  and  being  the  motto  of  the  Spanish 
D'Avila  family,  occurs  in  each  of  the  pendants  above  the  embroidered  arms  of  a  car 
dinal.  With  the  exception  of  these  arms  that  are  embroidered  in  silks,  the  entire 
miter  is  of  feather  mosaic. 

In  the  above  catalogues  no  date  is  assigned  to  the  miter,  but  it 
seemingly  belongs  to  the  Arubras  collection  and  consequently  ante 
dates  1595. 

It  seems  as  though,  after  having  been  made  in  Mexico,  the  miter  was 
only  assigned  to  an  owner  when  it  reached  Europe,  for  the  embroidered 
arms  could  not  have  formed  part  of  the  original  design,  and  must  .have 


Nuttoll,  Ouvrages  en  plumes  du  Mexique.     Rapport  du  Congres  des 
Ame'rieanistes,  Paris.  1890,  p.  400. 


336  COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID. 

been  an  unforeseen  and  necessary  addition  made  at  a  later  period  with 
means  at  hand. 

Toward  the  period  to  which  the  miter  evidently  belongs,  two  distin 
guished  members  of  the  D'Avila  family  held  high  ecclesiastical  positions 
in  Spain,  but  thus  far  I  have  not  succeeded  in  ascertaining  whether 
either  of  them  attained  cardinalship. 

Sancho  d' Avila,  born  at  Avila  in  Old  Castile  in  1546,  was  consecu 
tively  bishop  of  Murcia,  Jaen,  Sagonte,  and  Placeutia,  and  died  in  1625. 

Gil  Gonzalez  d' Avila  was  born  at  Avila  in  1550  (according  to  Cham 
bers'  Encyclopedia),  or  in  1578  (according  to  Oettinger,  Moniteur  des 
dates),  and  died  in  165^.  He  was  a  Jesuit,  a  canon  of  Salamanca  and, 
moreover,  royal  historiographer  for  Castile  and  the  Indies.  He  wrote 
many  voluminous  works,  the  best  known  of  which  is  perhaps  the  Teatro 
Ecclesiastics  de  la  primitiva  Iglesia  de  las  Indias  Occidental's  (Madrid, 
1649-1656).  Although  these  facts  do  not  suffice  to  establish  the  indi 
vidual  ownership  of  the  m  trr,  they  certainly  reveal  an  interesting  con 
nection  between  the  D'Avila  family,  the  Church,  and  Mexico.  It  will 
be  interesting  to  ascertain  how  and  when  the  miter  came  into  the  pos 
session  of  Archduke  Ferdinand,  who  was  one  of  the  most  indefatigable 
collectors  and  curiosity  hunters  of  his  time. 

The  three  historical  relics  that  have  been  described  are  probably  speci 
mens  of  the  finest  feather  mosaic  produced  in  Mexico  at  the  culmi 
nating  period,  when  the  best  native  workers  were  employed  in  copying 
beautiful  designs  made  by  Spanish  artists.  A  high  form  of  decorative 
art  was  thus  developed,  the  productions  of  which  rival  a  miniature  on 
vellum  for  delicacy  of  execution  and  combining  the  beauties  of  a  silky, 
smooth  surface  like  that  of  velvet,  with  a  metallic  brilliancy  of  color 
and  iridescence  resembling  that  of  the  Limoges  enamels.  When  strictly 
confined  and  applied  to  decorative  purposes,  as  in  these  specimens,  the 
native  art  of  painting  with  feathers  affords  even  now  artistic  gratifica 
tion  and  evokes  admiration  and  approval.  The  same  can  not  be  said 
of  the  curious  reproductions  of  Spanish  paintings,  usually  pictures  of 
saints,  which  became  a  favorite  and  staple  production  of  the  native 
artists.  A  few  samples  of  this  kind  were  exhibited  in  the  Mexican  sec 
tion  of  the  exhibition,  and  consisted  of  a  series  of  finely-executed  copies 
of  Spanish  pictures  of  saints,  and  a  large  archaic  head  of  Christ  of 
native  design  and  coarse  execution. 

I  was  informed  that  these  were  probably  the  oldest  existing  speci 
mens  preserved  in  Mexico,  and  that  they  had  recently  been  discovered 
in  an  old  provincial  church. 

The  only  specimen  of  the  kind  in  Europe  to  which  a  date  can  safely 
be  assigned,  are  those  which  originally  belonged  to  the  Ambras  collec 
tion,  and  consequently  antedate  1596.  One  of  these,  representing  St. 
Jerome  and  the  lion  in  the  desert,  is  still  preserved  at  the  Castle  of 
Ambras,  and  attention  was  drawn  to  it  in  my  publication  on  "Ancient 
Mexican  shields." 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION   AT   MADRID.  337 

Two  other  pictures  representing  a  Madonna  and  St.  Peter  before 
Christ  are  now  in  the  Kunsthistorisches  Museum  at  Vienna,  and  are 
numbered  24  and  25  in  the  general  catalogue. 

The  Royal  Ethnographical  Museum  in  Berlin  and  Mr.  Phillip 
Bectier  (?),  of  Darmstadt,  possess  some  fine  examples  of  the  kind.  It 
would  be  difficult  to  determine  the  precise  age  of  the  majority  of  these 
curiosities  of  technical  skill,  as  the  native  art  has  never  become  extinct 
in  Mexico,  and  is  even  practiced  to  the  present  day.  Unfortunately 
whereas  the  best  and  apparently  oldest  specimens  are  painstaking 
copies  of  excellent  originals,  the  more  modern  productions  show  a  steady 
deterioration  of  workmanship,  taste,  and  design.  A  painful  contrast 
to  earlier  productions  is  the  meritorious  but  utterly  inartistic  histor 
ical  relic  that  occupied  a  conspicuous  place  in  the  National  Museum  of 
the  City  of  Mexico,  and  is  described  in  the  catalogue  as  "Arms  of 
the  Republic  of  Mexico,  surrounded  by  trophies,  composed  of  feathers 
in  imitation  of  the  old  native  feathers-mosaic  work  by  Seiior  Jose  Rod 
riguez,  who  presented  it  to  the  congress  in  1829." 

A  brief  summary  of  the  present  report  establishes  that  there  exists 
at  the  present  day  eight  fine  specimens  of  purely  native  work,  dating 
from  the  time  of  the  Conquest.  The  exhibition  contained  the  origi 
nals  of  two  and  copies  of  three  of  these.  Of  the  three  masterpieces  of 
Hispano-Mexican  art  preserved,  one  was  exhibited  in  original  and 
another  in  copy. 

Moreover,  reproductions  of  paintings  by  means  of  feathers  were  also 
displayed,  and  thus  the  exhibition  afforded  unprecedented  opportuni 
ties  for  the  study  of  the  different  branches  of  the  peculiar  art  of  work 
ing  in  feathers,  invented  and  practiced  by  the  aborigines  of  Mexico. 
H.  Ex.  100 22 


THE  ANCIENT  CENTRAL  AND  SOUTH  AMERICAN  POTTERY 
IN  THE  COLUMBIAN  HISTORICAL  EXPOSITION  AT  MADRID 

IN  1892. 

By  WALTER  HOUGH,  Ph.  D. 


There  is  an  attractiveness  about  a  collection  of  ancient  American 
pottery  which  arrests  the  most  casual  observer.  The  forms,  having 
their  origin  from  natural  sources,  or  from  the  conception  of  the  potter, 
the  decorations  with  the  lines  of  inquiry  which  they  provoke,  and  the 
uses  of  these  objects,  whether  they  entered  into  the  religious  or  the 
home  life  of  the  ancient  people,  all  stimulate  the  mind  to  further 
inquiries. 

Looking  deeper  into  the  finished  products  the  student  is  compelled 
to  observe  the  materials — their  combination  and  temper  rendering  the 
clay  fit  for  use — the  building  up  of  the  vessel,  the  tools  for  forming, 
polishing  the  surface,  the  brushes,  the  colors,  the  decoration,  and  the 
final  baptism  in  fire. 

It  is  principally  to  this  study  of  technique  that  the  following  paper 
relates,  in  order  to  give  an  idea  of  the  state  of  the  potter's  art  in  Cen 
tral  and  South  America  at  times  more  or  less  remote.  The  material 
for  examination  consisted  of  large  collections  from  Mexico,  Guatemala, 
Nicaragua,  Costa  Kica,  Colombia,  Ecuador,  and  Peru,  with  small  col 
lection^  from  several  other  States  exhibited  in  the  Columbian  Historical 
Exhibition  at  Madrid. 

It  has  seemed  better  to  describe  the  pottery  by  countries,  although 
manifestly  the  older  culture  areas  do  not  often  coincide  with  the  present 
political  boundaries.  The  time  has  not  yet  come  when  the  ancient 
tribal  areas  can  be  accurately  determined,  but  to  the  attainment  of  this 
result  the  testimony  of  pottery  is  of  great  value. 

The  order  followed  in  this  examination,  the  results  of  which  are  set 
forth  in  this  paper,  is  as  follows:  (1)  The  paste,  whether  simple  or 
mixed,  and  the  components;  (2)  the  mode  of  construction;  (3)  the 
surface — whether  natural,  tooled,  or  burnished — the  slips  or  glazes,  if 
any;  (4)  the  ornamentation;  (5)  the  forms. 

One  of  the  earliest  discoveries  in  the  ceramic  art  was  the  degraissant, 
or  temper.  Pure  clay  paste  is  nearly  always  unsuitable,  because  in 
drying  or  firing  it  usually  cracks  from  unequal  stress,  and  especially  so 
since  primitive  pottery  might  not  be  dried  gradually  in  places  of  uni 
form  temperature. 

339 


340  COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION   AT    MADRID. 

The  potter's  art  and  all  subsequent  progress  in  the  art  depended  on 
the  tempering  of  the  clay.  It  must  be  observed,  however,  that  some 
clays  are  naturally  tempered  from  conditions  of  deposition  and  a  mix 
ture  of  clays  answers  the  purpose  of  temper.  The  selection  of  clay  and 
its  preparation  require  great  care. 

The  temper  is  of  many  kinds,  such  as  broken  shell,  broken  rock,  sand, 
ashes,  mica,  lime,  broken  potsherds,  vegetable  fiber,  etc.  The  paste  of 
unbaked  clay  lamps  of  the  Eskimo  of  the  Yukon  delta  is  mixed  with 
hair  and  seal  blood,  making  a  very  strong  ware.  The  earliest  unbaked 
ware,  as  well  as  the  bricks  with  chopped  straw,  of  the  Egyptians,  Assyr 
ians,  and  Chinese  depended  for  their  strength  and  permanency  011  the 
temper. 

The  function  of  degraissants  and  cements,  according  to  Semper, 
"besides  destroying  the  homogeneity  of  the  paste,  is  to  furnish  innu 
merable  points  of  rest  throughout  the  mass  that  reduce  the  fragility  of 
the  ware  after  burning  and  the  danger  of  cracking,  whether  through 
change  of  temperature  or  by  shock.  The  coarser  particles  serve  to 
break  up  and  distribute  the  undulations  by  which  the  cracks  are 
propagated,  very  much  as  a  fracture  in  a  pane  of  glass  may  be  arrested 
by  boring  a  hole  at  the  extremity  of  the  crack." l 

Fine  pottery  can  not  have  a  coarse  degraissant.  The  latter  lowers 
the  tenacity  of  the  paste  and  interferes  with  the  surface  finish.  The 
temper  of  shell  often  causes  the  pottery  to  exfoliate,  or  slack,  in  a 
short  time. 

The  Catawba  Indians  do  not  use  tempers,  nor  as  a  rule  do  the  mod 
ern  Mexican  potters,  where  a  mixture  of  homogenous  clays  answers 
the  purpose. 

Following  the  preparation  of  the  clay  the  next  step  is  the  construc 
tion  of  the  vessel. 

By  simple  manipulation  with  the  hands  small  vessels  can  be  formed 
from  lumps  of  clay.  Larger  vessels  can  not  be  modeled,  but  may  be 
laid  up  with  ropes  of  clay  by  the  process  of  coiling,  building  up  a  short 
section  at  a  time,  pressing  the  coils  together,  allowing  to  harden,  and 
continuing  the  process.  Coiling  is  the  greatest  aid  to  the  securing  of 
form  in  larger  vessels,  besides  seeming  to  give  a  fibrous  structure  to 
clay  by  arranging  it  in  the  lines  of  greatest  tenacity. 

Even  when  the  vessels  are  molded  in  baskets,  nets,  or  over  forms 
coiling  is  in  effect  practiced,  as  the  masses  of  clay  added  will  assume 
a  cylindrical  form  in  the  hand  of  the  potter  before  being  pressed  into 
junction. 

The  process  of  coiling  is  widespread  and  ancient:  within  historic 
times  it  has  been  practiced  at  various  points  in  this  hemisphere  as  a 
native  art  by  the  introduced  African  slaves. 

It  is  not  strange  that  the  need  for  molds  had  occurred  to  the  early 
potter  and  caused  him  to  use  baskets  and  forms,  not  unmindful  of  the 
ornamentation  so  secured  and  preserving  indelibly  the  styles  of  weaving. 

1  Semper.  Der  Stil,  Band  II,  p.  122. 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID.  341 

In  the  centers  of  American  civilization  molds  came  to  be  used,  and 
casts  for  molds,  perfectly  made,  were  taken  from  natural  objects.  It  is 
scarcely  possible  to  say  that  the  wheel  was  known. 

The  tools  of  the  aboriginal  potter  are  very  simple.  For  grinding 
the  clay  a  flat  stone  suffices.  A  shell,  bit  of  gourd,  a  smooth  beach 
pebble  aids  the  potter's  fingers  in  building  up  the  vessels  and  smooth 
stones  or  the  thumb  nail  gives  the  finish  when  the  clay  becomes  hard. 
A  sharp  stick  or  thorn  scratches  ornamentation  in  the  clay  or  a  figured 
paddle  gives  the  desired  design. 

The  spine  of  a  palm,  or  a  roughly  made  brush  of  hair,  or  vegetable 
fiber  supplies  a  paint  brush. 

When  the  vessel  or  other  object  receives  its  form  from  the  hand  of 
the  potter,  his  next  care  is  the  treatment  of  the  surface.  Here  begins 
the  most  fascinating  chapter  of  the  ceramic  art,  the  record  on  enduring 
terra  cotta  of  aesthetic  ideas,  the  origin  and  expression  of  art  forms, 
and  the  beginning  of  modeling  and  painting. 

One  often  finds  the  surface  of  the  most  ancient  pottery  rough,  with 
rude  ornamentation,  bearing  the  impress  of  rough  surfaces  and  unskill 
ful  handling.  This  is  not  alone  a  feature  of  time,  but  also  of  culture 
and  surroundings. 

There  seem  to  be  the  following  stages  in  the  decoration  of  pottery : 

(1)  Natural   surface  from    the  hands  of   the  potter;    furrows    or 
scratches  in  the  paste ;  impress  of  rough  surfaces,  as  basketry,  nets, 
paddles,  the  coiling  lines,  finger  ornamentations,  etc.,  giving  rise  to 
stamps,  forms,  and  molds. 

(2)  Applied  fillets,   bosses,  etc.,  on  the  paste    running  to  higher 
grades  of  relief  modeling  and  luting. 

(3)  Wash  or  slip-paints  leading  to  polychrome  decoration. 

(4)  Tooling  or  burnishing  to  render  the  surface  less  porous,  like 
glaze.    The  same  effect  was  procured  by  melted  resin. 

The  last  step  of  the  process  rendering  the  clay  anhydrous  and  dura 
ble  is  the  firing.  Modern  aboriginal  pottery  is  burned  in  the  open  air 
by  setting  up  the  dried  ware,  piling  around  it  grass,  leaves,  or  other 
inflammable  material,  preferably  bark,  and  firing  it  to  a  red  heat  in 
clear  coals.  The  ware  is  allowed  to  cool  slowly  in  the  ashes  to  prevent 
cracks. 

To  secure  black  ware  the  objects  are  burned  to  a  certain  degree  as 
above  and  the  fire  dampened  or  smothered  with  fresh  fuel,  sometimes 
resinous,  producing  a  tarry  smoke,  which  penetrates  the  pores  of 
the  pottery.  It  was  usually  the  object  to  produce  black  ware,  but 
frequently  the  dark,  common  ware  of  the  greater  part  of  the  United 
States  and  Africa  seems  to  have  been  due  to  imperfect  firing. 

There  is  evidently  as  much  skill  necessary  in  baking  the  ware  as  in 
any  other  portion  of  the  pottery  art.  Kilns  or  pits  in  the  ground  for 
firing  ware  may  have  been  used  in  Peru,  Mexico,  Colombia,  and  other 
American  centers  of  artistic  pottery. 


342  COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION   AT    MADRID. 

It  is  probable  that  by  certain  adventitious  or  accidental  circum 
stances  the  American  potters  may  have  produced  a  vernis  or  glaze  on 
an  occasional  object;  however,  glazes  were  perhaps  not  desired,  as  the 
porous  character  of  the  ware  was  its  chief  good  quality,  giving  cool 
ness  to  water,  etc.  With  kilns,  better  fuel,  giving  stronger  firing, 
there  is  no  reason  why  the  American  potters  should  not  have  been 
able  to  fuse  the  slip  forming  an  enamel,  or  on  stoneware  clay  to  have 
secured  the  vernis  which  precedes  the  glaze. 

The  color  of  pottery  is  usually  due  to  the  form  in  which  iron  exists 
in  the  clay  and  the  thoroughness  of  firing.  Iron  in  clay  is  nearly 
always  in  the  form  of  a  carbonate,  which  burns  to  a  red  oxide.  When 
there  is  a  silicate  of  iron  the  clay  burns  to  cream  color.  Strong  firing 
burns  out  carbonaceous  materials. 

In  the  course  of  this  investigation  the  broad  field  of  the  origin  of 
form  and  ornament  could  scarcely  be  touched. 

It  appears  that  the  first  stages  of  an  art  like  pottery  are  marked  with 
uniformity;  then  as  specialization  takes  place  centers  of  styles  appear, 
until  the  higher  advances  are  made  in  a  region  where  environment  and 
germane  causes  work  together  w^ith  man's  adaptability  for  the  attain 
ment  of  the  results. 

Generally,  in  these  collections  two  classes  of  pottery  can  be  distin 
guished,  (1)  Cult  pottery  and  (2)  domestic  pottery. 

THE   POTTERY   OF   MEXICO. 

Iii  the  great  collection  of  Mexican  antiquities  exhibited  in  Madrid 
there  was  a  vast  quantity  of  pottery,  as  well  as  stone  and  metal. 
These  objects,  under  the  care  of  Dr.  Troncoso,  of  the  Mexican  National 
Museum,  were  grouped  ethnically,  and  included  many  tribes  of  the 
Mexican  stocks. 

As  a  general  impression,  the  pottery  seems  to  belong  to  one  great 
culture  area,  with  slight  differences  among  the  Mayas,  Aztecs,  etc. 
The  two  classes  of  pottery  Avith  regard  to  function  can  be  distinguished 
here,  namely,  pottery  for  domestic  and  other  uses  and  cult  pottery, 
images,  "  idols,"  masks,  vases,  etc. 

The  art  of  the  modern  potter  of  Mexico  may  tell  us  something  of 
the  ancient  processes. 

The  manufacture  of  modern  pottery  in  Mexico  is  usually  in  the  hands 
of  men,  and  there  is  also  now  division  of  labor.  The  wheel  and  kiln 
are  used,  but  pottery  in  a  great  variety  is  now  made  as  in  former  times; 
there  is,  indeed,  an  unbroken  continuity  of  the  potter's  art  in  Mexico 
without  deterioration  on  the  whole.  The  ancient  art  can  thus  be  recon 
structed  by  the  present  art. 

A  detailed  description  of  the  processes  of  the  Indian  potter  of  Gua 
dalajara  and  the  collections  made  by  Dr.  Edward  Palmer  will  cast 
much  light  on  this  subject. 


Columbian  Historical  Exposition  at  Madrid. — Hough. 


PLATE  I. 


Figs.  1-8,  13-14. 

APPLIANCES  OF  THE  MODERN  MEXICAN  POTTER.    GUADALAJARA,  MEXICO. 
From  specimens  m  the  U.  S.  National  Museum. 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID.  343 

The  Indians  of  Tonalon  are  celebrated  for  the  manufacture  of  the 
finer  water  bottles,  drinking  cups,  animal  and  fruit  forms. 

The  clay  is  of  two  varieties:  one  black  and  tenacious,  from  the 
marshy  places ;  the  other,  a  gray,  friable,  kaolinic  clay,  from  the  high 
river  banks.  The  clay  is  dug  out  and  carried  to  the  pottery,  dried, 
and  the  two  kinds  mixed  in  equal  proportions,  as  the  white  clay  is  too 
loose  by  itself  and  the  black  clay  too  sticky. 

After  the  clay  is  ground  very  fine  on  a  metate  and  sifted,  water  is 
added  and  the  mass  worked  with  the  hands  on  a  slab  of  mesquite 
wood,  a  stone  implement  being  also  used  to  aid  the  hands.  Practice 
enables  the  potter  to  tell  when  the  clay  is  ready  for  use. 

The  ware  is  built  up  of  sections  shaped  over  a  form,  showing  that 
the  Mexican  pottery  is  in  a  transition  between  coiling  and  modeling. 

In  the  operation  the  potter  takes  a  piece  of  clay  large  enough  to 
form  the  body  of  a  simple  cup  (fig.  1,  PI.  I),  lays  it  on  a  slab  of  stone, 
and  flattens  it  out  with  the  flatteuer  (fig.  2,  PI.  I).  The  form  is  then 
encircled  with  the  sheet  of  clay  and  the  surplus  at  the  joint  cut  away 
with  an  old  knife  blade  (fig.  3,  PI.  1).  The  seam  is  obliterated  by  dipping 
the  fingers  in  water  and  rubbing  the  surface.  Another  flat  piece  of 
clay  forms  the  bottom,  and  is  joined  in  the  same  way.  Then  the  sur 
face  is  paddled  with  a  wooden  paddle  (fig.  4,  PL  I)  to  make  the  clay  firm. 

The  piece  is  then  gone  over  with  the  fingers,  taken  off  the  mold, 
allowed  to  dry,  and  slipped  with  white  clay,  called  "  sweet  earth,"  mixed 
with  water,  because  it  imparts  a  sweet  taste  to  water,  for  which  the 
Guadalajara  pottery  is  famous. 

When  dry  enough  the  ware  is  rubbed  inside  with  smooth  stones 
and  burnished  on  the  outside  with  a  piece  of  iron  set  in  a  clay  handle 
(fig.  5,  PL  I). 

If  a  pitcher  (fig.  6,  PL  I)  is  to  be  made,  the  body  is  formed  as  above, 
the  form  taken  out,  the  hand  is  inserted  and  a  roll  of  clay  for  the  rim. 
attached.  The  pot  is  then  twirled  on  the  hand  and  the  clay  worked 
with  moist  fingers  to  the  required  shape  and  thickness.  The  surface  is 
beaten  with  the  paddle  and  smoothed  with  a  piece  of  leather  or  sheet 
iron  (fig.  7,  PL  I),  polished,  dried,  and  painted  with  brushes  of  dog  hair 
(fig.  8,  PI.  I). 

The  red  and  black  paint  are  native  colors,  and  the  white  is  clay.  To 
make  the  pottery  dry  evenly  it  is  put  into  a  pit,  covered  with  a  mat. 
This  casts  light  on  the  ancient  procedure.  After  the  ware  has  dried  it 
is  burned  in  kilns  like  that  described  as  used  by  Pantaleon  Panduro. 

Pantaleon  Panduro,  an  Indian,  is  the  most  skillful  of  the  Guadalajara 
figurine  makers.  He  is  an  adept  at  modeling  from  life,  and  his  figures 
and  groups  are  much  sought  after. 

The  clay  used  by  the  figurine  makers  is  the  same  as  that  described. 
The  heads  or  bodies  are  made  either  solid  or  hollow,  and  the  faces 
squeezed  in  a  mold  (fig.  9,  PL  II).  The  finished  heads  are  shown  in  figs. 
10  and  11,  PL  II. 


344  COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION   AT    MADK1D. 

The  bodies  are  built  up  in  sections  and  the  clothing  is  made  of  sheets 
of  clay  tried  over  a  form  (fig.  12,  PI.  II)  and  applied.  The  whole  is 
touched  up  with  modeling  tools  (fig.  13,  PI.  I)  adapted  for  various  uses, 
burned  in  a  kiln  (fig.  14,  PI.  I),  and  painted  with  various  native  and 
acquired  colors  mixed  with  the  milk  of  the  mulberry  tree,  Morus  celti- 
difolia.  A  portrait  bust  by  Pantaleon  Panduro  is  shown  (fig.  15,  PI.  II), 
his  workshop  (fig.  16,  PI.  II),  and  a  group  of  the  Guadalajara  ware  (fig. 
17,  PI.  II). 

The  paste  of  ancient  Mexican  pottery,  as  a  rule,  is  quite  uniform  and 
rarely  gives  evidence  of  a  coarse  degraissant.  Experience  has  taught 
the  modern  workmen  that  the  admixture  of  different  kinds  of  clay 
answers  all  the  purposes  of  tempering,  as  did  the  shell,  mica,  etc.,  of  the 
ancient  potters.  Dr.  Berendt  has  also  found  wash  gold  in  the  paste  of 
Yucatan  pottery.  The  Maya  ware  burns  to  various  shades  from  red  to 
slate  color.  These  colors  are  found  in  all  localities,  and  are  due  to  the 
firing  and  components  of  the  clay. 

In  the  construction  of  ware  the  Mexican  potters  were  conversant  with 
molds;  some  shallow,  like  stamps,  for  the  front  portion  of  the  figurines, 
masks,  etc.,  and  others  for  the  entire  vessel.  A  portion  of  a  mold 
believed  to  be  from  the  Nahua  area  was  exhibited  and  is  the  only  exam 
ple  in  this  very  large  collection.  This  extremely  rare  object  is  the  only 
ancient  mold  the  writer  has  seen.  No  examples  of  coiling  were  found. 
It  is  probable  that  the  small,  plain  vessels  were  made  in  sections  as 
described  in  the  manufacture  of  Guadalajara  pottery.  The  complicated 
vases  were  undoubtedly  so  made,  and  the  modeled  or  molded  portions 
luted  on  and  the  finishing  touches  applied. 

The  surface  of  Mexican  pottery  was  finished  by  polishing  or  burnish- 
ing  with  tools,  and  the  painted  ware  was  sometimes  polished.  The 
natural  surface  was  sometimes  left  without  tooling.  The  slip  is  often 
missing,  having  been  dissolved  away  by  long  burial.  The  marks  of 
finishing  tools  may  be  noticed. 

The  common  pipe-clay  slip  or  paint  was  known  all  over  Mexico.  On 
the  small  cult  figures  this  slip  was  applied  with  a  brush,  and  probably 
formed  the  base  for  the  addition  of  colors  used  for  painting.  No  genu 
ine  glazes  have  been  observed,  and  if  a  finish  of  resin  varnish  was 
applied  to  the  ancient  ware  it  has  disappeared  with  time. 

Dr.  Berendt  mentions  a  vase  dug  out  at  Jaina,  on  the  Gulf  coast  north 
of  Campeche,  which  was  varnished  and  painted.1 

The  ornamentation  by  impressions  in  the  paste  are  undulations,  tri 
angles,  stars,  crosses,  and  frets,  especially  in  the  Tecos  group.  The  art 
of  inlaying,  or  forming  a  mosaic  of  bits  of  shell,  etc.,  pressed  into  the 
paste,  as  practiced  by  the  modern  potter  of  Morelos,  seems  not  to  be 
ancient.  The  bulging  or  indenting  of  the  paste  is  not. found  in  the  old 
ware. 

1  Hartt.     Pottery  among  Savage  Races.     Amer.  Nat.,  Feb.,  1879,  p.  90. 


Columbian  Historical  Exposition  at  Madrid — Hough. 


PLATE  II. 


Figs.  9-12,  15-1T. 

APPLIANCES  AND  PRODUCTS  OF  THE  MODERN  MEXICAN  POTTER.    GUADALAJARA,  MEXICO. 

From  specimens  in  the  U.  S.  National  Museum. 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION   AT    MADRID.  345 

Stamps  were  freely  used,  and  many  fine  examples  of  cylindrical  stamps 
to  be  rolled  on  the  clay,  like  the  Assyrian  seals,  have  been  found.  There 
are  also  flat,  round,  and  oval  stamps  with  handles. 

The  majority  of  the  pieces  are  painted  in  the  usual  red,  white,  and 
black  pigments  of  the  primitive  artist.  In  Mexico  for  the  first  time 
appears  a  green,  color  on  pottery.  A  number  of  Tarasco  vases  are 
painted  with  superposed  colors,  as  green  on  red,  and  the  latter  on  paste 
color,  yellow  on  red,  or  green  on  yellow  on  red.  If  this  green  is  the  cop 
per  pigment  used  by  the  Zuiii  and  Moki  it  must  have  been  applied  on 
the  baked  ware,  as  it  would  burn  black.  There  are  a  number  of  affini 
ties  between  the  Mexican  ware  and  the  ware  of  the  Pueblos  of  the 
United  States,  of  which  Dr.  Fewkes  made  a  study. 

The  designs  are  animal  or  symbolic,  and  perhaps  the  colors  are  also 
symbolic,  and  no  botanical  patterns  are  found. 

There  is  a  great  variety  of  forms  of  vessels,  from  domestic  plates, 
bowls,  jars,  bottles,  etc.,  to  the  complex  cult  vases,  funerary  urns,  etc., 
which  are  familiar. 

The  form  of  the  jicara  fruit  was  observed  among  the  Tecos.  There 
is  a  tendency  to  angularity  in  some  of  the  vases,  which  shows  that  they 
were  made  in  sections.  The  Zapotecs  seem  to  have  excelled  in  the 
manufacture  of  the  complicated  vases.  In  the  Spanish  section  a 
very  interesting  case  of  archaeological  frauds  from  Mexico  was  exhib 
ited,  and  in  it  were  many  grotesque  vases.  For  many  years  these 
frauds  have  been  cunningly  made  to  deceive  travelers,  so  that  a  Mexi 
can  grotesque  vase  or  other  archaeological  object  requires  careful 
authentication. 

Vessels  with  rattles  in  the  feet  are  frequent  in  Mexico. 

Small  figurines  are  very  numerous  and  give  a  distinctive  character 
to  Mexican  pottery.  The  finest  figures  come  from  the  Nahua  area. 
The  Zapotec  masks  are  very  good. 

Pipes  of  pottery  appear  in  Mexico  for  the  first  time.  In  the  Troano 
manuscript  some  of  the  figures  are  represented  smoking  the  tubular 
cigar-holder  type  of  pipe  of  the  Zuni,  Hupa,  and  other  tribes  of  the 
United  States. 

Censers  like  those  of  Costa  Eica  in  the  shape  of  a  ladle  are  found  in 
the  Tarasco  area.  There  is  a  number  of  musical  instruments  in  shell 
and  other  forms.  One  of  these  from  the  Tarascos  gives  the  eight  notes 
of  the  diatonic  scale.  Pottery  animal  fetiches  like  those  of  the  Zuiii 
and  Moki  are  found  among  the  Tecos. 

It  is  hoped  that  Dr.  Troncoso  will  soon  publish  an  account  of  the 
splendid  antiquities  now  in  the  Mexican  National  Museum. 

THE   POTTERY   OF    COSTA   RICA. 

Perhaps  the  largest  and  most  complete  archaeological  collection  exhib 
ited  in  Madrid  was  that  of  Costa  Eica.  There  were  several  thousand 
pieces  of  pottery,  arranged  in  the  following  classes :  Pans,  cooking 


346  COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION   AT    MADRID. 

pots,  jars  without  supports,  incense  burners,  vases  with  handles,  crocks, 
tripod  tazzas,  vases  without  reliefs,  trays,  stamps,  images,  whistles,  and 
rattles.  These  were  carefully  catalogued,  localized,  and  related  to  the 
Indians  formerly  living  on  the  areas  where  the  pottery  was  collected. 

Seiior  Anastasio  Alfaro,  director  of  the  National  Museum  of  Costa 
Rica  at  San  Jose,  deserves  great  credit  for  the  way  the  Costa  Bican 
specimens  are  in  hand  and  for  the  illustration  in  every  possible  manner 
by  maps,  paintings,  photographs,  etc.,  the  derivation  of  the  specimens 
following  the  most  approved  museum  methods. 

The  frequent  failure  to  see  the  relation  of  buried  art  works  to  the 
tribes  historically  known  to  have  occupied  the  spot  gives  rise  to  a  great 
deal  of  confusion  and  misapprehension.  It  is  pleasant  to  see  the  new 
leaven  of  scientific  candor  working  in  the  science  of  archeology. 

The  following  notes  on  Costa  Rican  pottery  by  the  late  Professor 
Gabb  are  interesting: 

The  pottery  now  made  is  the  coarsest  and  poorest  I  have  ever  seen.  None  of  the 
finely  made  and  elaborately  ornamented  vessels  found  in  the  huacas  or  graves  are 
made  at  present.  The  use  for  half  a  century  or  more  of  foreign  cast-iron  pots  and 
.kettles  has  restricted  this  industry,  and  possibly  helped  to  injure  the  character  of 
the  work.  But  two  or  three  vessels  taken  by  me  from  the  Tiribi  graves  certainly 
not  less  than  50  or  60  years  old  are  in  no  respect  superior  to  those  made  at  the  pres- 
eut  day.  Native  earthenware  is  now  only  used  for  receptacles  for  chicha.  The  "jars 
are  large,  say  from  10  to  20  gallons  capacity,  the  form  is  very  simple,  the  workman 
ship  is  rough,  the  clay  is  coarse  and  badly  mixed,  the  burning  is  almost  imperfect, 
and  they  are  always  without  the  slightest  attempt  at  ornament.  The  jars  are  molded 
by  hand,  the  clay  being  added  spirally  and  molded  by  the  fingers  and  trimmed  with 
a  smooth  stick,  in  exactly  the  same  manner  as  I  have  seen  done  by  the  negro  women 
in  Santo  Domingo.  After  a  certain  amount  of  drying  they  are  burnt  in  the  open 
air  in  a  fire  of  sticks  heaped  over  them.  Each  jar  is  burnt  separately.1 

The  general  color  effect  of  Costa  Blcan  ware  is  red  or  terra  cotta,  the 
paste  burning  rather  evenly.  In  No.  3060,  a  bowl  from  Aguacaliente, 
from  which  the  slip  has  been  partially  removed,  the  paste  shows  white 
granules,  most  probably  ashes,  which  was  very  commonly  incorporated 
with  the  clay  in  Central  and  South  America  as  a  degraissant.  The 
ash  from  bark  or  climbing  plants  yielding  most  silica  was  preferred.2 
In  the  common  Nicoya  ware  the  paste  is  coarse  with  broken  rock, while 
the  fiuer  ware  has  a  homogeneous  paste,  the  size  and  purpose  of  the 
vessel  determining  the  matter. 

Coiling  was  practiced  by  the  ancient  Costa  Eican  potter,  as  by  the 
present  Indians  of  the  country.  This  is  evident  from  the  large  burial 
jars.  The  multitude  of  small  funerary  cups,  spoons,  etc.,  do  not  show 
coiling,  and  it  is  a  question  in  the  writer's  mind  whether  coiling  was 
practiced  or  necessary  in  very  small  objects.  The  hemispherical  pots, 
Nos.  6986  to  7217,  from  Nicoya  (?),  apparently  bear  wheel  marks.  No 
molds  were  used,  and  the  modeling  is  generally  rough.  Stamps  of 
baked  clay  were  used.  The  grotesques  were  not  molded  or  stamped. 


1  Wm.  M.  Gabb,  Indian  Tribes  and  Languages  of  Costa  Rica.     Trans.  Amer.  Philos. 
Soc.  Phila.,  Aug.  20,  1875,  p.  512. 
2C.  F.  Hartt.,  Pottery  among  Savage  Races.     Amer.  Nat.,  Feb.,  1879,  p.  81. 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION   AT   MADRID. 


347 


In  many  cases  the  Costa  Eican  pottery  is  not  burnished,  but  in 
objects  of  taste  it  was  invariably  practiced  either  upon  the  slip  or  the 
body.  The  occasional  pieces  of  black  lustrous  ware  were  finely  bur 
nished.  Many  polishing  stones  were  exhibited.  As  a  rule  vessels  are 
finished  as  well  on  the  inside  as  on  the  outside. 

As  in  Nicaragua,  cream-colored  slip  is  common  in  Costa  Eica.  In 
the  Nicoya  vases  the  slip  was  evidently  put  on  with  a  brush ;  this  was 
perhaps  the  method  used  everywhere,  as  no  evidence  has  been  pro 
cured  of  a  vessel  plunged  in  slip  pursuant  to  modern  methods.  Tbe 
slip  must  primarily  be  regarded  as  paint,  and  later  as  a  means  of  get 
ting  a  background  for  relief  of  colored  ornamentation  as  well  as  a 
fine  smooth  surface  over  the  inequalities  produced  by  shrinkage  in 
baking. 

There  is  no  evidence  of  resin  or  varnish  in  connection  with  the 
finish.  A  small  image,  No.  5483,  has  every  appearance  of  having 
been  glazed. 

Quite  a  variety  of  methods  of  ornamentation  are  found  on  the 
pottery  of  Costa  Eica.  The  familiar  methods  of  incised,  punched, 
scratched,  and  applied  ornament  are  common  on  the  Nicoya  ware.  The 
crude  ware  of  the  Guetares  has  punched  ornamentation.  In  modeled 
portions  of  the  Aguacaliente  ware  the  eyes,  teeth,  ears,  etc.,  have  been 
punched  with  a  stick. 

There  is  scarcely  any  evidence  of  the  use  of  stamps,  though  many 
stamps  have  been  found. 

The  fine  ware  is  painted  in  red  and  black  over  a  cream  ground.  This 
is  the  method  pur 
sued  in  the  splendid 
vase  No.  3202  (see  Pis. 
Ill  and  IV),  from  the 
peninsula  of  Nicoya. 

Notably  in  a  few  in 
stances  red  vases  have 
been  ornamented  by 
the  application  of 
thick  slip  in  definite 
patterns.  This,  when 
burnished,  gives  a 
pretty,  slightly  raised 
or  embossed  surface, 

as  in  the  Hindu  lacquers.     This  method  applied  to  pottery  is  unique 
and  shows  great  originality. 

Animal  heads,  more  or  less  easy  of  determination,  are  applied  to 
vessels,  and  the  "  apple  pie,"  or  scalloped  border,  is  common. 

The  most  common  forms  observed  in  Costa  Eica  are  small  hemi 
spherical  bowls  and  small  ladles  called  incensarios1  (fig.  18),  but  in 


Fig.  18. 

"INCENSE  BURNER.' 

Huacas  of  the  Guetaro  Indians,  Costa  Rica.     Arellano  collection. 


'See  p.  345. 


348 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION   AT    MADRID. 


only  one  of  the  latter  has  any  trace  of  fire  been  found.  The  small 
objects  were  funerary.  A  list  of  the  forms  has  already  been  given, 
which  shows  quite  a  variety  (figs.  19,  20,  21,  and  22).  There  is  a  num 
ber  of  remarkable  globular  pottery  whistles,  or  flutes  (ocarina),  in  form 
of  animals;  one,  about  6  inches  long  by  4  inches  in  diameter,  with  four 
holes  and  mouthpiece,  gives  note  C  closed  and  then  D,  E,  F,  and 
F  sharp  (fig.  23),  specimen  No.  32,  Arellano  collection.  Another  small 
ocarina  has  the  form  of  a  bird  (fig.  24). 


Figs.  19-21. 

TRIPOD  AND  MORTAR-FORM  VESSELS  OF  THE  GUETAROB.   Fig.  22.  PAINTED  JAR  OF  THE 

CHOKOTEGOS. 

Costa  Rica.     Arellano  Collection. 

The  finest  object  of  Costa  Eican  pottery  is  the  vase  No.  3202.  It  is 
of  fine  paste,  with  cream-colored  slip  painted  red  and  black.  It  has 
the  figure  of  a  salamander  on  one  side.  (Figs.  25  and  26,  Pis.  Ill 
and  IV.) 

The  vase  merits  description.  The  shape,  it  will  be  observed  from  the 
figure,  is  that  of  the  jicara  mounted  upon  three  almost  hemispherical 
feet,  which  are  hollow  and  contain  sounders.  The  body  of  the  sala 
mander  is  in  low  relief,  while  the  head  projects  from  the  side,  being 
entirely  in  the  round.  The  artist  has  applied  the  salamander  in  a 


Columbian  Historical  Exposition  at  Madrid.— Hough. 


PLATE  III. 


Fig.  25. 

DECORATED  VASE.    (FRONT  VIEW.) 
From  the  Huacas  of  the  Chorotego  Indians,  Peninsula  of  Nicoya,  Costa  Rica.     National  collection. 


Columbian  Historical  Expoa'nion  at  Madrid. — Hough. 


PLATE  IV. 


Fig.  ;}6. 

DECORATED  VASE.  (REAR  VIEW.) 

From  the  Huacas  of  the  Chorotego  Indians,  Peninsula  of  Nicoya,  Costa  Rica.     National  collection. 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT   MADRID. 


Figs.  23  and  24. 

POTTERY  WHISTLES.      («)  DETAIL  OF  MOUTHPIECE   OF  FIG.  23. 


Costa  Rica.     Arellano  Collect; 


very  spirited  way,  with  due  observance  of  perspective.     The  ornaineu- 
ation  is  applied  in  bands  around  the  upper  third  of  the  vase,  which  i& 
25  cm.  high,   20   cm.   in 
greatest    diameter,    and 
11J  cm.  at  the  mouth. 

Though  this  vase  is  from 
the  peninsula  of  Nicoya  it  was 
probably  made  in  the  neigh 
boring  island  of  Chira,  whose 
caciqia  or  galpon  was  vassal 
of  Nicoya,  and  where,  accord 
ing  to  Oviedo  in  his  Historia 
general  de  las  Indias,  Tome  I V, 
page  105,  "se  hacia  muy  her- 
mosa  loza  de  platos  y  escudil- 
las  e  cantaras  e  jarros  e  otras 
vasijas  muy  bun  labradas,  e 
tan  negras  como  un  fino  tercio- 
pelo  negro,  e  con  un  lustre  de 
un  muy  pulido  azabache ;  y  yo 
truxe  algunas  piezas  de  esa 
loza  hasta  esta  ciudad  de  Santo 
Domingo  de  la  isla  Espanola, 

que  se  podian  dar  a  un  principe  por  su  lindeza,  e  del  tallo  e  forma  que  se  les  pide  a 
se  las  mandan  haeer  a  los  indios  asi  las  haceu."1 

The  hourglass  supports  for  round-bottomed  jars  are  curious.     There 

are  great  numbers  of  these   from  Nicoya 
(fig.  27). 

THE   POTTERY   OF   NICARAGUA. 

In  examining  the  pottery  of  Nicaragua 
it  is  found  that  the  paste  is  usually  mixed 
with  a  degraissant  of  sand,  or  broken  frag 
ments  of  crystalline  rock,  burning  to  a  light- 
red  color.  In  the  common,  heavy  ware  the 
admixture  of  sand  renders  the  body  stone- 
like.  The  dark  gray  and  black  ware  seems 
to  have  been  produced  by  smothering  the  fire 

in  burning,  as  is  practiced  in  Santa  Clara  and  some  other  Pueblos  of 

New  Mexico,  in  making  black,  lustrous  ware. 
There  is  very  little  to  show  the  methods  pursued  in  building  up  the 

Nicaraguan  pottery.     From  the  small  size  and  comparatively  simple 

character  of  the  1,000  pieces  displayed,  it  may  be  presumed  that  they 

were  constructed  entire  by  hand  from  lumps  of  clay  rather  than  by 

coiling. 

Considerable  skill  in  modeling  is  evidenced  in  Nicaraguan  pottery  f 

the  handles  of  animal  heads  and  the  grotesque  supports  to  the  tazzas 


BEST  FOE  ROUND-BOTTOMED  JARS. 


oya,  Costa  Rica. 


Peralta  y  Alfaro,  Catalogo  de  Costa  Rica.     Madrid,  1893,  p.  78. 


350 


COLUMBIAN    HISTOKICAL    EXPOSITION   AT    MADRID. 


are  well  executed.  A  kneeling  figure  of  a  woman  (No.  355)  is  noticeably 
well  modeled. 

There  is  no  evidence  that  molds  were  used,  and  the  collection  does 
not  contain  stamps,  nor  was  any  stamped  pottery  shown  from  Nicaragua. 

The  ware  was  finished  by  smoothing  the 
surface  with  stones,  etc.  The  burial  jars 
from  Ometepec  and  other  places  have  been 
roughly  curried  with  the  finishing  tool. 
Some  pieces  received  no  further  treatment, 
and  most  of  the  ware  after  baking  was  pre 
pared  for  decoration  by  the  application  of 
a  thick,  cream-colored  slip  of  pipe  clay. 
When  dry  this  was  polished,  presenting  a 
good  background  for  the  red  and  black 
pigments  used  for  decoration. 

Tazza  No.  69,  with  a  bright-red  ground, 
has  the  appearance  of  being  glazed  by 
firing.  It  is  from  Alta  Gracia. 

The  ornamentation  in  or  upon  the  body 

of  the  ware  is  either  painted,  incised,  or  modeled.  No.  379,  a  bowl  of 
common  ware,  has  a  border  of  pairs  of  double-radiating  incisions,  like 
the  arms  of  the  letter  Y,  around  the  rim.  Some  bowls  have  the  design 
inside  incised  through  the  white  slip,  resembling  the  ornamentation  of 
the  jicaras  or  bowls  made  from  the  gourd  tree. 


Fig.  28. 
VASE  WITH  APPLIQUE   BOSSES. 


Figs.  29,  30,  and  31. 

JICARA-FORM  VASES. 
Nicaragua. 

In  a  few  cases  the  body  of  the  vessels  is  ornamented  by  indenting  the 
paste,  as  in  the  modern  pottery  of  Oartajeua,  Mexico,  and  sometimes 
an  "  apple-pie"  fluting  is  worked  around  the  edge  by  the  fingers.  A 
number  of  specimens  are  ornamented  by  bosses  of  clay  upon  the  exterior 
(Barbotine)  (fig.  28). 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID. 


351 


Fig.  32. 


BELL-SHAPED   OBJECT. 

Nicaragua. 


Modeled  heads  of  birds  and  animals,  rather  true  to  life,  are  luted  to 
t-he  sides  of  the  pottery.     A  few  tazzas  upon  a  rather  high,  cylindrical, 

flaring  foot  have  the  latter  lightened  and  ornamented  by  triangular 

openings, 
^icaraguan  polychrome  ware  is  cleverly  painted  in  conventional  or 

geometric  designs  with  fine  frets  and 

borders.     These  designs  are  perhaps 

reduced  from  animal  forms,  like  those 

which   Mr.  Holmes   has    admirably 

traced  out  on  the  Chiriqui  pottery.1 
The  preponderance  of  animal  and 

the  absence  of  j)laut  forms  in  all  the 

Central  and  South  American  pottery 

is   remarkable.     The    colors    are    a 

lively  red,  black,  and  cream,  laid  on 

very  accurately,  and  were  mineral 

earths  mixed  with  water.     The  artist 

has  lavished  his  highest  skill  upon 

the  painting  of  the  tripod  tazzas,  as 

he  had  in  giving  the  form  and  model 
ing,  and  the  result  is  superior. 
The  almost  universal  globose  and 

hemispherical  bowl,  which  seems  to  have  been  the  effort  of  the  earliest 

potter,  is  common  in  Nicaragua.  The  bowl,  mounted  upon  a  bell-shaped 
base,  forms  a  piece  having  the  appearance  of  the 
Korean  and  early  Japanese  tazzas.  The  type 
of  vase  is  pear-shaped  ( jicara  form),  mounted  on 
a  flaring  base,  or  sometimes  on  three  short  feet 
(figs.  29,  30,  and  31).  The  shallow  plates,  with 
rim  mounted  .upon  the  grotesque  legs,  are  the 
best  of  the  Nicaraguan  ware.  The  curious  sock- 
shaped  burial  jars  are  also  found  in  Nicaragua. 

Perhaps  the  most  remarkable  pieces  of  pot 
tery  from  Nicaragua  are  the  bell-shaped  objects. 
They  are  always  in  red,  un slipped  ware,  deco 
rated  with  applique  bosses  closely  imitating  the 
old-fashioned  bells.  Their  use  is  unknown.  Dr. 
Carlos  Bovallius  exhibited  one  of  these  curious 
bells,  which  was  found  during  his  explorations 
in  Nicaragua  in  1890.  No.  182  (fig.  32)  is  a  bell- 
shaped  tapadera  or  cover  of  black  pottery.  On 
the  apex  is  a  figure  of  some  animal,  well  modeled. 

In  general  appearance  it  resembles  a  miniature  Alaskan  hat.     Fig.  32  a 

is  a  neatly  made  pottery  whistle. 


Fig.  32.  a 

POTTERY   WHISTLE. 
Nicaragua. 


Sixtli  Annual  Report  Bureau  of  Ethnology,  1884-85,  p.  171. 


352 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID. 


The  localities  for  Nicaraguaii  pottery  are  as  follows :  Solentinainey 
Alta  Gracia,  Moyogalpa,  Huaeas  de  Bivas,  Costa  del  Pacifico,  Zapatera? 
Ometepe.  Alta  Gracia  seems  to  be  the  most  prolific. 


THE   POTTERY    OF   GUATEMALA. 

It  is  obvious  upon  examination  of  the  Guatemalan  pottery  that  the 
paste  varies  with  the  intention  of  the  vessel,  so  that  the  potter  must 
have  exercised  considerable  skill  in  the  selection,  mixing,  and  temper 
ing  of  clays.  It  is  no  doubt  the  handling  of  the  materials,  as  well  as 

the  availability  of  good  clay  that 
have  determined  the  centers  of  su 
perior  pottery. 

The  best  ware  in  Guatemala, 
which  is  attributed  to  the  Quiches, 
evinces  care  in  the  selection  of  the 
clay.  In  the  grotesques  the  paste 
has  burned  gray,  dark  brown,  and 
almost  black,  like  those  of  Mexico. 
The  vases  and  bowls  are  of  the 
finest  terra  cotta,  sometimes  burn 
ing  to  reddish  brown  with  copper 
hues,  as  in  Xo.  177.  In  a  few  pieces 
the  paste  contains  small  white  par 
ticles  which  are  probably  ashes  or 
broken  shell.  The  "incense burn 
ers,*'  or  vessels  in  which  resin  has 
been  burned,  are  of  very  coarse 
crucible  paste,  evidently  prepared 
for  resistance  to  heat. 

The  examination  of  over  three 
hundred  pieces  of  pottery  from 
Guatemala  does  not  bring  out 
whether  coiling  was  practiced  or 
not.  The  specimens  were  small, 
however,  and  the  careful  finish  ob- 

LTUriieinam.  . 

literates  traces   of   coiling.     The 

Quiches  knew  the  use  of  molds  and  were  good  modelers.  It  is  appar 
ent  that  molds  were  used  in  Mexico,  Central  and  South  America,  thus 
giving  them  an  extensive  range. 

Most  of  the  ware  was  tooled  and  burnished ;  the  natural  smooth  sur 
face  was  left  on  the  " incense  burners"  and  upon  stamped  vases.  No 
polishing  stones  were  exhibited.  A  very  fine  cylindrical  stamp  of  stone, 
3  inches  long,  pierced  axially  and  well  cut  into  frets  was  found  in  the 
Province  of  Quiche.  There  are  a  number  of  evidences  on  the  ware  of 
the  application  of  stamps,  some  of  them  of  extreme  beauty. 


Fin. 33. 


MODERN    CARVED    JICARA    MOUNTED  IN  A   WOODEN 
REST. 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION   AT    MADRID. 


353 


Fig. 34. 


JICARA   FORM   IN   POTTERY. 


Some  of  the  Quiche  idols  bear  fine  striations,  which  lead  one  to  sus 
pect  that  the  surface  has  been  finished  with  a  coarse  brush , 

Several  vases  have  been  covered  with  a  creamy  or  red  enamel-like 
slip.  Slipping  was  practiced  usually  on  the  finer 
wares  intended  for  decoration  in  color.  The  tri 
pod  fluted  vase  of  Quiche  ware,  No.  5,  has  a  gray, 
lustrous  enamel,  which  causes  it  to  resemble 
stoneware.  The  paste  could  not  be  examined 
but  the  ware  rings.  It  is  probably  one  of  the 
few  examples  in  which  accident  rather  than  de 
sign  conspires  to  fuse  the  slip. 

The  coarse  ware  is  often  incised  with  a  crude 
ornamentation  of  short  furrows  and  numerous 
projecting  spines  and  broadly  modeled  faces 
(masks). 

The  fine  ware  is  very  well  painted  in  red  and 
black  on  creamy  ground.  The  subjects  are  hu 
man  figures,  geometries  and  the  cartouch-like 
Maya  hieroglyphics  called  katuns.  One  splen 
did  Quiche  jar  (Xo.  23),  7  inches  high  and  5  Guatemala. 
inches  in  diameter,  is  of  fine  red  paste  covered 

with  cream  enamel-like  slip,  painted  with  human  figures  and  katuns  in 
lively  red,  outlined  in  black.     The  jar  sits  in  a  similarly  painted  shallow 

dish  supported  on  three  tubular  legs. 
Yase  No.  75,  of  jicara  form,  is  decorated 
with  two  rolled-out  impressions  of  a 
complex  stamp  which  was  about  4 
inches  in  width.  The  subject  is  two 
human  figures,  and  the  stamp  as  repre 
sented  in  the  impression  is  the  finest 
piece  of  ancient  fictile  work  with  which 
the  author  is  acquainted.  This  vase  is 
now  in  possession  of  the  museum  of 
the  University  of  Pennsylvania  and 
will  be  figured. 

The  finer  vases  in  Guatemala  take 
the  globular  form  of  the  jicara,  which 
are  familiar  objects  from  Mexico  arid 
Central  America  at  present,  where  they 
are  worked  into  chocolate  cups,  carved 
or  etched  on  the  outside  (fig.  33).     In 
the  region  of  the  "gourd  tree"  these 
cups  have  been  used  from   time  im 
memorial,  and  it  is  interesting  to  ob 
serve  that  the  chocolaterias  of  Spain 
preserve  this  form,  and  that  the  old  stone  inetates  are  used  in  that 
country  still  for  grinding  cacao  in  chocolate  making. 
II.  Ex.  100 23 


Fig.  35. 


INCISED  FIGURE  AND  CARTOUCHE   CONTAINING 
KATUNS. 

From  a  Quiche-Maya  vase.     Guatemala. 


354 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID. 


Specimen  ~No.  75  (fig.  34)  represents  a  jicara  sitting  in  a  cliscoidal 
holder  or  foot  like  those  used  in  Guatemala. 

A  few  urn-like  forms  with  handles  and  grotesque  Quiche  jars  showing 
the  marks  of  potters'  tools  are  found.     The  gem  of  the  collection  is  a 

large  jicara  vase  painted  in  red  and  white, 
with  figures  of  katuns  or  hieroglyphicSo 
Dr.  Briutoii  pronounces  this  the  finest 
vase  in  existence,  and  the  most  southerly 
occurrence  of  the  Quiche -Maya  katuns. 
Another  fine  piece  of  dark-brown  ware 
has  a  rectangular  bas  relief  apparently 
cut  out,  representing  a  human  figure  with 
headdress,  necklace,  cincture,  etc.,  kneel 
ing  on  a  stool.  In  one  corner  is  a  cartouch 
containing  three  katuns  (fig.  35). 

Another  jicara  katun  vase  bears  two 
horizontal  bands  with  katuns.  It  is  5 
inches  high  j  from  Escuintla. 

There  is  a  pretty  globose  fluted  vase  of 
gray  ware,  mounted  on  three  feet  (fig.  3G). 
The  feet  are  hollow,  with  an  oval  slit  5  each 
contains  a  small  ball.  It  is  Quiche  work. 

The  incensarios  are  basins  of  equal  height  and  diameter,  bearing 
a  human  face  on  one  edge.  The  exterior  is  regu 
larly  covered  with  long  spines,  giving  them  a 
curious  appearance.  All  bear  evidence  of  burn 
ing  resin.  Some  of  them  have  lids — a  unique 
occurrence,  as  far  as  the  writer  knows,  in  ancient 
American  pottery.  ^N"o  tazzas  with  perforated 
feet  like  those  of  Ecuador,  Colombia,  etc.,  are 
found  in  Guatemala. 

The  Guatemalan  potter  modeled  idols  more  or 
less  rudely  by  the  aid  of  stamps  and  molds.    Two 

trumpets  of 


Fig.  36. 


FLUTED    VASE   OF    GRAY    WAKE. 


Quiches,  Guate 


terra  cotta, 
which  look 
like  Quiche 
work,  are 
noteworthy. 
They  consist 
of  four  tubes, 
each  having  a 
slitand  allblown  by  onemoutlipiece,  having  a  sep 
tum,  which  conducts  the  air  on  either  side  to  apair 
of  tubes.  The  sound  is  made  by  the  air  moving 
across  the  slit  in  front  like  some  organ  pipes  (fig.  37). 


ORNAMENTED   BORDER   (  F   STAND. 
Huehuetenango,  Gu;ifein;tl:i. 


Fig.  37. 

TRUMPET  WITH    FOUR  TUBES. 

Guatemala. 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID.  355 

From  Huehuetenango  there  is  a  flat,  circular  stand  supported  upon 
three  legs.  It  is  bordered  with  a  stepped  band  like  the  Zuui  cloud 
ornaments  (fig.  38).  A  finely  modeled  head  is  fastened  to  the  edge. 

LOCALITIES   OF    GUATEMALAN   POTTERY   IN   THIS   COLLECTION*. 

Center. — Guatemala,  Sacatepegue,  La  Majada:  La  Antigua. 
South. — Escuiuta,  Aniatitlan,  Santa  Lucia. 
North. — Peten,  Alta  Verapaz,  Quiche,  Coban. 

West. — Huehuetenaugo,  Quetzaltenango,  cities  of  Chiapa  and  Almo- 
louga. 

THE    POTTERY    OF    COLOMBIA. 

The  richness  of  the  exhibit  of  Colombia  in  gold  was  paralleled  by  its 
richness  in  pottery.  The  commissioners  secured  loans  of  all  private 
collections  possible  and  exhibited  superb  photographs  of  other  collec 
tions  in  Colombia. 

The  pottery  is  from  the  rich  areas  of  the  artistic  tribes  of  the  Chi- 
bchas,  Quimbayas,  Chiriquis,  and  from  the  provinces  of  Aiitioquia, 
Cauca,  and  Toliina. 

Similar  grades  are  observed  in  the  pottery  of  Colombia  as  in  the  other 
countries  treated  of  in  this  work,  the  paste  being  mixed  or  tempered  to 
suit  the  intention  of  the  ware.  Hie  paste  in  the  commoner  vessels  of 
the  Quimbayas  is  coarse,  red,  filled  with  broken  rock  and  shell,  or  ashes, 
and  the  ware  is  heavy,  dark,  and  smoky  in  appearance.  All  of  the 
Colombian  ware  which  was  seen  on  broken  edges,  or  on  the  natural 
surface,  is  tempered  with  broken  rock  or  sand. 

The  finer  ware  has  a  smooth,  apparently  unmixed  paste,  varying  in 
color  from  reddish  brown  to  fine  yellow. 

The  writer  could  not  find  undoubted  evidence  of  coiling  or  molds  in 
the  construction  of  Colombian  pottery.  There  is  a  tendency  in  such  col 
lections  to  pass  over  rude  or  broken  specimens,  which  give  an  insight 
into  the  pottery  art,  and  to  exhibit  the  striking  and  perfect  pieces. 
There  is  a  strong  presumption  in  favor  of  the  coiling  and  molds,  which 
were  undoubtedly  used  in  the  gold  objects  and  might  well  have  been 
used  in  the  seated  figures  and  certain  maskettes.  Luting  on  of  handles 
and  other  parts  was  practiced. 

It  would  be  interesting  to  come  upon  the  site  of  an  ancient  pottery 
and  excavate  it,  as  Mr.  Holmes  has  the  quarries,  or  as  the  mounds  have 
been  explored.  A  reason  stands  in  the  way  of  finding  such  a  site,  for 
the  manufacture  of  aboriginal  pottery  was  an  individual  craft,  usually 
followed  by  the  women,  who  performed  all  the  operations  from  digging 
the  clay  to  decorating  the  baked  ware.  The  prevalence  of  defined 
forms  and  ornamentation,  as  well  as  certain  qualities  of  ware  in  defined 
areas,  would  show  unanimity  of  tribal  or  area!  custom  or  practice ; 


356 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID, 


intercourse  would  bring  in  other  forms.  In  countries  with  a  settled 
civilization,  like  Mexico,  for  instance,  we  might  expect  to  meet  with 
division  of  labor,  and  perhaps  the  site  of  an  ancient  pottery  could  be 
discovered. 

The  same   procedure  as  to  surface   finish  of  pottery   obtained   in 
Colombia  as  in  other  localities.     Polishing  before  baking,  smothering 
__  some  objects  in  order  to  get  a  black  surface,  and 

the  smooth  ware  as  it  came  from  the  hand  of 
the  potter  are  all  observed  in  Colombia.  The 
tool  marks  are  sometimes  seen,  but  usually  are 
obscured  by  subsequent  decoration,  but  in  the 
ordinary  Quimbaya  ware  the  surface  has  been 
very  roughly  dressed  down.  No  polishing  stones 
were  shown. 

The  buff  slip  so  common  in  American  pot 
tery,  both  modern  and  ancient,  is  found  in 
Colombia.  In  this  respect  some  of  the  Chiriqui 
pottery  resembles  that  of  Nicaragua.  The  light 
buff  color  of  the  Chiriqui  and  other  ware  often 
did  away  with  the  necessity  of  employing  a 
wash  of  pipe-clay  slip  as  a  ground  for  decora 
tion.  In  a  very  few  cases  the  slip  was  red. 

As  a  rule  the  ornamentation  of  Colombian 
pottery,  like  that   of  Ecuador,  is  in  straight 
lines,  entirely  conventional,  whether  the  ware  is  incised  or  painted. 

A  common  method  of  ornamentation  was  by  scratching  the  paste 
with  a  sharp  instrument,  these  objects  being  unpaiuted.     Sometimes 
short  rows  of   dots  form  a  network   design. 
The  Polynesian  pattern,  which  is  a  network 
of  equilateral   triangles,    either   stamped   or 
incised,  is  common,  and,  as  far  as  can  be  ascer 
tained,  is  peculiar  to  Colombia. 

Strings,  bosses,  or  bits  of  clay  were  applied 
sometimes  in  an  elaborate  manner. 

Eaised  lines  of  slip  is  a  rare  form  of  ornamen 
tation  here.  The  human  face  and  body,  frogs, 
birds,  and  other  animals,  enter  with  great  pro 
fusion  into  the  ornamentation  of  Colombian 
pottery,  usually  in  relief.  Triangular  open 
ings  are  cut  out  in  the  feet  of  some  vessels 
or  punched  through.  Barely  the  walls  of 

vessels  were  pressed  out  into  low  bosses,  and  the  impress  of  geometric 
stamps  is  not  noticed,  however,  on  the  Quimbaya  or  Chiriqui  wares. 
Many  very  well  cut  stamps  are  found;  niost  of  those  shown  resembled 
the  Assyrian  cylindrical  seals,  though  commonly  larger.  Others 


Figs.  39  and  40. 

JAR  AND  CONICAL  BASE  AND 
KEST  FOR  SAME. 

Chibchas,   Colombia. 


VASE   WITH   FOOT. 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID. 


357 


were  rectangular  and  a  few  had  handles.      Most  of   them  were  from 
Antioquia. 
The  painting  is  always  in  three  colors — red,  white,  and  black.     Yellow 


appears  in  the  paste, 
often  tint  varying  from 
vessels  are  in  simple 

One  is  agreeably 
of  ideas  and  compo- 
Colombiaii  potter,  who 
to  taste  as  the  potter 
country.  The  great 
lombian  ware  makes 
thing  more  than  to 

The  imitation  of  nat- 
pears  to  culminate  in 
ticed  sparingly  in  Co- 
aud  melons  were  ex- 
well  as  shells,  birds,  etc. 


and  the  light  slip  has 
cream  to  gray.  Many 
white  and  black, 
struck  with  the  variety 
sition  of  the  antique 
has  quite  as  good  claim 
of  any  other  age  or 
variety  of  form  of  Co- 
it  difficult  to  do  any- 
hint  at  the  groups, 
ural  forms,  which  ap- 
Peru,  begins  to  be prac- 
lombia,  where  gourds 
actly  represented,  as 
The  globose  bowl,  which  is  a  gourd  form,  is 


Fig. 42. 
TAZZA,   WITH  PIERCED  FOOT. 

Colombia. 


not  very  common.  There  were  a  number  of  these  from  Chibchas,  often 
with  conical  base  (fig.  39).  Supports  for  vessels  of  this  character  are 
found  (fig.  40). 

The  bowls  with  a  foot  seem  to  grow  out  of  this  rest  (fig.  41).  One 
rather  shallow  decorated  bowl  of  this  kind 
from  the  Museo  de  Zea,  in  Medellin,  is  a 
beautiful  specimen  of  elegant  form,  with  small 
legs  at  the  rim  and  the  flaring  foot  with  a 
double  tier  of  cuneiform  openings  like  the 
Korean  (fig.  42). 

There  were  many  small  elliptic  cups  from 
the  Quimbayas.  A  number  of  small  gravy- 
bowl  vessels  of  dark  incised  ware,  apparently 
soaked  in  oil,  with  traces  of  burning,  might 
be  called  lamps.  If  so,  they  are  unique. 

Vases  are  very  numerous  and  of  great  vari 
ety  of  form  and  ornamentation.  Some  are  of 
human  form,  like  those  of  Peru,  with  or  with 
out  support.  One  jarlike  vase,  with  two  pairs 
of  lugs  and  flat  bottom  from  Antigua,  is  of 
perfect  Hispano-Moresqueform  (fig.  43).  It  is 
engraved,  and  the  height  is  12  centimeters. 

A  very  pretty  vase  has  the  form  of  a  bird,  with  whistle  in  the  tail;  a 
handle  springs  up  from  the  head.  It  is  Quimbaya.  The  device  of  put 
ting  small  balls  of  clay  in  the  feet  of  vessels  to  form  a  rattle  is  found 
in  Colombia. 

A  curious  hemispherical  pottery  vessel  of  the  Chibchas  has  two  lugs 


ig.  43. 
JAR  OF  HISPANO-MORESQUE  FORM. 

Antiqua,  Colombia. 


358 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID. 


and  a  bail,  apparently  imitating  an  iron  pot  (tig.  44).  Another  similar 
one  from  the  department  of  Tolma  has  two  Ings  and  the  upper  surface 
covered  over,  except  a  small  circular  opening  (fig.  45). 


Fig.  44. 

VESSEL  WITH   BAIL. 
Chibi-has,  Colombia. 


Fig.  45. 
COVERED   VESSEL,  WITH  LUGS. 

Tohma,  Colombia. 


Double  bottles  and  other  forms  resembling  the  Peruvian  whistling 
jars  are  found  in  Colombia. 

THE   POTTERY   OF   ECUADOR. 

The  pottery  of  Ecuador  shows  a  great  variety  of  remarkably  grace 
ful  esthetic  forms,  being  superior  to  that  of  any  other  country  exhibiting 
in  Madrid.  This  is  in  harmony  with  what  is  known  of  the  civilization 
of  Ecuador  at  the  Conquest  and  previously,  the  culture  status  being 
perhaps  superior  to  that  of  any  South  American  country.  Antonio 
Flores,  the  historian,  believes  that  the  civilization  of  Peru  had  its  origin 
in  Ecuador. 

The  paste  in  the  common  forms  of  Ecuador  pottery  is  tempered  with 
a  large  admixture  of  coarse  sand,  the  ware  on  the  broken  edges  resem 
bling  stone.  In  the  better  ware  the  paste  is  mixed  Avith  fine,  micaceous 
sand.  In  general,  the  ware  is  dark  brown  or  black,  very  thin,  and  well 
made. 

In  the  finished  product  there  is  slight  opportunity  to  ascertain  the 
method  of  construction.  There  is  little  doubt  that  the  method  of  coil 
ing,  so  widely  known  in  North  and  South  America,  was  pursued  in 
making  the  larger  vessels.  Some  of  the  images  show  distinctly  the 
marks  of  the  molds  like  those  of  Peru,  and  the  heads  were  made  sep 
arately  and  luted  upon  the  body,  as  were  the  handles  and  relief  orna 
ments  of  the  vessels. 

In  the  main,  Ecuador  pottery  has  the  dark  lustrous  finish,  due  to 
smoothing  stones  passed  .over  the  surface  after  the  ware  has  become 
partially  dry.  A  number  of  pieces,  however,  have  a  natural  biscuit 
surface  and  remarkably  thin.  The  Ibarra  ware  has  a  rich  Samian  red 
and  is  smoothly  burnished. 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID. 


359 


Slipping  was  not  practiced  to  the  extent  observed  in  Nicaragua  or 
Costa  Rica.  Cream-colored  slip  was  in  some  localities  spread  over  the 
surface. 

There  were  no  stamps  exhibited,  nor  does  Ecuador  pottery  show  the 
use  of  stamps.  There  were  two  carved  cylindrical  objects  like  Assyr- 


Figs. 46-57. 

FORMS   OF   ECUADOR   WAKE. 

ian  seals,  which  resembled  stamps,  but  they  were  small,  and  were  no 
doubt  beads. 

The  common  decoration  is  thin  horizontal  lines  in  red  and  white 
painted  on  the  surface.  The  large  pretentious  vases  are  laid  off  in  a 
diamond  pattern,  the  lozenges  alternately  filled  with  vertical  and  hori 
zontal  lining,  which  is  very  pretty.  A  few  of  the  pieces  are  decorated 
with  small  bosses  of  clay. 


360 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID. 


Fig.  58. 

BOWL,  WITH   BOSSES. 
Ibarra,  Ecuador. 


A  series  of  remarkable  cream-colored  bowls  from  the  province  of 

Picliincha  have  the  inner  surface  painted  with  conventional  designs  in 

black  and  red. 

Sometimes  well-modeled  heads  of  animals  are  placed  on  the  body 

of  the  large  bottle-shaped  vessels. 
The  most  graceful  forms  are  vases  of  good  outline  sometimes  2  feet 

high  (fig.  40),  bottles  with  very  large  body  and  narrow  tubular  neck, 

having  lugs  near  the  base;  also  one  or  more 
projecting  animal  heads  (fig.  47),  and  long 
pointed  amphora  vases  with  two  handles  on 
the  swell  of  the  body  (fig.  48).  The  latter 
piece  seems  very  much  out  of  place  in 
Ecuador,  but  there  is  every  reason  to  believe 
that  it  is  American. 

The  series  of  shallow  decorated  bowls, 
and  the  same  mounted  on  the  flaring  pedes 
tal,  having  triangular  openings  (figs.  49,  50, 
51,  52,  and  53)  5  a  bottle  with  cubical  body 
and  flaring  neck  (fig.  54),  are  remarkably 

Korean  in  shape,  and,  leaving  material  out  of  consideration,  would  be 

without  hesitation  referred  to  that  country.     The  bowls  are  from  .the 

province  of  Pichincha,  Yaruqui. 

Bottles  with  spheroidal   bodies  and  tubular  neck,  with  one  or  two 

handles,  are  frequent  (figs.  55  and  56).     The  form  of  the  burial  jar  is 

shown  in  fig.  57.     The    Ibarra  bowls,   of 

simple  shape  but   of  very  smoothly  tooled 

red  ware  of  Samiaii  color,  were  represented 

(fig.  58). 

A  singularly  beautiful  vase  from  the  prov 
ince  of  Chimborazo  has  an  inverted  pear- 
shaped  body  from  which  springs  a  tapering 

neck  having   two  pierced  loops  on  either 

side.     The  body  is  covered  with  a  series  of 

crescentic  waves  modeled  in  relief  in   the 

paste  (fig.  59). 

A  pottery  vessel  about  7  indies  high,  with 

slanting  sides,  is  interesting  from  the  pres 
ence  of  a  tube  leading  down  the  side   to 

the  bottom   and  projecting  about  one-half 

inch  above  the  rim.     The  tube  communicates 

with  the  interior  of  the  vessel,  which  was 

used  for  drinking  purposes  (fig.  GO).     There 

is  a  superb  gold  vessel  of  this  description  ^  >>u.ulor 

in  the  Peruvian  collection  belonging  to  the 

Spanish  Government  and  a  pottery  one  in  the  Guatemalan  exhibit.     The 

idea  is  that  of  the  European  "puzzle  jugs,"  which  had  their  origin  in 


Fig.  59. 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID. 


361 


India.  The  same  device  is  employed  by  the  Eskimo  of  the  east  coast 
of  Greenland  in  their  water  buckets,  where  a  stave  is  pierced  vertically 
and  a  bone  mouthpiece  is  inserted. 

On  the  whole,  Ecuadorian  pottery  rather 
tends  to  elegance  of  form  than  to  the  portraif 
or  grotesque  series  and  genre  forms  of  Peru. 
It  forms  a  distinct  group  within  the  boundaries 
of  the  ancient  Kingdom  of  Quito. 

Localities  in  which  antiquities  are  found  in 
Ecuador:  Pichincha,  Manabi,  Cauar,  Azoques, 
Oninte,  Imbabura,  Loja,  Cochasqui,  Cayambe, 
Yaruqui,  Guano,  province  of  Chimborazo,  Lat- 
acunga,  Chordelig,  Chimborazo,  Pujili,  prov 
ince  of  Leon. 


Fig.  60. 

DRINKING   VESSEL.  WITH  TUBE. 
Ecuador. 


THE    POTTERY    OF    PERU. 


Peruvian  pottery  is  among  the  most  interesting  relics  of  that  ancient 
civilization.  While  the  variety  of  form  is  perhaps  not  as  great  as  that 
of  Colombia  or  Ecuador,  that  which  characterizes  Peru  is  what  may  be 
called  the  portrait  or  genre  series  of  bottles,  of  which  thousands  of 
examples  have  been  perfectly  preserved  in  the  dry  huacas  of  the  coast. 
These  have  been  called  grotesques  from  our  standpoint,  but  they  seem 
rather  to  class  themselves  as  portraiture,  considering  of  course  adapta 
tion  of  the  subject  to  the  globular  vessel,  etc.  This  is  brought  out  in 
those  most  curious  bottles  representing  deformities  arising  from  dis 
ease.  Four  of  these  objects  from  Chimbote  and  one  from  Trujillo  rep 
resent  Indian  women  with  the  alae  and  septum  of  the  nose  and  some 
times  the  upper  lip  obliterated  by  a  disease  which  a  Spanish  physician 
assures  me  can  be  clearly  diagnosed  as  lupus.1  Another  represents  a 
woman  with  the  feet  eaten  away. 

A  bottle  from  Chimbote  shows  a  sick  man  with  swollen  belly.  There 
is  not  the  slightest  doubt  but  that  the  modeling  is  intentional. 

Bottle  No.  42  is  another  instance  of  portraiture.  It  represents  a 
figure  of  a  Spaniard  sitting  crosslegged,  with  one  hand  on  his  knee 
and  the  other  held  up,  with  the  index  finger  pointed  as  though  speaking. 
He  has  a  mustache  and  imperial  and  wears  a  coat  ornamented  with 
tigers. 

The  surprising  variety  of  subjects  and  the  appreciation  of  character 
shows  that  the  Peruvian  went  to  nature  for  his  motives,  and,  like 
the  cartoonist  of  the  present  day,  but  fixed  in  indestructible  terra 
cotta,  caught  the  salient  features  of  his  surroundings  coming  down 

]SeeHabel,  Archaeological  and  Ethnological  Investigation  in  Central  and  South 
America,  Smithson.  Contributions,  XXII,  1880,  p.  46,  for  a  notice  of  the  prevalence 
of  lupus.  Dr.  Briuton  tells  me  that  it  is  much  more  likely  to  be  syphilis  than  lupus, 
or  perhaps  leprosy.  Lupus  is  a  disease  of  the  soft  parts  rather  thau  of  the  bones. 
The  specimen  may  be  postcolumbian. 


362  COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID. 

into  the  times  of  the  Conquistadores  and  priests  of  the  new  God,  leaving 
abundant  material  for  the  reconstruction  of  his  remarkable  history. 

The  high  organization  of  society  in  Peru,  as  elsewhere,  had  a  tendency 
to  produce  objects  of  luxury  and  to  foster  art. 

They  were  adept  modelers,  and  made  molds  of  their  subjects  as  well 
as  taking  casts  for  molds  from  gourds,  fruit,  and  other  natural  forms 
which  can  be  specifically  identified. 

According  to  Wiener  (p.  632),  the  tradition  is  that  the  vessels  were 
placed  in  a  heap  of  tacquia,  or  llama  dung,  and  the  fire  blown  up  by 
men  with  tubes  of  rush  (cane?),  as  is  practiced  at  the  present  time. 

A  section  of  the  finer  Peruvian  ware  shows  a  smooth  paste  without 
degraissant,  gray  blue,  with  a  thin  exterior  layer  of  red,  due  to  burn 
ing.  This  is  the  character  of  paste  in  the  bottle  series  and  finer  ware. 

It  has  been  stated  that  the  Peruvians  mixed  with  the  clay  graphite, 
charcoal,  broken  rock,  and  even  wash  gold  as  in  Yucatan.  ~No  data 
has  been  had  to  verify  these  statements  from  the  collection  shown  in 
Madrid,  where  little  common  ware  was  displayed.1 

As  already  stated,  the  Peruvians  were  expert  modelers,  and  used 
molds  almost  altogether.  These  molds  may  have  been  half  sections, 
where  the  objects  were  alike  on  both  sides,  but  were  generally  in  two 
or  more  sections.  The  lines  where  the  parts  were  luted  together  often 
show.  In  the  Royal  Archaeological  Museum  at  Madrid  there  are  in 
some  cases  three  casts  from  the  same  mold.  Generally,  each  vessel 
was  modified  by  a  longer  or  shorter  spout,  the  application  of  other  fea 
tures,  or  the  skillful  use  of  modeling  tools  to  change  the  expression  of 
faces,  etc.  Undercuts  were  necessarily  avoided.  Molds  have  not  been 
discovered  in  Peru,  to  the  best  of  the  writer's  knowledge,  and  it  would 
be  well  for  explorers  to  be  on  the  alert  for  such  relics.  Perhaps  in  the 
huacas  a  potter's  outfit  may  be  found,  as  have  those  of  the  weavers  and 
other  crafts. 

Coiling  has  not  been  observed.  There  is  a  suspicion  in  some  minds 
that  the  Peruvians  were  familiar  with  the  potter's  wheel;  indeed,  some 
vessels  are  so  symmetrical  that  they  look  as  though  they  had  been 
thrown. 

Peruvian  pottery  divides  itself  pretty  sharply  into  the  terra  cotta 
ware,  with  polychrome  decoration,  and  the  black,  lustrous  ware,  which 
has  been  stamped  or  incised.  The  latter  was  probably  blackened  by 
smoke  by  the  known  method. 

Kearly  all  the  ware  is  finely  burnished.  At  present  the  natives  of 
the  interior  secure  this  polish  by  going  over  the  surface  of  the  ware 
with  the  thumb  nail  of  the  right  hand.2 

Cream-colored  pipeclay  slip  was  applied  to  the  decorated  ware. 
Sometimes  the  vessels  were  covered  with  the  slip,  but  mainly  it  was 
used  as  a  color.  Spherical  bowl  No.  G  has  cream  slip  on  the  upper 

1  See  Wiener,  Perou  et  Bolivie,  p.  650. 

2  Wiener,  Perou  et  Bolivie,  p.  631. 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID. 


363 


portion  and  below  a  wide  band  of  red,  with  the  junction  covered 
with  a  black  line.  The  burnished  slip  often  resembles  a  glaze.  No. 
1530  (Museo  Arqueologico,  Madrid)  is  an  obscure  yellow  vase  with  a 
hard  vitreous  glaze  (enamel?).  This  is  the  only  glaze  observed.  The 
locality  and  period  is  not  known. 

The  colors  used  in  the  ornamentation  of  Peruvian  pottery  are  cream 
or  white,  black,  and  red.  No  other  colors  than  these  have  ever  been 
observed  on  American  pottery  outside  of  Mexico.  The  painted  designs 
are  quite  often  the  human  or  animal  figures,  somewhat  realistic,  follow 
ing  the  modeled  ware  and  textiles.  These  designs  have  been  further 
elaborated  into  grecques.  The  clothing,  etc.,  of  the  relief  ware  is 
outlined  and  ornamented  in  colors. 

The  black  ware  is  modeled,  incised,  and  stamped,  and  has  received  no 
treatment  with  color.  Some  vases*  from  near  Cuzco  are  covered  with 
lines  of  "rickrack,"  or  Polynesian  pat 
tern,  as  though  following  the  lines  of 
coiling  like  the  ancient  Zuni  vessels. 
Many  of  the  vessels  are  ornamented 
with  short,  straight  lines  like  those  of 
Ecuador.  One  finds  fillets,  lozenges, 
meanders,  serpents,  stars,  the  frog,  the 
bat-headed  serpent,  etc.,  used  for  orna 
mentation. 

Common  as  well  as  fine  pottery  is 
found  in  the  huacas  of  Peru,  no  doubt 
determined  by  the  social  condition  of 
the  dead.  The  common  ware  consists 
of  round  bowls  or  jars,  undecorated 
and  rudely  finished,  which  can  be  du 
plicated  anywhere. 

There  are  many  survivals  from  an 
cient  times  in  modern  Peru,  and  the  comparative  ethnologist  has  no 
difficulty  in  establishing  connections  with  precolumbian  times.     Mr. 
Dorsey  has  lately  made  some  studies  on  this  point,  Avhich  he  presented 
before  the  International  Congress  for  Anthropology  at  Chicago. 

There  has  been  some  conjecture  as  to  the  intention  of  the  portrait 
series  of  bottles.  Mr.  Wiener  thinks  that  the  ornamentation,  or  glori 
fication,  of  the  drinking  vessel  explains  the  matter.  It  would  seem, 
also,  that  there  was  rivalry  among  the  potters,  as  the  Eskimo  seeks 
the  honor  of  producing  the  most  elaborate  and  striking  mask  for  the 
feast  of  the  returning  sun. 

The  subjects  of  the  bottles  are  fruits  and  animals,  of  which  the 
specific  names  can  be  ascertained;  architecture  (No.  728,  Museo  Arque- 
ologico,  Madrid)  is  an  U-shaped  house  with  high-pitched  roof,  with  win 
dows  in  the  gables  and  court  (fig.  61),  prisoners  with  hands  tied  behind, 
like  those  hewn  from  wood;  suppliants,  deformed  persons,  priests, 
warriors,  portrait  groups,  etc. 


Fig.  61. 


BOTTLE    IN   FORM   OF   A  HOUSE. 


364 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID. 


The  whistling  water  bottles  are  most  ingenious.  One  fine  specimen, 
owned  by  the  Government  of  Ecuador,  has  the  form  of  a  turkey  and 
accurately  imitates  several  cries  of  that  fowl.  Another  form,  called 


Fig,  62. 

POTTERY  TRUMPET. 
Yuncas,  Peru. 

the  u  weeping  bottle,"  has  the  porous  ware  thin  at  the  corners  of  the 

eyes  of  the  figure  so  that  the  water  exudes  slowly  and  drops  like  tears. 

"Puzzle  bottles,"  like  those  of  India,  have  been  found,  formed  of  an 

interior  arrangement  of  spiral  tubes 
and  from  which  the  fluid  can  only  be 
poured  by  inclining  the  bottle  in  a 
certain  way. 

Two  trumpets  of  pottery  on  the 
principle  of  the  cornet  were  exhib 
ited.  They  were  made  by  folding  a 
pottery  tube  40  inches  long  on  itself 
(fig.  G2),  and  they  accurately  give  the 
fundamentals  of  the  cord.  Other  fig 
ures  play  on  the  pan  pipe. 

A  large,  flat-bottomed  bottle,  with 
handles,  and  (fig.  G3)  a  black  vase 
with  fluted  body,  like  those  of  Ecua 
dor,  were  exhibited. 

Wide-mouthed  vases',  shaped  like 
the  cult  vases  of  Egypt,  in  pottery 
and  wood,  are  frequent.  In  the 
Spanish  collection  they  were  labeled 
"cult  vases."  They  are  figured  in 

Wiener,  page  626.     Ladle-shaped  "incensarios,"  with  masks  at  the 

end  of  the  handle,  are  also  found. 


Fig.  63. 


LARGE  BOTTLE  LIKE  THOSE  OF  ECUADOR. 


THE    POTTERY  OF   SANTO   DOMINGO 


From  the  island  of  Santo  Domingo  were  exhibited  small  idols  or  fig 
ures  of  pottery,  some  from  the  caves  of  Ootui  and  Samana,  the  last 
residence  of  the  Indians,  and  the  cave  of  Santa  Anna.  There  was 
also  a  small  pottery  jar. 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID.  365 

THE    POTTERY   OF   ARGENTINE. 

The  Argentine  collection  was  represented  by  seventy- nine  aquarelles 
of  pottery,  principally  funerary  urns,  a  large  number  containing  remains 
of  adults  and  children.  In  quality  the  pottery  ranges  from  coarse 
bowls  to  higher  painted  and  modeled  forms.  In  the  painted  vases  the 
conventional  human  face  and  body,  and  also  the  serpent,  predominate. 
They  are  all  from  the  province  of  Catamarca. 

THE  POTTERY   OF   URUGUAY. 

In  the  archa3ological  collection  from  Uruguay  there  were  some  frag 
ments  of  pottery  and  one  large  broken  jar.  The  ware  has  a  coarse 
paste  consisting  of  clay  mixed  with  sand  and  shell  and  is  imperfectly 
baked.  The  surface  is  rough  and  has  a  rude  ornamentation  of  dots 
a/nd  straight  lines  scratched  in  the  paste.  In  a  few  cases  painted  ves- 
els  are  ornamented  in  the  mounds  of  Vizcauio  and  Soriano,  showing 
different  combinations  of  curved  and  right  lines  in  red  and  white  paint. 

The  usual  form  is  globular  and  conical,  pierced  at  the  rim  for  suspen 
sion.  Funerary  urns  occur. 

PERUVIAN  AND  MEXICAN  POTTERY  FROM  THE  GERMAN  COLLECTIONS. 

In  the  German  section  there  were  numerous  water  colors  from  objects 
collected  by  Herman  Strebel  in  the  State  of  Vera  Cruz,  Mexico.  The 
ancient  civilization  in  that  State  is  of  the  Totonacs  and  Chichimecs. 

Many  chromolithographic  plates  taken  from  the  great  work  of  Eeiss 
and  Stiibel  entitled  "The  Necropolis  of  Ancon  in  Peru"  were  exhibited. 


CHIPPED  STONE  IMPLEMENTS  AT  THE  COLUMBIAN  HISTORI 
CAL  EXPOSITION  AT  MADRID,  IN  JANUARY,  1893. 


By  HENRY  C.  MERCER, 

Curator  of  the  M  isenm  of  American  and  Prehistoric  Archaeology  at  the  University 

of  Pennsylvania. 


That  portion  of  the  Exposicion  Historico- Americana  in  Madrid  which 
aimed  to  illustrate  the  condition  of  aboriginal  man  in  North  and  South 
America  at  the  time  of  the  coming  of  Columbus  offered  a  valuable  oppor 
tunity  to  the  student. 

Easy  walks  from  one  room  to  another  showed  a  series  of  objects  col 
lected  without  concerted  purpose  from  many  regions  in  both  continents, 
which  series  as  it  stretched  in  perspective  from  Bering  Strait  to  Pata 
gonia  confronted  us  with  important  suggestions. 

Again  we  speculated  upon  the  origin  of  the  red-skinned  people  found 
by  the  discoverer.  Passing  by  the  builder  of  mounds  and  the  Cliff 
Dweller,  the  Aztec  and  the  Maya,  the  Inca  and  the  Carib,  Ave  were 
reminded  of  the  River  Drift  man  of  Trenton,  while  the  dispute  waged 
as  to  the  evidence  of  his  existence,  and  of  the  inhabitant  of  Table 
Mountain,  who  has  upset  archaeological  theories  by  polishing  his  stone 
implements,  it  is  said,  in  Tertiary  times. 

In  the  series  of  human  relics  so  gathered  and  arranged,  ~ve  met 
disappointing  gaps  and  realized  too  often  the  lack  of  that  intelligent 
gleaning  which  seizes  every  fragment  of  the  lost  tale;  for  which  the 
chip,  the  broken  hammer,  the  neglected  potsherd,  and  charcoal  have 
their  full  meaning  and  every  stone  tells  its  story. 

But  making  the  most  of  what  we  saw  and  turning  to  the  special  ques 
tion  which  confined  our  attention,  we  asked  no  more  of  the  specimens 
than  what  they  might  tell  of  that  craft  which  so  much  concerned  man 
kind  in  the  ages  of  its  infancy,  the  chipping  of  stone  tools.  What  might 
these  primitive  implements  unfold  to  us  of  the  secrets  of  that  ancient 
apprenticeship  which  all  humanity  has  served?  What  clues  did  they 
offer  to  the  losv  story  of  our  ancestry? 

How  were  these  knives,  awls,  celts,  and  scrapers  made?  Whence 
came  the  varied  material?  How  was  it  discovered,  quarried,  and 
transported?  Shall  the  finished  forms  tell  us  of  the  culture  of  their 
maker,  and  shall  we  discover  in  flaked  stones  evidence  in  America  of 
a  time  Avhen  the  art  of  Stone  Age  humanity  was  in  its  infancy,  when 
man,  as  in  Europe,  only  chipped  and  had  not  learned  to  polish  the 
hardened  material;  when  pot  making,  skin  dressing,  cord  twisting, 

367 


368 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID. 


aud  fishing  with  nets  were  unknown  arts;  when  the  early  American, 
like  the  modern  Australian  or  Andamanese,  was  yet  ignorant  of  the 
use  of  the  bow? 

We  must  think  that  even  the  art  of  chipping  stone  had  its  beginning; 
that  at  some  time  in  the  past,  man,  once  ignorant  of  it,  learned  it;  that 
somewhere  upon  the  earth  lie  fractured  rocks  to  tell  us,  did  we  know 
their  secret,  of  that  moment  when  an  ancestor  chipped  one  for  the  first 
time.  To  pick  up  two  bowlders  and  knock  with  one  a  piece  from  the 
other  is  to  force  the  thought  upon  ourselves,  as  we  feel  the  sharp  edge 
of  the  fragment,  that  this  makeshift  knife,  this  tool  of  many  uses, 
fashioned  anywhere  at  a  blow,  was  man's  first  implement  of  stone.1 

THE  CHIP. 

The  chip,  as  a  knife  or  other  implement,  is  probably  too  simple  to 
have  been  preceded  by  any  other  stone  form,  too  handy  ever  to  have 
been  laid  aside  by  humanity  in  its  age  of  stone. 


Fig.  1. 

JASPER  NUCLEI  AND  FLAKES. 

Made  by  ancient  stone  workers,  gathered  about  the  edges  of  the  old   diggings  at  the  aboriginal  jasper  quarry  and  blade  workshop  at 

Flint  Ridge,  Licking  County,  Ohio. 

Anyone  would  recognize  as  of  human  make  the  thin,  narrow,  flakes  of 
jasper  collected  by  Mr.  Gerard  Fowke  from  Flint  Eidge,  Ohio,  and 
the  attractive  nuclei  from  which  they  have  been  worked,  as  exhibited 
by  the  Smithsonian  Institution  (fig.  1),  and  in  the  cases  of  the  Uni 
versity  of  Pennsylvania,  and  be  inclined  to  assign  for  them  an  ancient 
use.  No  doubt  many  of  them  were  bound  in  handles  with  thongs,  like 
the  mounted  bitts  of  hoop  iron  from  Alaska,  or  set  in  with  glue  like  that 
made  of  boiled  fish  and  bones  and  wild  cherry  gum  mentioned  by  Peter 
Kalm.  So  with  the  similar  chips  of  obsidian  and  flint  in  the  Mcara- 
guan  exhibit,  while  it  would  be  easier  still  to  label  as  human  relics  the 

'See  for  an  argument  that  man  was  a  stone  batterer  and  polisher  (Neolithic)  before 
he  became  a  stone  chipper,  and  that  the  so-called  Palaeolithic  status  of  culture  never 
existed,  Mr.  J.  D.  McGuire's  paper  in  the  American  Anthropologist  lor  July,  1893. 


COLUMBIAN   HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION   AT    MADRID. 


369 


exquisite  cores  and  flakes  of  obsidian  from  Mexico  (fig.  2,  from  Mexican 
exhibit),  which  Torquemada  and  Hernandez  say  were  pressed  off  by 


Fig'.  2. 

FLAKES  OF  VOLCANIC  GLASS  OR  OBSIDIAN. 

Gathered  at  surface  sites  in  Mexico,  such  flakes   as  Torquemada  saw  ancient  Mexicans  producing  by  pressure  with  long   punches. 
Their  razor-like  edges  were  sometimes  used  for  shaving.     Three  specimens  in  the  cut  have  been  twisted  by  heat. 

wooden  punches  held  against  the  breast,  and  sometimes  used  by  cer 
tain  Spaniards  for  shaving  their  beards.1 


Fig.  3. 
CHIPPED  RIVER  PEBBLES  AND  PEBBLE  CHIPS,    PROBABLY  USED  BY  INDIANS  AS  IMPLEMENTS. 

Found  at  surface  village  sites  in  the  Delaware  and  Susquehanna  Valleys. 

Those  ruder  chips  of  argillite,  sandstone,  quartzite,  or  slate  (fig.  3), 
so  familiar  to  the  American  student,  which  we  believe  would  have 


of  these  (see  fig.  2,  Mexican  Museum,  Nos.  1635,  1636,  1637)  seem  altogether 
too  contorted  to  have  been  flaked  in  their  present  shape,  though  passing  them 
through  a  hot  fire,  it  ia  thought,  would  account  for  the  twists. 

H.  Ex.  100  -  24 


370 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID. 


taken  the  place  of  the  finer  material  in  the  hands  of  the  man  who  had 
not  yet  discovered  it,  are  far  less  easy  to  identify  as  knives  and  as  they 
are  less  attractive  to  the  collector  it  is  not  surprising  that  there  are 
none  of  them  in  the  exhibit. 

Fearing  to  confuse  with  them  any  of  the  multitude  of  similar  chips 
cast  away  in  the  process  of  making  other  implements,  we  must  find 
them  closely  associated,  as  has  been  done,  with  charcoal,  animal  remains, 
and  shells,  at  fire  sites  and  in  caves;  or  mounted,  like  the  Australian 
chips,  in  their  handles  of  "Black-boy"  gum,  to  prove  that  such  stones 
were  used  by  man  to  cut  meat,  scrape  bones,  or  open  mollusks.  The 


Fig.  4. 
TESHOAS  (discoidal  implements  produced  by  Indiana  at  a  single  blow  on  the  convex  surface  of  a  pebble) 

AXD  PEBBLES  FROM  WHICH  TESHOAS  HAVE  BEEN  CHIPPED 

Found  at  surface  village  sites  in  the  Delaware  and  cusquehanna  Valleys. 

coarser  the  material  the  coarser  might  we  expect  to  find  the  chip 
knife.  While  the  tools  shown  in  figs.  1  and  2,  if  we  are  to  believe  Tor- 
quemada,  were  made  by  direct  pressure,  others,  as  the  bulb  of  percus 
sion  would  indicate,  must  have  been  produced  by  blows. 

Dr.  Joseph  Leidy,  in  1870,  saw  the  Shoshones  knocking  off  the 
smooth  sides  of  water- worn  pebbles  to  make  "teshoas"or  hide  scrapers 
(see  Hayden's  United  States  Geological  Eeport  for  1870),  and  many  of 
the  ancient  camp  sites  in  the  Delaware  and  Susquehanna  valleys  are 
scattered  with  the  pebbles  from  which  these  disks,  it  seems,  have  been 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID.  371 

knocked,  and  the  disks  themselves  (see  fig.  4),  so  excellently  adapted  for 
cutting  that  we  wonder  how  or  why  any  other  knife  was  used.1 

The  pebble  nucleus  would  take  another  form  when  these  knives 
were  knocked  off  in  greater  number,  and  from  the  sides  rather  than  the 
middle  of  the  stone.  (See  fig.  3. ) 

ARROW   AND    SPEAR    HEADS. 

A  first  glance  at  the  arrow  and  spear  heads  (see  fig.  o)  (including 
scrapers,  perforators,  small  leaf-shaped  blades,  etc.)  continually  dupli 
cated  from  many  parts  of  the  New  World  would  almost  persuade  us  that 
nothing  original  or  distinctive  had  been  found  anywhere;  that  to  mix 
a  score  of  the  obsidian,  chert,  or  flint  points  of  the  Shoshones,  Sioux, 
or  Eskimo  with  similar  weapons  from  Uruguay,  Ecuador,  or  Central 
America  would  be,  save  for  the  clue  from  the  origin  of  their  materials, 
to  hopelessly  lose  trace  of  their  parentage. 

There  is  great  variety  in  the  kind  of  stone  used,  which  I  had  no 
means  of  having  lithologically  described  (though  the  forms  of  jasper 
and  obsidian  predominate),  and  in  the  size,  the  average  being  about  1J 
inches  in  length. 

The  large  spears,  as,  for  instance,  the  fourteen  specimens  of  whitish 
hornstone  from  Pike  County,  Arkansas  (of  shape  18,  fig.  5),  in  the 
National  Museum  exhibit,  one  of  which  was  12  inches  long;  a  similar 
one  from  Uruguay,  and  one  of  the  same  shape  from  New  Jersey,  meas 
uring  6  inches,  in  the  University  of  Pennsylvania  exhibit;  an  obsidian 
dagger  (of  form  75,  fig.  5),  7J  inches  long,  and  a  large  saw-toothed  spear 
of  hornstone,  3J  inches  long,  in  the  Mexican  exhibit,  will  be  considered 
separately  under  the  head  of  large  leaf-shaped  blades.  But  after  care 
ful  sorting  it  will  be  seen  that  even  arrow  and  spear  heads  have  their 
characteristics. 

Fig.  5  speaks  for  itself,  but  we  notice  specially  the  dull,  blunted  form 
(No.  5)  with  which  most  farmers'  boys  in  the  United  States  are  familiar, 
having  a  sharp  edge,  a  specimen  of  which  (No.  11)  from  Alexander 
County,  North  Carolina,  is  exemplified  in  the  Austrian  exhibit,  and 
which  might  have  been  mounted  for  use  as  a  scraper,  or  as  a  dull 
arrowhead  for  stunning  animals.  It  is  also  found  in  Mexico  (No.  91), 
though  not  represented  elsewhere. 

Whoever  has  seen  the  small  French  blades  of  Mousterian  pattern,  so 
easily  made  where  good  flakes  were  at  hand  by  chipping  one  side  only, 
must  have  wondered  why  the  form  is  not  more  common  among  North 
American  specimens,  but  here  it  is  at  last,  No.  14,  from  Maine  (National 
Museum,  No.  98478),  and  common  enough  in  Mexico  (see  No.  90  of 

]See  paper  "  River  pebbles  chipped  by  modern  Indians  as  a  clue  to  the  study  of 
Trenton  gravel  implements,"  Proceedings  of  the  American  Association  for  the 
Advancement  of  Science,  Vol.  XLI,  1892. 


372 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID. 


obsidian  from  Mexico),  with  Nos.  32,  33,  and  34  of  obsidian  from  Nica 
ragua  (see  Nicaraguan,  Nos.  1187-1189). 

The  jasper  form  (No.  29),  from  the  United  States  (mounted  in  the 
National  Museum  exhibit,  we  find  again  in  the  United  States  of 
Colombia  (No.  63),  and  in  Mexico,  somewhat  modified,  in  Nos.  70,  72,  74, 
81,  and  82  of  obsidian. 


OUTLINES  OF  ALL  THE    FORMS  OF    ARROW    HEADS  AND    SMALLER  BLADES,    FROM  NORTH  AND  SOUTH 

AMERICA. 

Exhibited  at  Madrid  Exposition. 

The  narrow,  elongated  form  sometimes  referred  to  as  of  possible 
Eskimo  origin,  common  in  argillite  in  the  Delaware  Valley  (see  Kos. 
23  and  24),  we  see  in  Uruguay  (No.  35),  and  in  Mexico  (No.  80).  The 
forms  more  common  in  the  United  States,  it  would  seem,  than  in  South 
America,  and  vulgarly  called  "  war  arrows"  (see  Nos.  8,  9,  20,  and  22), 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION   AT    MADRID.  373 

easily  run  into  the  shapes  from  Uruguay  (Nos.  37  and  42),  northwest 
coast  (No.  50),  United  States  of  Colombia  (Nos.  59  and  60),  and  Mexico 
(Nos.  79  and  84). 

No.  89,  the  double-pointed  arrowhead  from  Mexico,  is  unique,  as  is  the 
double-based  one,  No.  10,  and  the  curious  No.  19  from  North  Carolina; 
so  is  the  eccentric  unsymrnetrical  No.  26  of  white  hornstone  from  Santa 
Barbara,  Cal. 

The  saw-edged  arrowhead  in  the  United  States  series  (Nos.  1  and  25) 
occurs  in  Mexico  in  Nos.  76  and  77,  but  there  is  nothing  anywhere  shown 


CHIPS  OF  OBSIDIAN,  WOBKED   ONLY  AT  THE  BASE  AND  MOUNTED  AS  BLADES,  by  the  HOW  extinct  natives 

of  Easter  Island.     (British  Museum.) 

(  By  the  kind  permission  of  Mr.  Charles  H.  Read. ) 

like  the  Mexican  form  of  obsidian  (No.  92),  of  which  the  only  point  spe 
cialized  is  the  base,  the  rest  being  left  to  the  chance  of  natural  cleavage, 
however  unsym metrical,  and  while  we  wonder  that  arrowheads  and 
knives  were  not  more  often  made  in  this  way,  and  ask  whether  future 
research  will  not  prove  the  pattern  to  have  been  one  of  the  primitive 
and  original  forms  of  the  arrowhead,  we  must  rest  content  to  compare 
it  with  the  larger  shapes  of  obsidian,  sometimes  8  inches  in  breadth, 
but  of  the  same  unspecialized  character,  made  and  used  by  the  Easter 
Islanders.  (See  two  mounted  specimens,  fig.  6,  from  the  British  Museum.)1 

1  Compare  National  Museum  Report  for  1889,  article  by  W.  J.  Thomson. 


374  COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID. 

Moreover,  not  all  the  smaller  blades  in  the  above  series  are  chipped. 
Nos.  16  and  17,  representing  the  specimens  from  Maine, "KewNTork,  and 
Alaska,  are  of  polished  slate  (National  Museum,  Nos.  6375,  65^,  30758, 
and  62097),  and  these  are  almost  duplicated  by  the  Alaskan  and  Cuban 
examples  of  polished  slate  in  the  Spanish  exhibit,  No.  49. 

It  would  have  been  of  much  help  to  the  student  of  archaeology  had 
early  American  travelers  noticed  more  exactly  the  methods  employed 
by  Indians  in  finding  or  quarrying  their  material  for  chipped  imple 
ments,  transporting  it,  and  fashioning  it  into  weapons  and  tools. 

The  National  Museum  exhibits  an  interesting  case  (see  Plate  I)  con 
taining  the  apparatus  for  arrow  making  among  the  Hupa  Indians  in 
northern  California,  described  by  Dr.  O.  T.  Mason  in  the  Smithsonian 
Report,  1886,  part  1. 

Capt.  John  Smith  (sixth  voyage,  1606)  saw  a  Virginia  Indian  quickly 
making  his  arrowhead  "with  a  little  bone  which  he  everweareth  at  his 
bracept  of  a  splint  of  a  stone  or  glasse  in  the  form  of  a  heart,  and  these 
they  glue  to  the  end  of  their  arrows." 

Caleb  Lyou  (see  extract  from  letter  in  Bulletin  of  American  Ethno 
logical  Society,  vol.  1,  p.  39)  saw,  about  1860,  a  Shasta  Indian  in  Cali 
fornia  place  an  obsidian  pebble  upon  a  stone  anvil  of  talcose  slate  held 
upon  the  knee,  and  with  one  blow  of  an  agate  chisel  separate  it  into 
two  parts ;  from  one  of  these  a  slab  one-fourth  of  an  inch  thick  was 
split  off,  which  slab,  being  held  against  the  anvil  with  the  left  thumb 
and  finger,  was  chipped  into  an  inch-long  arrowhead  by  a  series  of  con 
tinual  blows  in  little  less  than  an  hour. 

While  Smith's  Indian  worked  entirely  by  pressure,  this  arrowhead 
seems  to  have  been  produced  entirely  by  direct  percussion. 

George  Catlin  (see  Last  Rambles  among  the  Indians,  chapter  5,  pp. 
187-190)  saw,  about  1860-1868,  the  Apaches  making  arrowheads  by 
what  might  be  called  indirect  percussion. 

An  erratic  bowlder  of  flint,  "sometimes  brought  from  an  immense 
distance,"  was  first  "broken  into  a  hundred  pieces"  by  the  "indiscrim 
inate"  blows  of  a  hafted  hornstone  pebble.  From  these  splinters  such 
flakes  were  selected  as  from  their  angle  of  fracture  and  thickness 
answered  as  the  bases  of  arrowheads. 

On  one  laid  on  the  left  palm  of  tho  master  workman  and  held  down 
by  his  left  fingers,  a  punch  6  or  7  inches  long  and  1  inch  in  diameter, 
made  of  the  incisor  of  a  sperm  whale,  and  with  its  point  presenting 
one  acute  and  two  obtuse  angles,  was  rested  against  the  part  to  be 
broken.  This  punch  was  then  continually  struck  by  a  cooperator,  to 
the  time  of  a  song,  with  a  heavy  wooden  mallet,  flaking  off  the  flint 
under  each  projecting  point  struck  at  every  blow  until  the  arrowhead 
was  finished. 

Nice  judgment  was  used  in  selecting  a  flake  with  two  opposite 
parallel  or  nearly  parallel  planes,  and  of  the  thickness  required  for  the 


Columbian  Historical  Exposition  at  Madrid — Mercer 


PLATE  I. 


ARROW-MAKER'S  OUTFIT,    HUPA  INDIANS,   CALIFORNIA. 

DESCRIPTION  OF  PLATE  I.—  rt,  The  piece  of  jasper  or  obsidian  from  which  the  arrowhead  is  chipped; 
6,  the  chisel  of  hard  antler  struck  by  a  cooperator  as  in  Catlin's  description;  c,  finer  punch  for  pres 
sure  chipping  ;  d,  wooden  tool  used  for  straightening  the  stick  for  a  shaft  ;  e.  chosen  for  shaft,  by 
running  it  through  the  holes  and  prying  it  against  the  bends  :  /,  sinew  used  for  lashing  the  arrowhead 
to  the  shaft ;  </,  feather,  and  h,  complete  arrow  and  dissections,  showing  stone  point,  feathering,  and 
method  of  inserting  f oreshaf ting  ;  i,  glue  made  of  boiled  lower  jaw  bone  of  the  sturgeon ;  j,  glue 
stick  ;  fc,  rasp  ;  /,  scraper. 


COLUMBIAN   HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION   AT   MADRID.  375 

center  of  the  arrow  point.  The  first  chipping  reached  near  to  the 
center  of  these  planes,  but  without  quite  breaking-  it  away,  and  each 
chipping  was  shorter  and  shorter  until  the  shape  and  edge  of  the 
arrowhead  were  formed. 

Admiral  Sir  Edward  Belcher  (see  Transactions  of  Ethnological 
Society  of  London,  vol.  1,  n.  s.,  part  2,  1861,  p.  138)  saw,  about  1858- 
1860,  the  western  Eskimos  at  Cape  Lisburne  at  a  chert  outcrop  (evi 
dently  a  quarry)  making  blades  from  flakes  knocked  off  the  ledge  with 
jadite  hammers.  The  flake,  whether  in  the  form  of  a  "turtleback"  or 
not  does  not  appear,  was  laid  over  a  spoonshaped  cavity  in  a  log  and 
pressed  gently  (here  is  direct  pressure  again)  along  its  margin  verti 
cally  on  one  side  and  the  other,  with  a  punch  made  of  fossil  ivory  set 
with  a  tip  of  reindeer  antler  until  the  work  was  done.1 

Stephen  Powers  saw  the  Hupas  in  northern  California  in  about  1872 
flaking  pieces  of  jasper  by  heating  them  in  the  fire  and  then  letting 
them  cool  slowly  5  striking  one  of  these  flakes  with  a  rough  hammer 
gave  it  an  approximately  right  shape.  It  was  then  held  on  a  pad  of 
buckskin  placed  on  the  left  hand  and  chipped  or  pinched  into  shape 
(unknown  process  to  the  other  observers)  by  a  pair  of  buckhorn  pinch 
ers  tied  together  at  the  point  with  a  thong.  (See  Contributions  to 
North  American  Ethnology,  Vol.  III.) 

Mr.  William  A.  Adams,  a  miner  of  Denver,  Colo.,  told  me  in  Septem 
ber,  1893,  at  New  Galena,  Bucks  County,  Pa.,  that  he  had  seen  in  about 
1864,  Pendorielles  in  Crow  Creek  Valley,  Montana,  Crows  in  Yellow 
stone  Yalley,and  Flatheads  in  Montana,  chipping  arrowheads  by  blows 
with  porphyry  and  quartz  pebbles,  and  iron  hatchets,  upon  splinters 
shivered  with  pebbles  or  iron  hatchets  from  masses  of  obsidian  about 
6  inches  in  diameter. 

Lieut.  E.  J.  Beckwith  (Pacific  Railroad  Survey,  vol.  2,  p.  43),  in  June, 
1854,  saw  Indians  on  the  Sacramento  Eiver,  in  California,  making 
arrowheads  from  quartz  fragmeu  ts  by  direct  pressure  with  bone  punches 
creased  or  grooved  on  their  ends. 

B.  B.  Redding  (American  Naturalist,  November,  1879,  p.  667)  saw  a 
McCloud  River  Indian  near  Mount  Shasta  send  off  an  obsidian  flake 
by  a  blow  on  a  bone  chisel,  from  which  he  made  an  arrowhead  by 
direct  pressure  with  an  antler  punch. 

Edwin  A.  Cheever  (American  Naturalist,  May,  1870)  saw  California 
Indians,  about  1840-1860,  nipping  arrowheads  of  obsidian  with  notched 
bones. 

Paul  Schumacher  (Archiv.  fiir  Authropologie,  7, 1874,  p.  264),  about 
1860-1870,  saw  Klainath  Indians  of  northern  California  by  direct  pres 
sure  with  bone  tipped  punches  making  arrowheads  from  chips  splintered 
from  fire-heated  masses  of  flint  obsidian  or  jasper. 

1  See  for  above  accounts  in  full,  Stephens'  Flint  Chips,  p.  77. 


376  COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID. 

S.  P.  Leland  (Smithsonian  Report,  1887,  part  1),  about  1850,  saw 
Indians,  unnamed,  flaking  hornstone  by  pressing  down  on  itwith  pebbles 
about  5  inches  broad  and  G  long,  heated  in  the  fire. 

Discussion  of  the  above  interesting  accounts  seems  out  of  place 
until  we  have  more  satisfactorily  verified  them  by  experiment.  Suffice 
it  here  to  note,  that  all, with  two  exceptions,  refer  to  flaking  with  a  bone 
punch  either  by  directly  pressing  on  it  or  by  hammering  it  while  held 
against  the  stone. 

As  all  seem  to  refer  to  the  making  of  comparatively  small  arrow 
heads,  and  hence  to  the  producing  of  flakes  none  of  which  probably 


Fig.  7. 

CHIPPED  BLADES  GLUED  IN  WOODEN  HANDLES  BY  INDIANS  OF  THE  WEST  COAST  OP  THE  UNITED  STATES. 
Found  preserved  in  the  dry  burial  places  and  caves  of  California.     Collection  of  the  National  Museum. 

needed  to  be  over  half  an  inch  long,  we  must  turn  elsewhere  for  sug 
gestions  as  to  the  formidable  flakes  from  Mexico  and  the  large,  thin, 
leaf- shaped  blade. 

THE  LARGE  THIN  LEAF-SHAPED  BLADE. 

We  find  these  large  blades  (see  fig.  9)  beautifully  chipped  of  obsid 
ian  and  flint  in  the  Mexican  exhibit,  in  the  Hemenway  collection;  and 
in  the  exhibits  of  the  Argentine  Eepublic,  Guatemala,  Nicaragua,  and 
Costa  Kica. 

They  are  found  throughout  the  United  States,  as  the  Smithsonian  and 
University  of  Pennsylvania  specimens  show.  Case  13  of  the  National 
Museum  exhibits  an  interesting  series  of  them  (fig.  7,  National  Museum 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID. 


377 


Nos,  2406,  20504,  20501,  and  others),  glued  in  wooden  handles,  from  Cali 
fornia,  with  which  it  is  interesting  to  compare  the  flint  blades  found  in 


n 


Fig.  8. 

TRACINGS    FROM    MANUSCRIPTS    DRAWN  BY   INDIANS  IN  ANCIENT    YUCATAN  AND  MEXICO,    SHOWING    HOW 
LARGE  FLINT  BLADES   WERE   MOUNTED. 

(a)  Codex  Porfino  Diaz  (Mexico) ;  (ft)  Codex  Cortesianus  (Yucatan);  (c,  d)  Mexican  MSS.,  Florence;   (e)  Sioux  war  club  set  with 

iron  blade. 

a  grave  near  Nashville,  Tenn.  (see  Thurston's  Antiquities  of  Tennessee, 
pp.  228,  229),  by  Mr.  Blunkall,  near  its  deer-horn  handle,  and  another 


Fig.  9. 

LARGE   CHIPPED  BLADES  FROM  THE   UNITED  STATES  AND  MEXICO. 

flint  blade  with  traces  of  glue  on  its  once  socketed  end,  from  a  stone 
cist  in  the  same  Indian  cemetery. 


378  COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL,    EXPOSITION   AT    MADRID. 

Fig.  8,  presenting  designs  from  (a)  the  Codex  Porfirio  Diaz  (Mexico), 
(c)  and  (d)  the  Mexican  manuscript  lately  discovered  in  Florence  by 
Mrs.  Zelia  Nuttall,  shows  that  these  forms  were  sometimes  similarly 
mounted  as  sacrificial  knives  by  the  ancient  Mexicans,  or  set  at  right 
angles  iu  curved  handles  (d)  as  the  iron  blade  is  mounted  in  the  Sioux 
war  club  (e).  The  figure  (&)  from  the  Codex  Cortesianus  (Yucatan), 
the  ancient  Maya  manuscript  supposed  to  have  been  brought  from  Cen 
tral  America  to  Spain  by  Cortez  shows  another  interesting  method  of 
mounting  practiced  by  the  Central  Americans. 


Fig.  10. 

CACHE  OF  116  ARGILLITE  BLADES. 
Probably  buried  by  an  Indian  blade  worker  to  dig  Tip  for  final  shaping  to  order  on  sale  or  barter. 

Found  accompanied  by  a  hammer  stone  1  foot  beneath  the  surface  at  Ridges  Island,  Delaware  River,  June,  1891. 

Well-specialized  blades  of  this  general  character,  made  of  various 
grades  of  flint,  jasper,  slate,  quartzite,  and  argillite,  vary  greatly  in 
size,  from  1  inch  to  14  in  length,  and  in  shape  run  through  the  forms 
numbered  7,  31,  43,  50,  18  (in  fig.  5),  and  many  other  leaf-shaped  and 
almost  triangular  patterns  (see  fig.  9).  With  them  may  be  classed  the 
specimens  unearthed  in  hoards  or  caches,  as,  for  example,  the  largest 
known  series,  of  about  8,185  specimens,  found  and  partially  removed  by 
Squier  and  Davis,  and  finally  completely  exhumed  by  Mr.  W.  K,  Moore- 
head  in  1891  from  Mound  Ko.  2,  in  the  Hopewell  group  of  mounds  in 
Paint  Creek  Valley,  Ohio.  Plate  II. 

Fig.  10  shows  the  cache  of  117  argillite  blades,  exhibited  in  the  Uni 
versity  of  Pennsylvania  case,  found  by  me  resting  upon  a  flat  pebble 
hammer  7  inches  below  the  surface,  and  arranged  in  layers  on  thsir  sides. 


Columbian  Historical  Exposition  at  Madrid. — Mercer 


PLATE 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID. 


379 


at  an  Indian  village  site  at  Ridges  Island,  on  the  Delaware,  in  June, 
1891.1 

There  was  no  reason  for  supposing  that  this  cache  of  mine  hidden 
without  sign  of  ceremony  or  mark  of  mound  was  anything  but  the 
buried  stock  in  trade  of  a  blade  chipper  ready  for  nipping  or  flaking  to 
order  on  sale. 

But  Dr.  J.  F.  Snyder  (see  Archaeologist,  March  and  April,  1895)  found 
a  hoard  of  6,199  ill- worked  leaf-shaped  blades  of  black  hornstone  aver- 


Fig.  11. 

TRACINGS  FROM  ORIGINAL  DRAWINGS  MADE  BY  THE  ANCIENT  PEOPLE   OP  YUCATAN  AND  MEXICO,    SHOW 
ING  HOW  LARGE  LEAF   SHAPED  STONE  BLADES   WERE   SOMETIMES  USED. 


(a)  Codex  Troano  (Yucatan);    (Z>)  Codex  Cortisianus  (Yucatan);  (c)  Sculpture 
Cortesianus,  and(e)  Codex  Troano  (Yt 


r>f   St.   Lu 


Cozumahualpa,  Mexico;  (<7)  Codex 


aging  7  inches  long  by  4  wide,  in  a  mound  on  the  west  Illinois  river 
bank  opposite  Indian  creek,  and  I  agree  with  him  in  supposing  that 
his  discovery  and  mine  represent  two  distinct  kinds  of  blade  deposits. 
Dr.  Snyder's  hoard  lay  in  small  batches  in  a  sand  layer — covered  by  a 
clay  layer — then  a  hearth  with  cremated  skeletons  and  trinkets,  then 
more  clay,  then  a  boxing  of  logs,  and  then  22  feet  of  clay,  and  it  is 
unreasonable  to  suppose  that  the  deposit  like  my  cache,  was  intended 
to  be  dug  up,  worked  down,  or  sold.  His  cache  evidently  pertained  to 
ceremony  and  religion,  mine  to  daily  use  and  trade,  and  the  two  classes 
of  cache  should  be  kept  distinct  since  it  may  modify  our  notion  of  the 
material,  the  grain  and  the  edge  needed  by  the  old  blade  worker,  if  we 
learn  that  many  blades  were  made  in  the  first  place  not  to  use  but  to 
bury  under  funeral  fires  in  mounds. 

ll  found  a  cache  of  9  chert  blades  at  Halls  Island,  on  the  Susquehanna,  in  June, 
1892,  and  on  the  following  July  obtained  a  deposit  of  107  argillite  blades  in  Bucks 
County,  Pa.,  now  in  the  University  of  Pennsylvania  museum. 


380 


COLUMBIAN   HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION   AT   MADRID. 


That  many  of  the  larger  and  more  delicate  ones  were  used  unmounted 
as  knives  by  the  ancient  Central  Americans  and  Mexicans  is  proved 
by  the  tracings  in  fig.  11,  showing  (a)  priest  holding  a  human  head  from 
the  Codex  Troano  (Yucatan) ;  (6)  priest  holding  a  human  head  from  the 
Codex  Cortesianus  (Yucatan) ;  (c)  priest  holding  a  human  head  from  the 
relief  of  S.  Lucia  Cozumahualpa  (Mexico);  (d)  priest  holding  a  human 
head  from  the  Codex  Cortesianus,  and  (e)  priest  holding  human  a  head 
from  the  Codex  Troano. 

Fig.  12,  with  a  and  1)  from  the  Codex  Dehesa  (Mexico),  c  and  /  from 
the  Codex  Troano  (Yucatan),  and  e  from  the  Codex  Columbiuo  (Yuca- 


Kg.  12 


TRACINGS  FROM  ORIGINAL  DRAWINGS  MADE  BY  THE  ANCIENT  PEOPLE  OF  YUCATAN  AND  MEXICO,    SHOW 
ING  HOW  LARGE  LEAF-SHAPED  STONE  BLADES  WERE  SOMETIMES  MOUNTED  AS  SPEARS. 

(a,T>)  Codex  Dehesa  (Mexico);    (c)  Codex  Troano  (Yucatan);  (d)  Codex  Lienzo   do  Tlascala  (Mexico);  (e)  Codex  Columbine;    (/) 
Codex  Troano  (Yucatan),  and  (g)  Spearhead  from   Pike  County,  Arkansas.     (National  Museum  Collection). 

tan),  would  suggest  that  some  of  these  blades,  as  a,  ft,  e,  and  /,  even 
without  the  notched  base  as  in  g,  a  specimen  of  one  of  the  large  spears 
common  in  the  United  States  (see  fig.  9),  were  mounted  on  poles  as 
spears  as  in  a  and  &,  and  (fig.  12)  the  shaft  seems  to  extend  along  the 
delicate  blade  to  protect  it,  while  a  wrapping  of  thong  is  suggested  inc. 
The  diamond- shaped  spear  (d)  from  the  Codex  Lienzo  de  Tlascala 
(Mexico)  is  only  found  in  designs  that  suggest  European  contact,  and, 
as  Senor  Troncoso  supposes,  may  have  been  a  stone  copy  of  the  iron 
weapon  of  the  Spaniards. 

The  so-called  digging  implements  from  Missouri,  Indiana,  Illinois, 
Tennessee,  Kentucky,  Ohio,  and  Louisiana  are  very  striking,  and  have 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID.  381 

no  counterpart  in  the  other  exhibits.  Generally  of  coarse  chert  or  hard 
horn  stone,  they  are  sometimes  18  inches  long  and  polished  at  the 
broad  end  (fig.  13,  a  and  &),  but  the  others,  from  Mississippi,  Illinois, 
and  Arkansas  (sometimes  perforated),  from  Tennessee,  Kentucky, 
Arkansas,  and  JTorth  Carolina,  strongly  resemble  the  stone  forms  (fig. 
13,  c,  dj  and  e)  from  Chile  and  Peru  and  the  copper  and  polished  stone 
specimens  from  Ecuador  and  the  Argentine  Republic. 

In  connection  with  these  and  the  whole  above-mentioned  class  of  larger 
blades  occur  two  of  the  most  interesting  of  all  the  inquiries  presented 


Fig.  13. 
DIGGING  IMPLEMENTS. 

(a  and  Z>)  United  States  ;  (c,  d,  e)  mounted  in  their  original  handles,  collected  in  Peru. 

to  the  prehistoric  anthropologist.  How  were  they  made  ?  How  was 
the  material  obtained  and  transported! 

At  the  start  our  arrowhead  experience  does  us  little  good,  for  we  con 
tinually  find  that  single  flakes  longer  and  broader,  though  not  thicker, 
than  entire  arrowheads  have  been  sent  off  these  specimens.'  The  fol 
lowing  accounts  offer  some  suggestions : 

Torquemada  (Monarquia  Indiana,  Seville,  1615)  in  the  beginning  of 
the  seventeenth  century  saw  ancient  Mexicans  sending  off  obsidian 
flakes  6  and  7  inches  long  with  wooden-mounted  bone  punches,  set 
against  their  breasts,  from  cores  held  between  their  feet.  But  I  know 
that  flakes  nearly  as  long  and  thin  can  be  sent  off  English  flint  by  direct 


382  COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID. 

percussion,  for  I  saw  the  knappers  at  Brandon  knocking  them  from 
similar  cores  with  steel  hammers.1 

Catliii  (Smithsonian  Report,  1885,  p.  870)  told  George  Ercol  Sellers 
that  he  had  seen  Indians  flaking  jasper  and  agate  with  long  wooden 
punches  set  with  bone  points,  weighted  with  hanging  stones,  and  held 
against  their  breasts.  When  the  pressure  was  applied  a  cooperator 
struck  a  fork  in  the  punch  a  blow  with  a  club. 

Dr.  Knapp  (Smithsonian  Report,  part  1)  saw  Indians  on  Twelve 
Mile  Island  in  the  Mississippi  River,  near  G-uttenburg,  Iowa,  making 
arrowheads  by  pressing  down  on  the  stone  with  the  side  of  the  leg 
bone  of  a  deer  used  as  a  lever  and  set  in  a  notched  tree.  The  notch 
was  large  enough  to  hold  the  blade  worked  upon  and  a  basal  stone  on 
which  it  rested. 

George  Ercol  Sellers  (Smithsonian  Report,  1885,  p.  870)  heard  from 
a  trapper  who  had  seen  Indians  sending  off  large  flakes  by  leverage  of 
the  same  sort.  A  long  wooden  lever  was  set  in  the  notched  tree,  a  bone 
point  fixed  in  its  side  pressed  down  upon  the  blade,  which  rested  on  a 
flat  root.  When  the  pressure  was  applied  the  lever  was  struck  above 
the  bone  with  a  mallet. 

So  much  for  the  accounts,  which  I  believe  comprise  all  of  importance 
thus  far  published  in  America,  by  eyewitnesses.  We  learn  from  them, 
and  the  arrowhead  narratives  above  mentioned,  of  flaking  (a)  by 
direct  percussion,  (b)  by  indirect  percussion,  or  hammering  on  punches, 
(c)  by  direct  pressure,  (d)  by  impulsive  pressure,  or  pressure  aided  by 
a  blow,  and  (e]  pressure  aided  by  Jjueiit. 

Moreover,  we  have  hints  as  to  digging  some  stones  out  of  the  ground 
and  gathering  others  from  the  surface,  wetting  some,  and  drying  or 
baking  others,  and  we  fully  realize  that  we  are  grappling  with  a  very 
intricate  question. 

Almost  dismayed  at  the  complex  features  of  this  greatest  craft  of 
the  Stone  Age,  and  dissatisfied  with  our  own  inadequate  attempts  to 
master  it,  we  can  well  appreciate  the  remark  of  Catlin  that  "  great 
skill  was  required  and  a  thorough  knowledge  of  the  nature  of  each 
stone,  a  slight  difference  in  quality  necessitating  a  totally  different 
manner  of  treatment." 

But  our  experiments  soon  show  us  that  not  any  chance  fragment  of 
jasper  or  workable  stone  can  be  flaked  into  one  of  the  larger  shapes. 
The  jasper  and  chert  pebbles  so  often  used  by  riverside  tribes  for  their 
smaller  blades  will  no  longer  serve,  and  we  are  brought  to  the  question 
of  the  whereabouts  of  the  material. 

Here  the  exhibit  of  Mr.  W.  H.  Holmes  (Plate  III)  in  the  Smithsonian 
cases  shows  us  a  valuable  analysis  of  the  chipped  refuse  found  at  certain 
localities  in  the  United  States  (Piny  Branch,  in  the  District  of  Columbia, 
Garland  County,  Arkansas,  and  the  Indian  Territory),  where  the  fol 
lowing  facts  have  been  explained: 


1  Three  of  these  sets  of  flint  flakes  with  their  cores  I  have  placed  in  the  Archaeolog 
ical  Museum  of  the  University  of  Pennsylvania. 


Columbian  Historical  Exposition  at  Madrid.  —  Mercer. 


£ 


I 


PLATE  III. 


/  \\ 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID.  383 

(a)  That  sometimes  ledges  (of  novaculite)  showing  evidence  of  the 
use  of  fire  in  splitting  the  rock  were  worked  to  the  depth  of  25  feet. 

(b)  That  the  fragments  so  excavated  were  chipped  in  many  cases  into 
rude  leaf  shaped  blades  or  blanks. 

(c)  That  a  small  minority  of  these,  nearly  always  broken,  showed  a 
thickness  and  specialization  equal  to  the  cache  forms  (fig.  10),  while 
the  greater  majority  strewn   about  with   hammer  stones   and   chips 
seemed  to  have  been  cast  aside  as  failures  in  the  attempt  to  specialize 
them  to  the  thinness  and  edge  of  the  broken  specimens  found  with 
them.     (See  Plate  III.)1 

(d)  That  these  failures  or  blocked-out  forms  often  resembled  in  size 
and  shape  the  forms  of  argillite  from  the  Trenton  Gravels  (see  figs.  14 
and  15),  and  in  many  cases,  I  may  add,  the  specimens  (see  fig.  17  A) 
found  in  the  Quaternary  Gravels  of  the  Somme  Marne  Valleys.2 

At  these  quarries  the  form  c  (PI.  Ill),  the  end  and  aim  of  the  quarry 
chipper's  effort,  valuable  as  it  was  to  him,  and  never  left  behind  with 
the  refuse  unless  lost,  is  exceedingly  rare,  and  has  never,  I  believe, 
been  found  save  in  fragments.  Forms  a  and  b,  however,  are  not  uncom 
mon,  and  in  one  refuse  pile  examined  by  me  averaged  about  one  to  a 
bushel  of  chips. 

From  discoveries  made  at  Weiders  Creek,  Lehigh  County,  and  at  upper 
Blacks  Eddy  in  Bucks  County,  Pa.,  I  have  reason  to  think  it  probable 
that  blocks  of  jasper  weighing  10  to  15  pounds  were  carried  to  a  dis 
tance  of  several  miles  from  the  quarry  and  sometimes  buried  in  the 
mud  of  swamps  as  if  to  keep  them  wet  for  flaking,  for  in  one  instance  of 
this  character  blocks  had  been  placed  under  a  heap  of  earth  close  to 
an  arrowhead  workshop.  On  the  other  hand,  the  Brandon  (England) 
flint  knappers,  working  altogether  by  percussion,  dry  the  nodules  in 
the  air  or  by  a  stove  before  chipping  it — saying  that  otherwise  the  iron 
hammer  does  not  utake  hold." 

An  excavation  made  in  an  ancient  pit  at  Macungie,  Lehigh  County,  \ 
Pennsylvania,  showed  that  fires  were  built  there  to  shiver  large  blocks 
of  jasper  built  over  the  flames  in  the  shape  of  ovens,  and  there,  at  the     1 
bottom  of  a  mass  of  disturbed  earth  18 J  feet  thick,  we  found  two  sharp 
ened  billets  of  wood  and  a  large  chipped  disk  of  blue  limestone. 

But  there  is  yet  much  to  learn  as  to  the  details  of  the  stone-chipping 
process,  as  to  the  size  and  manner  of  working  the  pits,  possible  tunnels, 
the  reducing  and  transporting  of  blocks,  the  use  of  the  hammer  stone 
Upon  variable  materials,  the  bone  punches,  and  the  application  of  pres 
sure,  direct  and  indirect,  much  that  Indians  now  living — certainly  many 
of  those  in  Alaska  and  Brazil — could  definitely  tell  us. 

1  Points  a,  I,  and  c  had  been  established  by  Mr.  Gerard  Fowke  in  1884  in  his 
investigation  of  the  ancient  pits  and  quarry  refuse  at  Flint  Ridge,  Ohio.  (A 
sketch  of  Flint  Ridge,  Licking  County,  Ohio,  by  Charles  M.  Smith  (Gerard  Fowke), 
of  New  Madison,  Ohio,  Smithsonian  Report,  1884,  p.  13.) 

2A  work  in  which  I  have  had  the  pleasure  of  following  Mr.  Holmes  and  confirm 
ing  the  above  conclusions  in  several  newly  discovered  quarries  in  eastern  Penn 
sylvania. 


384  COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID. 

It  is  certain  that  quartzite  bowlders  like  those  at  Piney  Branch  woik 
differently  from  jasper  blocks;  that  some  jasper  specimens  are  coarser 
or  tougher  than  others;  that  iiovaculite  from  Arkansas  fractures  differ 
ently  from  the  material  quarried  at  Flint  Ridge;  that  the  latter  is  finer 
than  that  from  the  Lehigh  Hills,  and  that  all  the  North  American  jas 
per  so  far  noted  is  ill  tempered  and  crossgrained  as  compared  with  the 
silex  of  France  and  England,  and  no  one  has  yet  investigated  fairly  what 
may  prove  a  different  process  in  the  method  of  quarrying  and  working 
obsidian.  It  is  such  considerations  that  make  us  realize  that  much 
study  is  still  needed  to  establish  the  fact  that  this  process  of  proceed 
ing  from  the  rough  "turtle  back,"  through  a  series  of  finer  and  thinner 
"blanks"  until  the  specialized  spear,  knife,  scraper,  or  hoe  was  finally 
reached,  was  everywhere  the  same  in  an  age  of  stone. 

Catlin,  quoted  above,  distinctly  says  that  the  Apaches  made  arrow 
heads  from  selected  chips  shivered  by  indiscriminate  blows  of  a  pebble 
hammer,  a  process  which  save  for  the  first  splintering  began  at  the 
stage  of  flaking  by  pressure,  while  the  true  "turtle  back"  or  "waster" 
is  supposed  to  have  been  produced  entirely  by  percussion.  Certainly 
no  "turtle  back"  process  preceded  the  implements  from  Easter  Island 
(fig.  6)  or  the  Admiralty  Island  spears,  the  Australian  gum  hafted 
blades,  or  indeed  the  "teshoas"  above  mentioned  (fig.  4),  though  in 
each  case  the  unspecialized  chip  was  a  finished  implement.  On  the  other 
hand,  we  may  hardly  hesitate  to  believe  that  the  sacrificial  knife  oi 
Mexico  audits  characteristic  Solutreen  duplicate  from  the  French  caves, 
the  great  hoes  of  Tennessee,  Arkansas,  and  the  Ohio  Yalley,  the  hoarded 
blades  of  the  Delaware  Islands,  the  Hopewell  Mounds,  arid  Mississippi, 
were  evolved  through  a  series  of  rejects  which  all  look  much  alike, 
and  somewhere  lie  upon  the  earth  to  attest  the  fact. 

But  if  we  say  no  more  than  that  this  rude  "turtle  back"  (PI.  Ilia) 
was  incessantly  produced  by  the  "modern"  Indian  contemporaneously 
with  arrowheads,  pottery,  and  polished  stone  weapons,  we  have  stated 
a  very  important  fact,  one  that  forbids  us  henceforth  to  assign  an  age 
to  these  objects  judged  by  their  forms  alone.  This  brings  us  to  the 
celebrated  Trenton  Gravel  specimens,  as  exhibited  in  the  University  oi 
Pennsylvania  and  National  Museum  cases. 

Figs.  14  and  1G  show  specimens  of  these  "turtle  backs"  from  the 
Abbott  collection  in  the  Peabody  Museum  at  Cambridge,  Massachusetts, 
labeled  as  having  been  found  at  recorded  depths  in  the  Trenton  Gravel. 
There  were  no  Trenton  specimens  shown  at  Madrid  alleged  to  have  been 
found  geologically  in  place,  and  none  of  those  found  at  the  site  by  Dr.  C. 
C.  Abbott,  Prof.  H.  W.  Haynes,  Prof.  Boyd  Dawkins,  Professors  Morse 
and  Putnam  have  ever  been  photographed  in  place.  Opinion  in  Amer 
ica  is  divided  between  those  who  are  willing  to  take  the  word  and 
experience  of  these  gentlemen  and  those  who  are  not. 

The  former  declare  that  the  implements  have  been  found  at  various 
depths  in  undisturbed  gravel,  disassociated  with  any  trace  of  jasper 
arrowheads,  pottery,  or  polished  implements,  and  denoting,  a  man  in 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID. 


385 


a  "Paleolithic"  stage  of  culture,  who  lived  during  the  deposition  of 
the  gravels  in  Post-Glacial  times. 

Their  opponents  fear  that  the  finders  of  these  "Paleoliths"  have 
been  deceived.  Having  visited  the  Pennsylvania  Eailroad  cuts  and 
certain  ditches  in  the  gravels  at  Trenton  and  failed  to  find  specimens, 
they  suppose  that  the  specimens  were  really  found  by  the  others  in 
deceptive  beds  of  talus,  where  the  stratified  layers  had  been  read 
justed;  that  the  seeming  ancient  stratification  is  the  comparatively 
modern  work  of  freshets  in  Stony  Branch  Creek  near  the  cuts;  that  the 
objects,  even  if  actually  in  Glacial  gravel,  had  slipped  down  through 
holes  made  by  roots  or  animals  or  the  cavities  of  uprooted  trees. 


Fig.  14.    (?) 


TRENTON  SPECIMENS  OP  ARGILLITE  FROM  THE  ABBOTT  COLLECTION,    PEABODY  MUSEUM,  CAMBRIDGE, 

MASSACHUSETTS. 

Alleged  to  have  been  found  in   situ  in  the  gravels. 


(Photographed  by  kind  permission  of  Professor  Putr 


find  Dr.  C.  C.  Abbott  in  Septembe-,  1893. ) 


They  insist  further  that  the  chipped  objects,  however  found,  exactly 
resemble  the  forms  of  jasper  and  hornstone  recently  discovered  in  the 
refuse  heaps  of  the  modern  Indian  quarries  (above  described)  and  clas 
sified  as  "rejects,"  "wasters,"  or  blocked-out  implements,  that  these 
chipped  objects,  therefore,  are  not  to  be  considered  finished  tools,  and 
if  found  in  place  do  not  prove  that  the  man  who  made  them  was  in  a 
Paleolithic  state  or  differed  in  culture  from  the  modern  Indian. 

Like  the  quarryinan  of  Piney  Branch  he  may  have  lived,  they  say,  on 
the  hillsides  at  a  distance  from  the  cold  flood,  only  descending  there  at 
moments  to  find  on  the  beaches  material  for  chipped  implements,  when 
having  of  necessity  left  his  "  wasters"  and  "failures"  by  the  waters,  he 
would  have  carried  back  the  available  blanks  to  his  hilltop  camp  to  be 
finished  into  knives,  scrapers,  or  spears. 

All  this  is  rendered  more  forcible  by  the  continued  finding  of  other 
H.  Ex.  100 25 


386 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID. 


argillite  specimens  of  the  same  size  and  form  as  the  Trenton  objects 
upon  the  surface  at  most  of  the  Delaware  river  village  sites.  I  have 
found  duplicates  of  the  Teuton  forms  with  pottery  and  net  sinkers  at 
Lower  Blacks  Eddy,  Eidges  Island,  Gilmers  Island,  Gallows  Eun,  Frys 
Eun,  and  Upper  Blacks  Eddy  and  on  the  hilltop  at  Hickory  Eun — fifteen 
of  them  at  a  workshop  site  strewn  with  hammer  stones,  argillite  chips, 
jasper  flakes,  three  thinned  down  blade  fragments,  and  a  spear  head 
of  argillite. 


Fig.  15. 

RUDELY  CHIPPED    FORMS    OF  ARGILLITE. 

Quarried  and  blocked  out  by  Indians  inhabiting  the  Delaware  Valley  in  comparatively  recent  times.     Thirty-two  of  110  found  in  shaft 
"A"  in  Indian  argillite  quarries,  Gaddis  Run,  May,  1893. 

This  last  site  is  close  to  the  chief  outcrop  of  argillite  on  the  right 
bank  of  the  Delaware  above  Trenton.  While  this  paper  was  preparing, 
the  writer  discovered,  May  22, 1893,  close  by  the  mouth  of  Gaddis  Euu, 
and  one-fourth  of  a  mile  from  the  river,  nineteen  ancient  pits  sur 
rounded  by  heaps  of  argillite  refuse.  There  were  at  least  twelve  work 
shops  where  u  turtle  backs"  were  found  with  the  chips  and  pebble 
hammers.  A  trench  25  feet  by  12,  and  7.  feet  deep  across  one  of  the 
heaps  and  pits  yielded  111  "turtle  backs"  and  77  hammer  stones. 
Another  about  15  feet  by  10  and  2  deep,  60  " turtle  backs"  and  13 
Lammer  stones  (fig.  15).  All  the  work  had  been  done  by  compara 
tively  modern  Indians. 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID.  387 

Moreover,  there  are  fire  sites  and  traces  of  an  Indian  camp  on  the 
surface  directly  above  the  celebrated  railroad  cuts  at  Trenton,  and  one 
of  the  largest  Indian  villages  in  the  Delaware  region  occupied  the 
whole  area  of  the  modern  city,  extending  several  miles  below.  Added 
to  which  the  fossil  bones,  which  above  all  else  assure  us  as  to  the  age  of 
the  French  gravels  are  almost  entirely  wanting  at  Trenton.  To  this  Dr. 
C.  C.  Abbott,  admitting  the  fact  of  the  quarry  blocking-out  process, 
would  reply  that  while  some  of  the  surface  specimens  may  be  modern 
wasters,  otherslike  the  many  European  "  turtlebacks"  of  drift  type  gath 
ered  on  the  surface  may  be  as  ancient  as  the  specimens  declared  to  be 
found  in  place.  But  apart  from  surface  specimens,  he  and  the  gentle 
men  above  named  urge  that  those  found  in  situ  have  proved  a  Glacial 
man,  while  the  complete  disassociation  therewith  of  pottery  or  polished 
implements,  has  argued  a  Paleolithic  argillite  chipper  who  could  not 
polish  stone  or  make  pottery.  Minus  any  such  association  they  con 
tend  against  the  plausibility  of  supposing  an  ancient  river  shore  so 
forbidding  and  inhospitable,  that  the  drift  man  who  chipped  blades  and 
left  "wasters"  by  the  water  would  have  dropped  all  other  relics  of  his 
higher  culture  at  some  inland  site.1 

In  the  writer's  opinion  much  further  work  is  required  to  settle  this 
vexed  and  important  point  in  America.  Led  by  facts  whithersoever 
they  may  direct,  unbiased  by  what  has  been  said  and  written  on  the 
subject,  the  investigator  may  be  pardoned  for  asking  a  revision  of 
every  fact  alleged  on  either  side.  When  once  it  is  demonstrated  to  the 
general  satisfaction,  viz,  (1)  that  the  chipped  objects  are  really  there  in 
place;  (2)  that  the  gravels  are  Glacial  gravels;  (3)  that  no  arrowhead, 
potsherd,  or  polished  stone  fragment  can  be  associated  with  the  dis 
coveries,  it  still  remains  to  learn  from  surrounding  evidence  whether, 
because  the  Trenton  objects  resemble  rejected  implements,  thousands 
of  years  younger,  they  are  therefore  also  " rejects"  and  not  finished 
tools;  whether,  in  a  word,  the  man  who  made  them,  though  still  a 
Glacial  inhabitant,  was  really  a  Paleolithic  man  at  all,  and  not  like  his 
red  successor,  a  polisher  of  stone,  a  fisher,  and  a  potter. 

When  we  compare  these  chipped  forms  from  Trenton  with  those  from 
the  gravels  of  the  Ouse  at  Thetford,  the  Marne  at  Chelles,  and  the 
Somme  at  Abbeville  and  St.  Aclieul,  we  are  struck  with  the  fact  that 
the  common  European  form  (see  fig.  17  c),  but  little  worked  at  the  blunt 
end  and  well  pointed  and  specialized  at  the  other,  as  if  adapted  for 
grasping  in  the  hand,  does  not  occur  save  with  three  rude  exceptions 
(tig.  16)  at  Trenton  (see  the  Abbott  collection  of  specimens  in  the  Pea- 

JThe  argument  sometimes  advanced  that  at  a  river-shore  quarry  such  as  the  gravel 
sites  are  held  to  be,  just  as  at  an  island  quarry  we  need  look  for  no  trace  of  the  quarry- 
man's  stage  of  culture,  may  be  based  upon  the  absence  of  such  traces  at  Piney 
Branch.  But  I  found  arrowheads,  fragments  of  polished  celts,  and  a  piece  of 
worked  shell  among  the  refuse  at  Macungie;  also  a  small  pestle  at  Durham,  and 
three  pitted  hammerstones  at  Gaddis  Run.  M.  Cornet  found  pottery  at  Speinnes  and 
Canon  Greenwell  a  polished  celt  in  the  prehistoric  quarry  at  Grimes  Graves. 


388  COLUMBIAN   HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID. 

body  Museum  at  Cambridge,  Massachusetts),  iior  indeed  does  the  more 
highly  specialized  leaf-shaped  form  (see  form  fr,  fig.  17)  from  Europe, 
which  may  be  said  to  exactly  duplicate  many  of  the  thicker  and  heavier 
cache  specimens  from  the  United  States  appear  in  the  Trenton  set.  But 
the  less  specialized  form  A,  common  at  St.  Acheul,  Abbeville,  Chelles, 
Thetford,  San  Isidro,  etc.,  is  a  fair  enough  counterpart  of  the  Trenton 
relics. 

On  examining  the  Quaternary  relic-bearing  gravel  pits  in,  France, 
England,  and  Spain  the  American  student  learns  that  a  very  small 
percentage  of  the  specimens  in  the  public  and  private  collections  have 
been  found  by  scientific  observers  in  place,  nearly  all  having  been 
bought  from  workmen;  that  many  "  axes,"  or  "coups  de  poing,"  as 
Boucher  de  Perthes  called  them,  exactly  like  those  from  the  gravels, 
have  been  found  lying  on  the  surface,  mixed  with  Neolithic  remains, 
and  that  these,  owing  to  their  form,  have  been  classed  as  "  Paleoliths" 
in  the  museums. 

Still  it  would  be  hard  indeed  to  leave  the  classic  sites  on  the  Somme 
after  a  careful  examination  unconvinced  that  the  chipped  forms  (fig.  17) 
are  really  found  in  situ  in  all  parts  of  the  gravels  continually  asso 
ciated  with  bones  of  the  Elephas  antiquus  and  primogenius,  Hippo 
potamus  major,  Ehinoceros  merkii  and  tichorinus,  Equus  caballus, 
cave  bear,  hyena,  and  reindeer.1 

'The  surface  about  the  quarries  at  Abbeville  is  a  series  of  open  meadows,  edged 
by  a  parade  ground  and  several  vegetable  gardens,  where  fossils  could  no  more  rest 
undisturbed  on  the  surface  than  they  could  upon  Boston  Common.  A  gravel  digger 
at  work  at  the  Champs  de  Mars  quarry  sold  me  several  specimens  of  a  badly  decayed 
elephant's  tooth.  Another  at  the  Chemin  de  Poste  quarry,  several  patinated 
"haches"  of  fig.  16  a  type.  At  St.  Acheul  another  had  a  box  full  of  chips,  fossils, 
and  broken  "axes,"  well  patinated,  while  at  Chelles  the  table  in  the  foreman's  shed 
was  piled  with  flint  specimens,  together  with  elephant,  rhinoceros,  and  reindeer 
fossils. 

There  are  many  important  differences  to  be  observed  between  the  conditions  of 
the  French  River  gravels  and  those  at  Trenton. 

(1)  All  the  French  implements  are  of  flint,  while  nearly  all  the  Trenton  ones  are  of 
argillite.     Nearly  every  pebble  or  nodule  in  the  French  deposits  was  of  flint,  avail 
able  for  chipping,  while  in  the  Trenton  Gravels  argillite  pebbles  are  not  common. 

(2)  Fortunately  for  the  European  student  the  French  gravels,  largely  composed 
of  chalky  material,  adapted  to  the  preservation  of  bones,  are  we]l  scattered  with 
the  fossil  remains  of  Quaternary  mammals,  which  alone  serve  to  define  the  geological 
age  of  the  stratum,  Avhile  from  the  Trenton  Gravels  the  discovery  of  only  one  Mam 
moth's  tusk,   by  Professor  Haynes,    and  two  human    skulls   (unfortunately  not 
described  by  Dr.  Virchow  in  his  Crania)  and  a  unio  shell  by  Dr.  Abbott  have  been 
noted.     The  French  gravels,  however,  have  yielded  no  human  bones — the  famous 
Moulin  Quignon  jawbone  discovered  by  Boucher  de  Perthes  having  been  derived 
from  a  Neolithic  interment. 

(3)  M.  du  Mesuil,  of  Abbeville,  says  he  has  found  many  hammer  stones  and  several 
flakes  at  Abbeville  in  situ,  but  none  have  been  alleged  to  have  been  discovered  at 
Trenton. 

(4)  We  learn,  moreover,  that  the  French  gravels  had  nothing  to  do  with   the 
European  Glacial  period,  while  those  at  Trenton  are  believed  to  have  been  laid 
down  by  freshets  caused  by  the  melting  of  American  glaciers. 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID.  389 


No.  16161. 

4  feet  from  surface. 

R,  R,  cut,  1878. 


No.  11752. 

Gravel  of  Trenton 

bluff,  7  feet. 


No.45913. 

R.  R.  cut,  7  feet. 

May,  1888. 


Fig.  16.      (J) 


Three  Trenton  specimens  (Abbott  collection,  Peabody  Museum,  Cambridge,  Massachusetts),  rude  at 
base  and  worked  to  points,  resembling  (though  lacking  the  specialization  of  the  latter)  the  rough- 
base  pointed  forms  from  Europe  (see  .Fig.  17,  a).  The  labels  on  the  margin  give  the  Museum  record. 

Hy  the  kind  permission  of  Dr.  C.  C.  Abbott  and  Prof.  F.  W.  Putnam. 


rig.  IT.   (i) 

THE  THREE  CHIEF  TYPES  FROM  THE  ENGLISH  AND  FRENCH  RIVER  DRIFT. 

(a)  Unspecialized,  resembling  usual  Trenton  forms  ;  (6)  specialized  all  round,  leaf  shaped  ;  (c)  specialized  at  point,  unworked  at  base. 
By  the  kind  permission  of  M.  G.  d'Ault  du  Mesnil,  Abbeville. 


390  COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID. 


KNIVES    OF    PECULIAR    FORM,   DAGGERS,   DRILLS,   AND   ECCENTRIC 
PIERCING    OR    CUTTING  IMPLEMENTS. 

The  exquisite  specimens  exhibited  by  Mexico  (fig.  18,  Mexican  cases 
G  and  L,  and  National  Museum  case  13)  are  mostly  made  of  obsidian, 


Fig.  18. 

KNIVES  AND  ECCENTRIC  CHIPPED  FORMS. 

United  States  and  Mexico. 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID. 


391 


and  nothing  like  them  is  exhibited  in  any  department  save  the  inter 
esting  collection  of  small  eccentric  forms  of  jasper  from  various  parts 
of  the  United  States  exhibited  in  National  Museum  case  14  (fig.  19), 


Fig.  19. 

ECCENTRIC   FORMS   IN   CHERT   AND   JASPER   FOUND   IN   THE   UNITED   STATES. 
Collection  of  the  U.  S.  National  Museum. 

and  the  two  polished  slate  daggers  from  the  Tlingit  Indians,  Alaska 
(see  p.  284,  National  Museum  Eeport  for  1888),  resembling  the  obsidian 
forms,  handle  and  blade  of  one  piece,  from  Mexico.  We  know,  how- 


Fig. 20. 

CHIPPED  FORMS   FOUND   IN   MOUNDS  AND  AT   INDIAN   GRAVES  AND  VILLAGE   SITES  IN  TENNESSEE  AND  OHIO. 

ever,  that  the  Tennessee  work  in  jasper  as  figured  in  Thruston's 
Antiquities  of  Tennessee,  pp.  218-222  (fig.  20),  might  well  be  compared 
with  the  finest  Mexican  examples,  and  that  the  California  blades  in 


392 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID. 


obsidian  and  jasper,  in  the  Terry  collection  of  the  New  York  Museum 
of  Natural  History,  are  fully  equal  to  them,  as  are  also  the  two  knives 
of  hornestone  resembling  form  ft,  fig.  20,  found  by  W.  K.  Moorehead  in 
Ohio  mounds,  (see  Primitive  Man  in  Ohio). 

It  is  interesting  to  see  one  of  these  knives  (resembling  at  one  end 
20,  perhaps,)  brandished  in  the  hand  of  a  priest  in   the  Codex 


Fig.  21. 

TRACINGS  FROM  ORIGINAL  DRAWINGS  MADE  BY  THE  ANCIENT  INHABITANTS  OF  YUCATAN  AND  TENNESSEE, 
SHOWING  HOW  LARGE  ECCENTRIC  FORMS  OF  CHIPPED  STONE   WERE  USED. 


(a  and  6)  Codex  Troano  (  Yu 


i)  ;  (c)  engraved  shell  gorget,  MacMahon  Mound,  Tennessee 


Troano  (fig.  21  a),  another  similarly  grasped  (fig.  21  6),  and  to  compare 
them  with  the  knife  resembling  figure  20  a  in  the  hand  of  one  of  the 
figures  upon  the  famous  carved  shell  gorget  from  the  Macmahon 
Mound,  Tennessee  (see  fig.  21  c,  Thruston,  p.  338). 

CHIPPED    GROOVED   AXES   AND   IRREGULAR   FORMS. 

We  find  in  the  Hemenway  collection  a  mounted  chipped  ax  (fig.  23) 
from  the  Moqui  Indians  of  Arizona,  and  another  in  the  Nordenskjold 
expedition  collection  (Swedish  exhibit)  from  the  Zuiiis.  The  National 
Museum  exhibits  a  series  from  several  sites  in  the  United  States,  of 
various  materials,  and  the  University  of  Pennsylvania  two  from  the 
Delaware  Valley  5  and  it  may  not  be  going  too  far  to  connect  these 
forms  with  some  of  the  rudely  chipped  slate  specimens  (fig.  22,  a  and  &) 
from  Costa  Eica  and  other  localities. 

CHIPPED    CELTS,  ADZES,  AND    SCRAPERS. 

Some  of  these  (see  fig.  24  «),  often  doubtless  only  blocked  out  forms 
to  be  afterwards  polished  into  shape  are  exhibited  in  the  cases  of  Costa 
Eica,  United  States,  and  Nicaragua  (Peru,  Cuba,  Guatemala,  Ecuador, 
Mexico,  British  Columbia,  and  Alaska,  exhibit  only  the  polished  pat 
tern),  and  are  not  to  be  distinguished  in  form  from  the  specimens  from 
England,  France,  Italy,  Spain,  and  the  Lake  Dwellings,  where  they  are 
often  found  socketed  in  deer-horn  handles  (fig.  24  (c) ). 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION   AT   MADRID  393 


Fig.  22. 

RUDELY  CHIPPED  SLATE  SPECIMENS. 
(a,l>,c)  Costa  Rica;  (d)  Wyoming;    (e)  Massachusetts;  (/)  North  Carolina ;  (</)  Alabama;  (fcandt)  Uruguay. 


Fig.  23. 

CHIPPED  GROOVED  AXE,     MOUNTED   IN  ORIGINAL    HANDLE.      RECENTLY  OBTAINED   FROM  MOKI  INDIANS  "IN 


ARIZONA. 

Collection  of  the  U.  S.  National  Museum 


394 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION   AT    MADRID. 


We  notice  in  connection  with  both  the  chipped  and  polished  forms 
the  designs  in  figure  25  from  the  Codex  Troano,  (a,  &,  and  d)  from  the 
Codex  Cortesianus,  and  (c)  from  the  Codex  Columbino,  where,  as  Senor 
Troncoso,  curator  of  the  Mexican  exhibit,  informs  us,  it  must  often  be 
supposed  that  the  implements  intended  are  the  equivalent  forms  of 
copper,  since  a  certain  attendant  hieroglyph  is  held  to  designate  that 
metal,  common  in  Central  America  and  Mexico. 

Still  there  is  no  reason  why  the  stone  forms  in  question,  whether 
chipped  or  polished,  were  not  so  mounted  in  Central  America,  as  were 
the  polished  celts  in  the  United  States  and  Alaska  (see  the  mounted 
celts  in  the  National  Museum  case  (fig.  24,  $),  the  Spanish  specimen  (fig. 
24,  g)  from  the  northwest  American  coast,  a  relic  of  the  Atrivida  cruise 
of  Captain  Malespina  in  1791,  or  the  interesting  specimen  (fig.  24,/),  185. 


Fig.  2-1. 
HAFTED  CELTS  FROM  NORTH  AND  SOUTH  AMERICA  AND  EUROPE. 

(a)  Celt  chipped  but  unpolished,  Europe  and  America  ;  (6)  celt  polished,  Europe  and  America  ;  (c)  polished  celt,  mounted  in  handle 
of  deer  antler,  found  preserved  in  the  mud  at  the  Swiss  Lake  dwellings  ;  (d)  polished  celt,  mounted  in  original  wooden  handle,  found, 
handle  and  all,  in  a  bog  in  New  York  ;  (e)  partly  polished  celt  with  wooden  handle,  a8  recently  made  and  used  by  Indians  in  Brazil; 
(/)  polished  celt,  made,  handle  and  all,  of  one  piece  of  chlorite,  found  in  an  Indian  grave  on  the  Tennessee  River  ;  (g]  polished  celt  or 
adz,  found  in  use  among  the  Indians  of  the  northwest  American  coast  in  1791. 

inches,  long  made,  handle  and  all,  of  one  highly  polished  piece  of  chlorite 
found  in  a  mound  on  the  Cumberland  Elver,  opposite  Xashville,  Ten 
nessee,  and  figured  in  Jones's  Antiquities  of  Tennessee  (p.  46). 

The  National  Museum  also  exhibits  several  interesting  mounted 
scrapers  from  the  northwest  coast  and  Alaska,  where  the  mounting 
of  chipped  and  polished  scrapers  has  been  amply  illustrated  and 
explained  by  Dr.  O.  T.  Mason  in  his  pamphlet  on  Aboriginal  Skin 
Dressing  (Xational  Museum  Report,  1889,  p.  553),  (fig.  26).  With 
these  mounted  scrapers  it  is  interesting  to  compare  the  similar  forms 
chipped  or  polished,  large  or  small,  scattered  about  the  village  sites  in 
the  United  States  and  common  in  the  museums  of  Europe,  and  from 
them  to  turn  again  to  the  obsidian  flake  knives  of  the  Admiralty  Islands 
and  the  angular  unworked  chips  set  in  masses  of  gum  still  used  by 
Australian  savages,  and  the  uncouth  blades  (see  fig.  6)  from  Easter 
Island. 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID. 


395 


What  shall  we  say  of  the  stage  of  culture  represented  by  unworked 
chips  on  the  one  hand  and  by  specimens  with  well-specialized  edges  on 
the  other  without  the  testimony  of  their  handles  to  give  us  a  hint  of  their 
use,  whether  as  hide  dressers  (O.  T.  Mason's  Aboriginal  Skin  Dressing), 
wood  chisels  (^"iblack's  Southern  Alaska  and  Northern  British  Columbia 
Indians),  slave  killers  (Ray  Expedition,  National  Museum  Eeports), 
wedges,  planes,  adzes,  sacrificial  axes,  and  even  u  tomahawks,"  and  to 


TRACINGS  FROM  ORIGINAL  DRAWINGS   MADE  BY  THE  ANCIENT  PEOPLE  OF  MEXICO  AND    YUCATAN.  SHOW 
ING  HOW  THEY  MOUNTED  POLISHED  STONE  CELTS. 

(a-)  Codex  Troano  (Yucatan);  (5)  Codex  Cortesianus  ;  (c)  Codex  Columbino  ;  (d)  Codex  Cortesianus  (Yucatan). 

what  tool  shall  we  look  for  an  explanation  of  the  puzzling  problem  of 
the  methods  of  carving  the  elaborate  metates  and  obsidian  masks  from 
Mexico,  the  figurines  of  volcanic  rock  from  Costa  Eica,  or,  most  won 
derful  of  all,  the  stone  collars  from  Porto  Eico  (fig.  27).  While  it  may 
ba  admitted  that  any  hard  stone  implement  would  carve  the  compara 
tively  soft  monoliths  of  Yucatan,  it  is  less  easy,  with  Mr.  McGuire,  to 
imagine  pitted  hammer  stones  and  pointed  fragments  doing  the  work 
in  the  other  cases.1 


JSee  "The  stone  hammer  and  its  various  uses/'  by  J.  D.  McGuire.     American 
Anthropologist,  vol.  4,  No.  4,  1891. 


396  COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID. 

If  thin  copper  or  stone  chisels  were  used  for  some  parts  or  corners 
of  the  pattern,  certain  ancient  workshops   should  be  littered  with 


Tig.  26. 
CHIPPED  SCRAPERS,    MOUNTED  IN  ORIGINAL  BONE  AND  WOOD  HANDLES,    FOUND  IN  USE  AMONG  THE 

ESKIMO  OF  ALASKA. 
Collection  of  the  U.  S.  National  Museum. 

battered  and  broken  tools  of  this  nature,  yet  Senor  Troucoso  has  found 
no  partly  finished  specimen  with  used  tools  lying  near;  nor  did  Senor 
AlfarOj  curator  of  the  Costa  Eican  exhibit,  meet  with  these  missing 


Fig.  27. 

STONE  COLLAR,   PORTO  RICO;   HAMMER  STONES  AND  ADZES,  UNITED   STATES  AND  PORTO  RICO  AND 
COPPER  ADZ,   MEXICO. 

A  marvel  of  aboriginal  work.  One  of  the  "collars"  from  Porto  Rico  carved  from  very  hard  stone  by  the  ancient  inhabitants  of  the 
island.  The  process  of  manufacture  has  not  been  proved.  Theories  of  round  hammer  stones,  hafted  hammers,  stone  and  metal  celts 
(see  cut),  and  fragments  of  stone  have  been  advanced  to  explain  the  work,  but  no  specimens  have  heen  found  in  positions  to  demon 
strate  what  kind  of  carving  tools  were  used. 

links  of  evidence  at  the  partly  quarried  metates  discovered  by  him 
recently  in  Costa  Eica. 


COLUMBIAN    HISTORICAL    EXPOSITION    AT    MADRID.  397 

Senor  Troncoso  has  never  heard  of  an  ancient  Mexican  cast-copper 
chisel  hardened  by  alloy,  and  it  is  difficult  to  conceive  of  so  soft  a  metal 
doing  effective  work  on  the  stones  in  question. 

In  here  ending  this  notice  it  is  needless  to  say  that  but  few  of  the 
thousands  who  visited  the  Madrid  Exposition  realized  the  relation  of 
these  chipped  objects  of  stone  to  the  whole  display. 

The  eye  was  dazzled  by  brighter  tokens  of  human  handiwork,  and 
the  story  of  the  New  World  was  forgotten  before  the  manifold  marvels 
of  art  and  craft  that  proclaimed  what  Europe  was  at  the  time  of  the 
discovery.  To  many  it  sufficed  that  rude  stone  tools  were  not  beautiful. 
The  deeper  meaning  of  the  primitive  shapes  was  overlooked.  Yet  they 
alone  spoke  of  the  mystery  of  a  "New  World"  that  was  not  new,  and 
told  of  races  who,  though  separated  from  their  fellows,  had  moved  and 
developed  as  parts  of  one  humanity.  Fraught  with  problems  that  con 
cern  man's  being,  they  reminded  him  not  of  art  or  beauty,  but  of  his 
own  childhood;  not  of  a  day  of  dawning  greatness,  but  of  a  night  in 
the  unknown  past  out  of  which  he  emerged. 


1 1ST  DE  X. 


Page. 

Abbott,  C.  C 384,387 

Academy  of  Natural  Sciences,  Philadelphia,  exhibit  of 12,  75 

Act  of  Congress .  7 

Adams,  William  A 375 

Adler,  Cyrus,  exhibits  Turkish  map 191 

Adzes,  stone 9 105, 157 

Alcala  de  Henares,  archives 66 

Alfaro,  Anastasio 37,  39,  346,  396 

Alsina,  Antonio 247 

Altar  ornaments 83 

Alva,  Duke  of 217 

Americanists,  Congress  of 9, 15 

America,  the  christening  of 269 

American  Anthropologist 303 

Amulets 162 

Ancou,  Peru,  specimens  from 73 

Aramburu,  Ricardo 227 

Arawack  language , 44 

Archives  of  the  Indies,  Seville 66 

Arellano,  Julio  de,  collection  of 32 

Argentine,  Republic  of 10,  55 

Calchaquis 56 

Museum  of  La  Plata  in 55 

Pottery  from 365 

Relics  from  Catamarca 56 

Armor 144 

Armory,  the  Royal 84 

Arms  and  armor 84 

Arrow  heads,  forms  of 110 

Arrow  making,  tools  for 153 

Arrows,  North  American 144 

Arrow  and  spear  head 371 

Atche,  Rafael 252 

Awards  to  United  States  exhibitors,  list  of 17 

Awls 177 

Axes,  stone 103,  392 

grooved 104 

Baldi,  Guiseppi 218,  258 

Bandolier,  A.  F 305 

Bark  tools 158 

Barton,  Ira  M 235 

Barton,  Edward  M 218 

Baskets 181 

Bastian,  A 71 

Beckwith,  E.  J 375 

Belcher,  Sir  Edward 375 

399 


400  INDEX. 

Page. 

Belts 172 

Belt- weaver's  equipment 182 

Berendt,  C.  H 71,  344 

Betts,  Benjamin 218 

Bird  bolas 180 

Bishop  de  Landa,  alphabet  of 63 

Blaine,  James  G 216 

Blocks  for  seal  line 181 

Bolivia,  Republic  of 10 

exhibit  of 51 

Aymaras 51 

Moxos 51 

Bovallius,  Charles 74,  351 

Bowls 150 

Bows,  North  American 145 

Bracelets *. 174 

Bradley,  William  Harrison „  234 

Brinton,  D.  G.,  commissioner 8, 199,  354,  361 

Bronze  age,  specimens  from 138 

Brush,  hair 172 

Bryan,  William  A 231 

Bureau  of  Engraving  and  Printing,  exhibit  of 13 

Bureau  of  Ethnology 11, 187 

Cache  implements 106 

Cactus  tongs 183 

Caltin,  George 374,  382t 

C^novas,  del  Castillo,  Antonio,  prime  minister  of  Spain 9,  66 

Canoe,  birch  bark 184 

Cards,  playing 68 

Carlisle  Indian  School,  exhibit  of 12 

Carvings 159 

Caskets 81 

Castaiieda,  Ignacio  de  Alcazar 216 

Castle  of  Ambras,  feather  shield  in 331 

Cedar  bark,  apparatus  for  working 182 

Celts,  chipped  stone 392 

Ceremonial  objects,  stone Ill 

Chalices 78 

Chamberlaine,  A.  P 243 

Cheever,  Edwin  A 375 

Chisels,  stone 106 

Cleveland,  Grover,  letter  of  transmittal 3 

Clubs 180 

Codex,  Troano 58 

Colombia,  Republic  of 10 

exhibit  of 44 

Antioquenas 45 

Chibchas 45 

Cunas  and  Goahibas 48 

inscriptions  upon  stones 48 

pottery  of 355 

forms  of i 357 

ornamentation  of 356 

paste  of 355 

Quimbayas 45 


INDEX.  401 

Columbian  Historical  Exposition :  page. 

Royal  decree  establishing 8 

Object 8 

American  and  European  sections 8 

Classification  of 9 

Celebrations  connected  with 9 

Opening  of 9 

Columbus,  Christopher : 

Archives  concerning 66 

Description  of 219 

Monuments  to 240 

Portraits  of 218 

Columbus,  Luis  and  Diego 67 

Colwell,  John  C 8 

Compans,  Ternaux 67 

Conde  de  Valencia 86 

Copper,  implements  of '. 124 

Cores,  flint 97 

Cornet,  M 387 

Cortez,  Hernan : 

Royal  grant  to , 67 

Documents  concerning 67 

Cosa,  Juan  de  la,  map  of 66 

Costa  Rica,'  Republic  of , 10 

exhibit  of 37 

Arellano  collection 39 

Bishop  Thiel  collection 37 

ethnological  objects 38 

gold  images  from 37 

musical  instruments 38 

National  Museum,  exhibit  of 37 

National  Museum  of 346 

pottery  of 38, 345 

burnishing 347 

coiling 346 

forms 348 

ornamentation 347 

paste 346 

temper 346 

skulls 38 

stone  objects 38 

Troyo  collection 38 

Council  house 185 

Cousin,  August,  collection  of 50 

Cradles 184 

Crosses,  processional 80 

Cuba,  exhibit  of 43 

Cubas,  Marquis  de , 80 

Culiu,  Stewart 8,  66, 195 

works  of 210 

Cunningham,  William 237 

Curtis,  William  E 8, 10 

Columbian  collection  of 75 

report  of 215 

Daggers 178 

stone 120 

H.  Ex.  100 26 


402  INDEX. 

Page. 

Dawkins,  W.  Boyd 384 

Decoy  whistle 168 

Delaware  Valley,  archaeological  objects  from 195 

Delgada,  Juan  de  Dios  de  la  Rada 63 

Denmark 10 

exhibit  of , .  73 

De  Osma,  Guillermo 88 

De  Soto,  Ferdinand,  documents  relating  to 68 

Discoidal  stones 114 

Dolls 164 

Dominguez,  Francisco  de  Paula 227 

Dominican  Republic,  exhibit  of 43 

Dorsey,  Geo 363 

Drags  for  seal 181 

Drake,  John  B 245 

Drum 170 

Du  Mesnil,  M 388 

Ecuador,  Republic  of 10 

exhibit  of 49 

pottery  of 358 

absence  of  stamps 3  i9 

localities  for 361 

Caras 49 

Jivaro  Indians 50 

Kechuas '  49 

Macas 50 

Edwards,  Haydeu 218 

Effigy,  recumbent 83 

Ellsworth,  James  W 218,  226 

Enamels 83 

painted 86 

Erskine,  Charles 240 

Ethnological  collection 143 

Ethnology,  works  of  American  authors  on 12 

European  history,  department  of f 75 

Exhibitors  of  the  United  States,  list  of 16 

Exposition,  arrangement  of 23 

awards  provided 14 

installation  of  United  States  exhibit 10, 11 

jury  of  awards 14 

medal,  commemorative  of 15 

place  of  holding 10 

Eye  shades 178 

Fairchild,  Gen.  Lucius 224 

Fan  of  feathers,  Mexican 331 

Farmer,  Mrs.  Maria 228 

Feather  shield,  Mexican 185 

Fewkes,  J.Walter 13,279,345 

Figures,  Zufn  and  Moki 158 

Fischer,  V.  G 229 

Fishing  line 176 

Flagler,  H.  M 278 

Fletcher,  James 218 

Flores,  Antonio 49,  358 

Florida,  documents  relating  to 68 

archaiological  objects  from 201 


INDEX.  403 

Page. 

Flute 170 

Fons,  Francisco 247 

Fossati,  Dr 225 

Fowke,  Gerard 368 

Gabb,  William  M 346 

Games 161 

Gaudarius,  J 255 

Gavinet,  Julio 35 

Geological  Survey,  exhibit  of 12 

Germany -". 10 

exhibit  of 71 

casts  from  St.  Lucia,  Guatemala 71 

Tula,  Mexico 71 

molds  for  metal  working,  Colombia 73 

Mexican  feather  shields..  73 


pottery  from  Mexico . 


72 

in 365 

stone  collars  from  Mexico 72 

Gilman,  B.I 304 

Gomara,  history  of 68 

Goode,  G.  Brown 4, 10, 143,  273 

commissioner 8 

map  exhibited  by 278 

Grant,  F.  D 218 

Greenland,  Eskimo  specimens 74 

Greenwall,  Canon 387 

Gresham,  Hon.  W.  Q 15 

Guatemala,  exhibit  of 32 

Republic  of 10 

historical  documents 32 

idols 33 

Lacandones 34 

Maya  hieroglyphics 34 

Mayas 35 

Nahuas 35 

Pipiles 33 

pottery,  localities  for 355 

molds 352 

rests  for  vases 354 

trumpet 354 

katuns  on 353 

of  Quiche's 352 

Xiucas 35 

Guuther,  Charles  F 235 

Habel,  F 71 

Haftiiig,  aboriginal 141 

Hale,  Dr.  E.  M 224 

Hammer  stones p . . .  108 

Hammer 178 

Hamlin,  Hon.  Hannibal 224 

Handles,  decorated 161 

Harisse,  Henry 257 

Harpoons 152 

Harpoon,  barbed 178 

Harvard  University 327 


404  INDEX. 

Page. 

Hat,  woven 171 

Hatchets,  stone 98 

Hayes,  R.  Somers 237 

Haynes,  H.W 384,388 

Headdress  of  feathers,  Mexican 330 

Helmets 184 

Hemenway,  Mrs.  Mary , 13 

Hernenway  Exploring  Expedition 75 

exhibit,  catalogue  of 297 

collection *r 392 

expedition,  publications  of 303 

Hernando,  Mariano 231 

Hoes,  stone 119, 183 

Holmes,  W.  H U,  189,  382 

Hopi  Indians 280 

figurines  of 287 

pottery  of 291 

stone  implements  and  idols 291 

sand  painting  of. 289 

seven  towns  of 281 

Hough,  Walter 8,  31 

Houghton,  Mifflin  &  Co 303 

Howell,  Mr 218 

Horsford,  E.  N 66,  278 

Huelva,  celebration  at 9 

Hull,  Esther 229 

Human  bones,  fossil 99 

Iceland,  specimens  from 74 

Ice  tools 152 

Implements,  Chelleen 93 

Indian  figures 183 

Indian  School,  Carlisle 192 

ImThurn,  E.  F.,  cited  by  Brinton 57 

Ives,  Halsey  C 218 

Jones,  Jos.  C 394 

Journal  of  American  Ethnology  and  Archaeology 304 

Journal  of  American  Folk-Lore 303 

Ream,  T.  V 281,  293 

King  and  Queen  of  Portugal  attend  opening  of  Exposition 9 

Knife 152 

case 179 

Knives  and  drills,  stone 390 

stone 122 

Kyak,  Eskimo 183 

Ladles ]  50 

Lafoiie-Qnevedo,  Samuel  A 56 

Lamps,  glass 87 

pottery 87 

Languages  of  America,  native,  \v orks  on 69 

La  Rabida,  unveiling  of  monument 1 .  9, 15 

Las  Casas,  History  of  the  Indies 63 

manuscript  history  exhibi ted 68 

Lasso 176 

Latin  American  Republics,  Bureau  of 10 

Laurent,   M 76 


INDEX.  405 

Page. 

Lawrence,  Mary  Trimble 257 

Lawson,  Robert 240 

Leaf-shaped  blades 376 

Lefort,  Henri 229 

Leidy,  Joseph 371 

Leland,  S.  P 376 

Leon,  Dr.  Nicolas 25 

Library,  National 66 

Provincial,  of  Toledo. 66 

Lilian,  Seiior  Bravo  de,  collection  of 50 

Little,  W.  McCarty 218 

Looms 152 

Lowdermilk,  W.  H 229 

Luce,  S.  B.,  Commissioner  General 7 

report 7 

Lustered  wares,  Spanish 88 

Lyon,   Caleb 374 

Madrid,  national  archives  in 66 

Malespina,  Captain,  expedition  of 394 

Map  of  Indian  languages 187 

Mason,  Frank  H 218,  226,  269 

Mason,  O.  T 104, 143,  374,  394,  395 

Masks 165,184 

Mat  weaver's  equipment 182 

Maudslay,  Alfred 66 

Mauls,  stone 105 

McGuire,  J.  D 368,  395 

Mead,  Larkin 243 

Melero,  Miguel 246 

Melida,  Arthur 247 

Mercer,  H.  C..  article  on  chipped  stone  implements 367 

Mexico,  exhibit  of 24 

Acolhuas 28 

ancient  industries 25 

calendars 31 

Chalcas : 28 

children's  playthings 25 

clay  idols 31 

corn  mills 25 

Cuetlaxtecas 28 

documents  concerning  early  history  of 67 

Huexotzincas 28 

incense  burners 30 

masks 27 

Matlazincas 28 

Mayas 28 

Mexicanosor  Nahuas 28 

Michoacan,  specimens  from 25 

Mixtecas 28 

models  of  temples 29 

musical  instruments 27 

Nahuas  or  Aztecs 25 

National  Museum  collection 31 

needles 26 

obsidian  from. .  26 


406  INDEX. 


Mexico,  ornaments .- 26 

Otomis 28 

painted  records 28 

paper-making  tools 31 

pipes 27 

pottery  from 25 

Republic  of 10 

"sacrificial  yokes  " 30 

specimens  from  Jacona 24 

spindle  wheels 26 

stone  chisels 26 

Tarascos 25 

Tepanecas 28 

Tlaxcaltecas 28 

vases 27 

Zapotecas 28 

Middendorf,  E.  W 51 

Mills,  D.  O 243 

Minoudo,  Joaqnin  de,  collection  of 32 

Miranda,  Fernando 245 

Miter  of  feather  work,  Mexican 335 

Monstrances 80 

Monteverde,  Guilio 243 

Moorehead,  W.  K 378,  392 

Moreno,  F.  B -55 

Morse,  E.  S 384 

Mortars  and  pestles 117 

Morton,  Samuel  George 205 

Museum  of  American  Archaeology 66 

Museum  of  Natural  History,  New  York 392 

Music,  Indian 304 

Nairn,  Maxwell 260 

National  Museum 384 

Navecilla,  the,  of  Toledo 83 

Navy  Department,  exhibit  of 192 

Necklace 172 

Needle  cases 160,779 

New  Mexico  and  Arizona,  documents  relating  to 305 

Niblack,  A.  P 395 

Nicaragua,  Republic  of 10 

exhibit  of 35 

bark  beaters 36 

Brausford,  J.  F 37 

Chorotegas 35 

Niaraos 36 

Nicaraos,  temple  of 36 

pottery 36,  349 

j  icara  forms 350 

localities  for 352 

modeling 349 

ornamentation 350 

polychrome  ware 1 351 

Nordenskio  Id,  Baron 74 

exhibit  of  mediaeval  maps 74 

Nordenskiold,  Gustave 74 


INDEX.  407 

Page. 

North  Carolina,  archaeological  objects  from 201 

Norway 10 

and  Sweden,  exhibits  of 74 

Novak,  Ernest 240 

Numismatic  and  Antiquarian  Society  of  Philadelphia,  exhibit  of 12,  66,  75 

publications  of 209 

Nunez-Ortega,  Senor 331 

Nuttall,  Mrs.  Zelia 29,  65,  378 

ancient  Mexican  feather  work 329 

Ober,  Frederick  A 216,  261,  266 

Ohio,  archaeological  objects,  from 199 

Ornaments  for  head 171 

Oviedo,  Fernandez  de 63 

Ovies,  Ricardo 262 

Pails '. 151 

Paint  stones 119 

Palmer,  Dr.  Edward 342 

Papal  exhibit 217 

Park,  R.  H 246 

Paso  y  Troncoso,  Rev.  Dr 28 

Paul  III,  bull  of 68 

Paxes 79 

Peabody  Museum,  exhibit  of 14,  75,  327,  384 

Pefiafiel,  Antonio 71 

Peralta,  Bishop 48 

Peralta,  Manuel  M.  de '. 37 

races  of  Costa  Rica 40-43 

Perforated  stones 117 

Perforators 114 

Perrie,  Bertha  E 258 

Pestles 150, 178 

Peru 10 

exhibit  of 50 

Chimus  or  Yuncas 51 

Kechuas  or  Incas 51 

pottery  of 361 

cult  vases  from 364 

method  of  firing 362 

motives  of  design 363 

portraiture  of  disease 361 

puzzle  j  ugs 364 

trumpet  from 364 

use  of  molds  and  casts 362 

Photographs 183 

Picks,  aboriginal 157 

Pictograph 185 

Piguer,  J 246 

Pinzon,  documents  concerning 67 

Piuart,  A.  L 48 

Pipes 147 

stone 116 

of  pottery,  Mexico 345 

Pitted  stones 108 

Plancarte,  Francisco 24 

Plate,  church 78 


408  INDEX. 

Page. 

Ponce  de  Leon,  Nestor - 218 

documents  concerning 67 

Pope  Alexander  VI,  bull  of 67 

Portraits  of  Columbus,  types  of 220 

Portugal 10 

exhibit  of 70 

documents  from 70 

pottery  from  Brazil 70 

Pottery,  Spanish 87 

of  Central  and  South  America,  ancient 339 

classes , 342 

coiling 340 

color  of  paste.. 342 

decoration 341 

decoration,  stages  of 341 

degraissant,  function  of 340 

firing 341 

frauds  in  Mexican 345 

glaze 342 

in  America 342 

of  Guadalajara 343 

Mexican,  modern 342 

mode  of  examination 339 

molds 344 

slip 343 

stamps 345 

temper 339 

of  Tonalon,  Mexico 343 

tools 341 

Powell,  J.W 11 

Powers,  Stephen 375 

Pratt,  Capt.  R.  H 192 

Prehistoric  ruins,  models  of 128 

Purses 151 

Putnam,  F.  W ..  327,384 

Quarries,  primitive,  exhibit  of 189 

Queen  Regent  of  Spain 217,  218 

opens  Exposition 9 

Rattles ~ 166,  170 

Rau,  Charles 71 

Ray,  P.  H 395 

Read,  C.  H.,  report  of 75 

Redding,  B.  B 375 

Reiss  and  Stiibel 365 

publications  of 72 

Reliquaries 82 

Restrepo,  Ernesto,  works  by 44 

Riaiio,  Senor 76 

Rigelsville,  Pa.,  archaeological  objects  from 198 

Rohrbeck,  Carl 227 

Royal  Academy  of  Fine  Arts,  Madrid 66 

Royal  Academy  of  History 63,66,216.269 

Royal  Society  of  Berlin 66 

Russo,  Gaetano 244 

Sacrificial  stone . .                                                                                              58 


INDEX.  409 

Page. 

Sahaguu,  History  of  Mexico 63 

Sandals  of  Pelayo 77 

Santo  Domingo,  pottery  from 364 

Saroiiy ,  Napoleon 242 

Seler,  Dr.  Ed 63,  71,  331 

Sellers,  Geo.  Ercol 382 

Scalps 145 

Schumacher,  Paul 375 

Scrapers i . . .  104 

Sculptures,  prehistoric 125 

Shaman's  rods 167 

Shaw,  Henry 243 

Shell,  engraved 100 

Shield  of  feathers,  Mexican 332 

Shields 147 

Simancas,  archives  of 66 

Sinkers,  stone 114 

Skulls,  Indian,  exhibit  of 205 

prehistoric 96 

Slings 180 

Smith,  Capt.  John 374 

Smithsonian  Institution 75,  368 

Snowshoes 185 

Snyder,  J.  F 379 

Spain 10 

Chibcha  objects,  exhibited  by 58 

ethnographic  objects  from  North  America 61 

exhibit  of  Museum  of  Archaeology 57 

Mexican  pottery,  modern 61 

mineral  collections  from  New  World 62 

National  Library,  exhibit  of  manuscripts 64 

Peruvian  collection 59 

Philippine  Island  collection 62 

zemis 57 

Spanish  Colonies 10 

Spear  points 178 

Spoons 149 

Standard  of  Las  Navas 76 

Salado 76 

Staglieno,  Marcello 258 

Steatite  vessels • 117 

Stebbins,  Emma 242 

Stevens,  B.  F 218 

Storm,  Gustave 74 

Strebel,  Herman 365 

Stiibel,  Hermann... 72,73 

Stuttgart,  Royal  Museum  of 329 

Sweden 10 

S  words  of  Boabdil 84 

Susillo,  Antonio 248 

Tablets,  stone,  drilled 113 

Talleyrand,  Duke  of 232 

Tanners'  implements 155 

Tapestries  and  textiles 76 

Tejada,  Feliciano  Herreros  de 66 


410  INDEX. 


Thomson,  W.  J; - , 373 

Thruston,  Gates 377 

Tiahuanuco,  Peru,  rniiis  at 73 

Toilet,  accessories  for 173 

Toledo,  Francisco  de,  manuscript  of 68 

Toledo,  Provincial  Library  of 65 

Totem  post -  184, 159 

Toys 163 

Travers,  Emile 66 

Trinket  boxes 179 

Triptychs 86 

Troncoso,  Francisco 342,  345,  397 

Tusayan,  ancient  altar  cloth 303 

ladles 299 

pottery  of 293 

baskets 302 

blankets 302 

burial  food  bowls 302 

articles 299 

painted  tiles 299 

photographs  of  sacred  dances 299 

Province  of 280 

Uhagon,  Francisco  de 66 

University  of  Pennsylvania,  exhibit  of 12,  75, 195,  368,  384 

publications  of  department  of  archaeology  and  • 

paleontology 203 

Uruguay,  Republic  of 10 

exhibit  of 52 

age  of  relics 52 

bolas 54 

grooved  hatchets 54 

cemeteries 52 

flint  implements 52 

hammer  stones 53 

1 '  paraderos  " 52 

perforated  stones 54 

pottery 55 

from 365 

Tupi-Guarani  people 55 

United  States 10 

exhibit  of 75 

Army  Medical  Museum,  exhibit  of 193 

Bureau  of  Engraving  and  Printing,  exhibit  of 212 

mint,  exhibit  of 211 

National  Museum 75 

Post-Office  Department,  exhibit  of 213 

Valencia,  Conde  de 332 

Veragua,  Duke  of 217 

Vestments,  church 77 

Vienna,  Imperial  Museum  of 330 

Vignaud,  Henry 218 

Viking  ship ,. . .  74 

Von  Tschudi 56 

War  clubs 145 

Warner,  Olin  L 243 


INDEX.  411 

Page. 

Watling  Island 259 

Weavers'  implements 154 

Wedges 158 

Welling,  James  C.,  commissioner 8 

Whistles  166, 170 

Whitehouse,  Reuiseu 218 

Wigwam,  reed 183 

Wilson,  Thomas 8 

Workbags,  fasteners  for 169 

Writing,  aboriginal 168 

Zearing,  H.  H 229 

Zorilla,  Jnan  de  San  Martin 52 

Zumaraga,  Juan  de 67 


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